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• Problem with ubuntu 10.10 running from USB drive

  - by Surjya Narayana Padhi

  I recently downloaded Ubuntu 10.10 and created an USB drive with that. I started to run the Ubuntu from that USB drive. But I am facing so much problem. I am thinking why its not so much easy like Windows to do all my job in ubuntu. Always I get some error message or to install something. This time I am getting the following errors. I am trying to download and install Aircrack-ng. So used the command sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng. But the installation stops with the following error : update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot stat `/vmlinuz': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing bcmwl-kernel-source (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools bcmwl-kernel-source E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I don't even have the aptitude command installed till now. Are all these errors because of I am running the ubuntu from USB drive? Is there any simple and easy way to go to Ubuntu Software Center and download all the required essentials at one shot and then Aircrack-ng? I could not find the Aircrack-ng in Ubuntu Software Center Can anybody give me detail steps to solve all my problems above. I am frustrated searching for updates and installations. When something works and something does not work. Can anybody suggest me how I should proceed after installing ubuntu to run on a USB drive. So that I can use the OS like Windows. Like software download,wireless driver, sound, video, documents, C:, D: all things should be there. Please somebody help.

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• Problem with ubuntu 10.10 running from USB drive

  - by Surjya Narayana Padhi

  Hi Geeks, I recently downloaded Ubuntu 10.10 and created an USB drive with that. I started to run the Ubuntu from that USB drive. But I am facing so much problem. I am thinking why its not so much easy like Windows to do all my job in ubuntu. Always I get some error message or to install something. This time I am getting the following errors. I am trying to download and install Aircrack-ng. So used the command sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng. But the installation stops with the following error : update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot stat `/vmlinuz': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing bcmwl-kernel-source (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools bcmwl-kernel-source E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I don't even have the aptitude command installed till now. Are all these errors because of I am running the ubuntu from USB drive? Is there any simple and easy way to go to Ubuntu Software Center and download all the required essentials at one shot and then Aircrack-ng? I could not find the Aircrack-ng in Ubuntu Software Center Can anybody give me detail steps to solve all my problems above. I am frustrated searching for updates and installations. When something works and something does not work. Can anybody suggest me how I should proceed after installing ubuntu to run on a USB drive. So that I can use the OS like Windows. Like software download,wireless driver, sound, video, documents, C:, D: all things should be there. Please somebody help.

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• Software RAID 1 Configuration

  - by Corve

  I have created a software RAID 1 quite some while ago and it always seemed to work for me. However I am not completely sure that I have configured everything right and do not have the experience to check so I would be very grateful for some advice or just verification that all seems right so far. I am using Linux Fedora 20 (32 bit with plans to upgrade to 64bit) The RAID 1 should consist of two 1TB SATA hard drives. This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Jan 29 11:25:18 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Used Dev Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Jun 7 10:38:09 2014 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : argo:0 (local to host argo) UUID : 1596d0a1:5806e590:c56d0b27:765e3220 Events : 996387 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 0 0 0 removed 1 8 0 1 active sync /dev/sda The RAID is mounted successfully: friedrich@argo:~ ? sudo mount -l | grep md0 /dev/md0 on /mnt/raid type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) Basically my question are: Why do I only have 1 active device? What does the State removed at bottom mean? Also I noticed some strange error messages that I see on the console on system start and shutdown and always repeating in the background when I switch with Ctrl + Alt + F2: ... ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32) ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ... Are these errors related to the RAID? Something seems wrong with the SATA devices.. All together the system works (I can read and write to the mounted raid) but I always had these strange errors on startup shutdown (probably always in the background). Thx for your help

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• Trouble getting started with the STEALTH monitoring package

