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  • Dynamic variable name in python

    - by PhilGo20
    I'd like to call a query with a field name filter that I wont know before run time... Not sure how to construct the variable name ...Or maybe I am tired. field_name = funct() locations = Locations.objects.filter(field_name__lte=arg1) where if funct() returns name would equal to locations = Locations.objects.filter(name__lte=arg1) Not sure how to do that ...

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  • Proper structure for many test cases in Python with unittest

    - by mellort
    I am looking into the unittest package, and I'm not sure of the proper way to structure my test cases when writing a lot of them for the same method. Say I have a fact function which calculates the factorial of a number; would this testing file be OK? import unittest class functions_tester(unittest.TestCase): def test_fact_1(self): self.assertEqual(1, fact(1)) def test_fact_2(self): self.assertEqual(2, fact(2)) def test_fact_3(self): self.assertEqual(6, fact(3)) def test_fact_4(self): self.assertEqual(24, fact(4)) def test_fact_5(self): self.assertFalse(1==fact(5)) def test_fact_6(self): self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, fact, -1) #fact(-1) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It seems sloppy to have so many test methods for one method. I'd like to just have one testing method and put a ton of basic test cases (ie 4! ==24, 3!==6, 5!==120, and so on), but unittest doesn't let you do that. What is the best way to structure a testing file in this scenario? Thanks in advance for the help.

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  • Python loop | "do-while" over a tree

    - by johannix
    Is there a more Pythonic way to put this loop together?: while True: children = tree.getChildren() if not children: break tree = children[0] UPDATE: I think this syntax is probably what I'm going to go with: while tree.getChildren(): tree = tree.getChildren()[0]

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  • Replacing python docstrings

    - by tomaz
    I have written a epytext to reST markup converter, and now I want to convert all the docstrings in my entire library from epytext to reST format. Is there a smart way to read the all the docstrings in a module and write back the replacements? ps: ast module perhaps?

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  • how can i randomly print an element from a list in python

    - by lm
    So far i have this, which prints out every word in my list, but i am trying to print only one word at random. Any suggestions? def main(): # open a file wordsf = open('words.txt', 'r') word=random.choice('wordsf') words_count=0 for line in wordsf: word= line.rstrip('\n') print(word) words_count+=1 # close the file wordsf.close()

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  • I have an Errno 13 Permission denied with subprocess in python

    - by wDroter
    The line with the issue is ret=subprocess.call(shlex.split(cmd)) cmd = /usr/share/java -cp pig-hadoop-conf-Simpsons:lib/pig-0.8.1-cdh3u1-core.jar:lib/hadoop-core-0.20.2-cdh3u1.jar org.apache.pig.Main -param func=cat -param from =foo.txt -x mapreduce fsFunc.pig The error is. File "./run_pig.py", line 157, in process ret=subprocess.call(shlex.split(cmd)) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 493, in call return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 679, in __init__ errread, errwrite) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 1249, in _execute_child raise child_exception OSError: [Errno 13] Permission denied Let me know if any more info is needed. Any help is appreciated. Thanks.

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  • [Tkinter/Python] Different line widths with canvas.create_line?

    - by Sam
    Does anyone have any idea why I get different line widths on the canvas in the following example? from Tkinter import * bigBoxSize = 150 class cFrame(Frame): def __init__(self, master, cwidth=450, cheight=450): Frame.__init__(self, master, relief=RAISED, height=550, width=600, bg = "grey") self.canvasWidth = cwidth self.canvasHeight = cheight self.canvas = Canvas(self, bg="white", width=cwidth, height=cheight, border =0) self.drawGridLines() self.canvas.pack(side=TOP, pady=20, padx=20) def drawGridLines(self, linewidth = 10): self.canvas.create_line(0, 0, self.canvasWidth, 0, width= linewidth ) self.canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, self.canvasHeight, width= linewidth ) self.canvas.create_line(0, self.canvasHeight, self.canvasWidth + 2, self.canvasHeight, width= linewidth ) self.canvas.create_line(self.canvasWidth, self.canvasHeight, self.canvasWidth, 1, width= linewidth ) self.canvas.create_line(0, bigBoxSize, self.canvasWidth, bigBoxSize, width= linewidth ) self.canvas.create_line(0, bigBoxSize * 2, self.canvasWidth, bigBoxSize * 2, width= linewidth) root = Tk() C = cFrame(root) C.pack() root.mainloop() It's really frustrating me as I have no idea what's happening. If anyone can help me out then that'd be fantastic. Thanks!

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  • compute mean in python for a generator

    - by nmaxwell
    Hi, I'm doing some statistics work, I have a (large) collection of random numbers to compute the mean of, I'd like to work with generators, because I just need to compute the mean, so I don't need to store the numbers. The problem is that numpy.mean breaks if you pass it a generator. I can write a simple function to do what I want, but I'm wondering if there's a proper, built-in way to do this? It would be nice if I could say "sum(values)/len(values)", but len doesn't work for genetators, and sum already consumed values. here's an example: import numpy def my_mean(values): n = 0 Sum = 0.0 try: while True: Sum += next(values) n += 1 except StopIteration: pass return float(Sum)/n X = [k for k in range(1,7)] Y = (k for k in range(1,7)) print numpy.mean(X) print my_mean(Y) these both give the same, correct, answer, buy my_mean doesn't work for lists, and numpy.mean doesn't work for generators. I really like the idea of working with generators, but details like this seem to spoil things. thanks for any help -nick

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  • python: strip comma end of string

    - by krisdigitx
    how do i strip comma from the end of an string, i tried awk = subprocess.Popen([r"awk", "{print $10}"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE) awk_stdin = awk.communicate(uptime_stdout)[0] print awk_stdin temp = awk_stdin t = temp.strip(",") also tried t = temp.rstrip(","), both don't work.

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  • varargs in lambda functions in Python

    - by brain_damage
    Is it possible a lambda function to have variable number of arguments? For example, I want to write a metaclass, which creates a method for every method of some other class and this newly created method returns the opposite value of the original method and has the same number of arguments. And I want to do this with lambda function. How to pass the arguments? Is it possible? class Negate(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, _dict): extended_dict = _dict.copy() for (k, v) in _dict.items(): if hasattr(v, '__call__'): extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, extended_dict) class P(metaclass=Negate): def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def yes(self): return True def maybe(self, you_can_chose): return you_can_chose But the result is totally wrong: >>>p = P(0) >>>p.yes() True >>>p.not_yes() # should be False Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#150>", line 1, in <module> p.not_yes() File "C:\Users\Nona\Desktop\p10.py", line 51, in <lambda> extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given) >>>p.maybe(True) True >>>p.not_maybe(True) #should be False True

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  • Optimizing python code performance when importing zipped csv to a mongo collection