  - by dlanced

  Is anyone here familiar with the Linux-based STEALTH package (for monitoring FS integrity of client systems)? I'm trying to get started with a very simple configuration, but I'm running into trouble (this is running under Ubuntu 14.04): Config line `USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79' invalid STEALTH (2.11.02) started at Fri, 30 May 2014 15:25:00 +0000 Program terminated due to non-zero exit value for -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; (EOC Fri May 30 15:25:00 2014 127) Stealth is creating a binary tmp file in the Stealth server root and generating a "report" file in the start directory, but not much else. Regarding the "USE BASE...invalid" error, and just to be sure, I manually created the directories in /root, but it didn't help. And, by the way, I am running stealth with sudo. Everything seems to be configured correctly: I'm able to ssh into root@client from the stealth machine without a password Here's my "policy" file (I've removed the email directives just for simplicity): DEFINE SSHCMD /usr/bin/ssh [email protected] -T -q exec /bin/bash --noprofile DEFINE EXECSHA1 -xdev -perm +u+s,g+s ( -user root -or -group root ) \ -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79 USE SSH ${SSHCMD} USE DD /bin/dd USE DIFF /usr/bin/diff USE PIDFILE /var/run/stealth- USE REPORT report USE SH /bin/sh GET /usr/bin/sha1sum /root/tmp LABEL \nchecking the client's /usr/bin/find program CHECK LOG = remote/binfind /usr/bin/sha1sum /usr/bin/find LABEL \nsuid/sgid/executable files uid or gid root on the / partition CHECK LOG = remote/setuidgid /usr/bin/find / ${EXECSHA1} LABEL \nconfiguration files under /etc CHECK LOG = remote/etcfiles \ /usr/bin/find /etc -type f -not -perm /6111 \ -not -regex "/etc/(adjtime\|mtab)"\ -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; Any ideas? Thanks,

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• Bandwidth monitoring with iptables for non-router machine

  - by user1591276

  I came across this tutorial here that describes how to monitor bandwidth using iptables. I wanted to adapt it for a non-router machine, so I want to know how much data is going in/coming out and not passing through. Here are the rules I added: iptables -N ETH0_IN iptables -N ETH0_OUT iptables -I INPUT -i eth0 -j ETH0_IN iptables -I OUTPUT -o eth0 -j ETH0_OUT And here is a sample of the output: user@host:/tmp$ sudo iptables -x -vL -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 1549 packets, 225723 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 199 54168 ETH0_IN all -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1417 packets, 178128 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 201 19597 ETH0_OUT all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain ETH0_IN (1 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain ETH0_OUT (1 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination As seen above, there are no packet and byte values for ETH0_IN and ETH0_OUT, which is not the same result in the tutorial I referenced. Is there a mistake that I made somewhere? Thanks for your time.

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• Disk doesn't contain a valid partition table

  - by Jeevan Dongre

  I was running a m1.small instance ec2 ubuntu instance. I was running out of disk space, so I upgraded my instance to medium. When I upgraded I actually got 429.5 GB of space and after that I added 10 gb of volume too. When I run the "sudo fdisk -l" command I got this results. Disk /dev/sda1: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sda2: 429.5 GB, 429461078016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 52212 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda2 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sdf: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 sda1 is the primary parition and sda2 is what I got added upgrading my system to medium. But the problem persists, I am not able to pull the code from git, it is giving me this error. remote: Counting objects: 409, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (236/236), done. fatal: write error: No space left on device fatal: index-pack failed

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• umask seems to vary by user

  - by paullb

  I've got a development Ubuntu system for which I have several users: myself (with full sudo) and about 5 other users. (I've set up the system so everything in this respect is still at its default setting) I'm trying to set the system up so that multiple people can collaborate in a single directory by using grouing and I want the default permissions to be 664. However when some users edit files the permissions were 644. After a lot of investigating most users have a umask (checked at the prompt) of 0002 and when they create files they are 664 (as expected) but there are 2 (myself and one other) who have 0022 umask (so the files that come out are 644 and nobody else can write to them). I've looked everywhere but can't figure out why a couple users wind up with a different umask e.g. there is nothing the .bash_profile or anything like that) Any ideas for the source of the discrepancy? /etc/bashrc if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi /etc/profile if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then umask 002 else umask 022 fi EDIT: My (bad) ~/.bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions export LANG=en_US.utf8 Other user (good) .bashrc # .bashrc # Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi # User specific aliases and functions

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• OpenBSD pf - implementing the equivalent of an iptables DNAT

  - by chutz

  The IP address of an internal service is going to change. We have an OpenBSD access point (ssh + autpf rules) where clients connect and open a connection to the internal IP. To give us more time to reconfigure all clients to use the new IP address, I thought we can implement the equivalent of a DNAT on the authpf box. Basically, I want to write a rule similar to this iptables rule which lets me ping both $OLD_IP and $NEW_IP. iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -d $OLD_IP -j DNAT --to-dest $NEW_IP Our version of OpenBSD is 4.7, but we can upgrade if necessary. If this DNAT is not possible we can probably do a NAT on a firewall along the way. The closest I was able to accomplish on a test box is: pass out on em1 inet proto icmp from any to 10.68.31.99 nat-to 10.68.31.247 Unfortunately, pfctl -s state tells me that nat-to translates the source IP, while I need to translate the destination. $ sudo pfctl -s state all icmp 10.68.31.247:7263 (10.68.30.199:13437) -> 10.68.31.99:8 0:0 I also found lots of mentions about rules that start with rdr and include the -> symbol to express the translation, but it looks like this syntax has been obsoleted in 4.7 and I cannot get anything similar to work. Attempts to implement a rdr fail with a complaint that /etc/pf.conf:20: rdr-to can only be used inbound