    - by mark
    I need to import a zipped csv into a mongo collection, but there is a catch - every record contains a timestamp in Pacific Time, which must be converted to the local time corresponding to the (longitude,latitude) pair found in the same record. The code looks like so: def read_csv_zip(path, timezones): with ZipFile(path) as z, z.open(z.namelist()[0]) as input: csv_rows = csv.reader(input) header = csv_rows.next() check,converters = get_aux_stuff(header) for csv_row in csv_rows: if check(csv_row): row = { converter[0]:converter[1](value) for converter, value in zip(converters, csv_row) if allow_field(converter) } ts = row['ts'] lng, lat = row['loc'] found_tz_entry = timezones.find_one(SON({'loc': {'$within': {'$box': [[lng-tz_lookup_radius, lat-tz_lookup_radius],[lng+tz_lookup_radius, lat+tz_lookup_radius]]}}})) if found_tz_entry: tz_name = found_tz_entry['tz'] local_ts = ts.astimezone(timezone(tz_name)).replace(tzinfo=None) row['tz'] = tz_name else: local_ts = (ts.astimezone(utc) + timedelta(hours = int(lng/15))).replace(tzinfo = None) row['local_ts'] = local_ts yield row def insert_documents(collection, source, batch_size): while True: items = list(itertools.islice(source, batch_size)) if len(items) == 0: break; try: collection.insert(items) except: for item in items: try: collection.insert(item) except Exception as exc: print("Failed to insert record {0} - {1}".format(item['_id'], exc)) def main(zip_path): with Connection() as connection: data = connection.mydb.data timezones = connection.timezones.data insert_documents(data, read_csv_zip(zip_path, timezones), 1000) The code proceeds as follows: Every record read from the csv is checked and converted to a dictionary, where some fields may be skipped, some titles be renamed (from those appearing in the csv header), some values may be converted (to datetime, to integers, to floats. etc ...) For each record read from the csv, a lookup is made into the timezones collection to map the record location to the respective time zone. If the mapping is successful - that timezone is used to convert the record timestamp (pacific time) to the respective local timestamp. If no mapping is found - a rough approximation is calculated. The timezones collection is appropriately indexed, of course - calling explain() confirms it. The process is slow. Naturally, having to query the timezones collection for every record kills the performance. I am looking for advises on how to improve it. Thanks. EDIT The timezones collection contains 8176040 records, each containing four values: > db.data.findOne() { "_id" : 3038814, "loc" : [ 1.48333, 42.5 ], "tz" : "Europe/Andorra" } EDIT2 OK, I have compiled a release build of http://toblerity.github.com/rtree/ and configured the rtree package. Then I have created an rtree dat/idx pair of files corresponding to my timezones collection. So, instead of calling collection.find_one I call index.intersection. Surprisingly, not only there is no improvement, but it works even more slowly now! May be rtree could be fine tuned to load the entire dat/idx pair into RAM (704M), but I do not know how to do it. Until then, it is not an alternative. In general, I think the solution should involve parallelization of the task. EDIT3 Profile output when using collection.find_one: >>> p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(10) Tue Apr 10 14:28:39 2012 ImportDataIntoMongo.profile 64549590 function calls (64549180 primitive calls) in 1231.257 seconds Ordered by: cumulative time List reduced from 730 to 10 due to restriction <10> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.012 0.012 1231.257 1231.257 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:1(<module>) 1 0.001 0.001 1230.959 1230.959 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:187(main) 1 853.558 853.558 853.558 853.558 {raw_input} 1 0.598 0.598 370.510 370.510 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:165(insert_documents) 343407 9.965 0.000 359.034 0.001 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:137(read_csv_zip) 343408 2.927 0.000 287.035 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\collection.py:489(find_one) 343408 1.842 0.000 274.803 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:699(next) 343408 2.542 0.000 271.212 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:644(_refresh) 343408 4.512 0.000 253.673 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\cursor.py:605(__send_message) 343408 0.971 0.000 242.078 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\connection.py:871(_send_message_with_response) Profile output when using index.intersection: >>> p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(10) Wed Apr 11 16:21:31 2012 ImportDataIntoMongo.profile 41542960 function calls (41542536 primitive calls) in 2889.164 seconds Ordered by: cumulative time List reduced from 778 to 10 due to restriction <10> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.028 0.028 2889.164 2889.164 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:1(<module>) 1 0.017 0.017 2888.679 2888.679 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:202(main) 1 2365.526 2365.526 2365.526 2365.526 {raw_input} 1 0.766 0.766 502.817 502.817 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:180(insert_documents) 343407 9.147 0.000 491.433 0.001 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:152(read_csv_zip) 343406 0.571 0.000 391.394 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\rtree-0.7.0-py2.7.egg\rtree\index.py:384(intersection) 343406 379.957 0.001 390.824 0.001 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\rtree-0.7.0-py2.7.egg\rtree\index.py:435(_intersection_obj) 686513 22.616 0.000 38.705 0.000 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\rtree-0.7.0-py2.7.egg\rtree\index.py:451(_get_objects) 343406 6.134 0.000 33.326 0.000 ImportDataIntoMongo.py:162(<dictcomp>) 346 0.396 0.001 30.665 0.089 c:\python27\lib\site-packages\pymongo\collection.py:240(insert) EDIT4 I have parallelized the code, but the results are still not very encouraging. I am convinced it could be done better. See my own answer to this question for details.

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  • Using __str__ representation for printing objects in containers in Python

    - by BobDobbs
    I've noticed that when an instance with an overloaded str method is passed to the print() function as an argument, it prints as intended. However, when passing a container that contains one of those instances to print(), it uses the repr method instead. That is to say, print(x) displays the correct string representation of x, and print(x, y) works correctly, but print([x]) or print((x, y)) prints the repr representation instead. First off, why does this happen? Secondly, is there a way to correct that behavior of print() in this circumstance?

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  • Django models & Python class attributes

    - by Geo
    The tutorial on the django website shows this code for the models: from django.db import models class Poll(models.Model): question = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') class Choice(models.Model): poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll) choice = models.CharField(max_length=200) votes = models.IntegerField() Now, each of those attribute, is a class attribute, right? So, the same attribute should be shared by all instances of the class. A bit later, they present this code: class Poll(models.Model): # ... def __unicode__(self): return self.question class Choice(models.Model): # ... def __unicode__(self): return self.choice How did they turn from class attributes into instance attributes? Did I get class attributes wrong?

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  • Dynamic Operator Overloading on dict classes in Python

    - by Ishpeck
    I have a class that dynamically overloads basic arithmetic operators like so... import operator class IshyNum: def __init__(self, n): self.num=n self.buildArith() def arithmetic(self, other, o): return o(self.num, other) def buildArith(self): map(lambda o: setattr(self, "__%s__"%o,lambda f: self.arithmetic(f, getattr(operator, o))), ["add", "sub", "mul", "div"]) if __name__=="__main__": number=IshyNum(5) print number+5 print number/2 print number*3 print number-3 But if I change the class to inherit from the dictionary (class IshyNum(dict):) it doesn't work. I need to explicitly def __add__(self, other) or whatever in order for this to work. Why?

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  • file output in python giving me garbage

    - by Richard
    When I write the following code I get garbage for an output. It is just a simple program to find prime numbers. It works when the first for loops range only goes up to 1000 but once the range becomes large the program fail's to output meaningful data output = open("output.dat", 'w') for i in range(2, 10000): prime = 1 for j in range(2, i-1): if i%j == 0: prime = 0 j = i-1 if prime == 1: output.write(str(i) + " " ) output.close() print "writing finished"

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  • python cairoplot store previous readings..

    - by krisdigitx
    hi, i am using cairoplot, to make graphs, however the file from where i am reading the data is growing huge and its taking a long time to process the graph is there any real-time way to produce cairo graph, or at least store the previous readings..like rrd. -krisdigitx

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  • python fdb save huge data from database to file

    - by peter
    I have this script SELECT = """ select coalesce (p.ID,'') as id, coalesce (p.name,'') as name, from TABLE as p """ self.cur.execute(SELECT) for row in self.cur.itermap(): xml +=" <item>\n" xml +=" <id>" + id + "</id>\n" xml +=" <name>" + name + "</name>\n" xml +=" </item>\n\n" #save xml to file here f = open... and I need to save data from huge database to file. There are 10 000s (up to 40000) of items in my database and it takes very long time when script runs (1 hour and more) until finish. How can I take data I need from database and save it to file "at once"? (as quick as possible? I don't need xml output because I can process data from output on my server later. I just need to do it as quickly as possible. Any idea?) Many thanks!

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  • [Python] OR in regular expression?

    - by www.yegorov-p.ru
    Hello. I have text file with several thousands lines. I want to parse this file into database and decided to write a regexp. Here's part of file: blablabla checked=12 unchecked=1 blablabla unchecked=13 blablabla checked=14 As a result, I would like to get something like (12,1) (0,13) (14,0) Is it possible?

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  • Python debugging in Eclipse+PyDev

    - by Gökhan Sever
    Hello, I try Eclipse+PyDev pair for some of my work. (Eclipse v3.5.0 + PyDev v1.5.6) I couldn't find a way to expose all of my variables to the PyDev console (Through PyDev console - Console for current active editor option) I use a simple code to describe the issue. When I step-by-step go through the code I can't access my "x" variable from the console. It is viewed on Variables tab, but that's not really what I want. Any help is appreciate. See my screenshot for better description:

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  • filtering elements from list of lists in Python?

    - by user248237
    I want to filter elements from a list of lists, and iterate over the elements of each element using a lambda. For example, given the list: a = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] suppose that I want to keep only elements where the sum of the list is greater than N. I tried writing: filter(lambda x, y, z: x + y + z >= N, a) but I get the error: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given) How can I iterate while assigning values of each element to x, y, and z? Something like zip, but for arbitrarily long lists. thanks, p.s. I know I can write this using: filter(lambda x: sum(x)..., a) but that's not the point, imagine that these were not numbers but arbitrary elements and I wanted to assign their values to variable names.

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