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• No sound out of headphone port

  - by Thanatos

  I cannot get sound out of the headphone port. Headphones are plugged in, and sound comes out of the internal speakers. Windows behaves normally (sound switches to headphones when headphones are inserted). It did work in Linux at one point, but something changed, we're just not sure what. Rebooting doesn't fix. This appears to occur whether or not PulseAudio is running. Things I've tried: Rebooting. No effect. Booting into Windows. It works properly, so probably not a hardware issue. All of alsamixer. My only controls are this: "Master" Volume bar & mutable, unmuted. Controls volume. "PCM" Volume bar only. 100%. "S/PDIF" Mutable only, currently muted, has no effect. "S/PDIF" Default PCM", Mutable only, currently unmuted, has no effect. Killing PulseAudio. No effect. (It also won't stay dead! Something appears to be restarting it, and I can't tell what, but it is annoying as fuck.) alsactl init 0, no effect. sudo rm -f /var/lib/alsa/asound.state, no effect. General system info: Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Toshiba Satellite T135D-S1324 lspci says I have: 00:14.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) 01:05.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RS780 Azalia controller

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• What's the mysql-5.5 compilation configuration arguments on Ubuntu 10.04?

  - by photon

  I want to install mysql 5.5 on my Ubuntu10.04 desktop system. But I'm not sure what arguments I should use after the cmake command. Though I've seen these articles: https://wikis.oracle.com/display/mysql/Cmake Building mysql-5.5.19 from source on ubuntu 11.10 with the static flag Compile MySQL 5.5.15 from source using autorun.sh and cmake, unable to start MySQL after Would anyone like to share the mysql-5.5 configuration arguments of compilation on Ubuntu 10.04? $cmake # what arguments to enter for this command update: cmake . -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/mysql_installation_dir -DWITH_SSL=no the official web site says it need to use cmake to compile the source package, but according to a teck blog, it doesn't need to compile the source, so which one is correct? When I use Cmake, I also had following error message: $ sudo cmake . -DBUILD_CONFIG=mysql_release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql_community_5.5 -- The CXX compiler identification is unknown CMake Error: your CXX compiler: "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER-NOTFOUND" was not found. Please set CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER to a valid compiler path or name. CMake Error at cmake/build_configurations/mysql_release.cmake:126 (MESSAGE): Clarification: I'm not clever and I'm a slow-thinking guy. And I cannot find a clever guy around me to give me some useful help. So I come here and hope someone is kind and generous enough to take the time to post the details.

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• Strange IP address showing up with OS X ssh

  - by user50799

  I was futzing around with DTrace on Mac OS X and found the following script that prints out information about connections being established: $ cat script.d syscall::connect:entry { printf("execname: %s\n", execname); printf("pid: %d\n", pid); printf("sockfd: %d\n",arg0); socks = (struct sockaddr*)copyin(arg1, arg2); hport = (uint_t)socks->sa_data[0]; lport = (uint_t)socks->sa_data[1]; hport <<= 8; port = hport + lport; printf("Port number: %d\n", port); printf("IP address: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", socks->sa_data[2], socks->sa_data[3], socks->sa_data[4], socks->sa_data[5]); printf("======\n"); } I run it in one window: $ sudo dtrace -s ./script.d Then I ssh to another machine from another window. I get this output from my dtrace window: CPU ID FUNCTION:NAME 0 18696 connect:entry execname: ssh pid: 5446 sockfd: 3 Port number: 22 IP address: 192.168.0.207 ====== 0 18696 connect:entry execname: ssh pid: 5446 sockfd: 5 Port number: 12148 IP address: 109.112.47.108 ====== ^C The first IP address I can explain (192.168.0.207), that's the machine I'm connecting to. But what's with the 109.112.47.108 machine? It doesn't show up in tcpdump nor netstat -an Is there something with my dtrace code or my understanding of how the connect system call works?

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• SFTP access without hassle

  - by enobayram

  I'm trying to provide access to a local folder for someone over the internet. After googling around a bit, I've come to the conclusion that SFTP is the safest thing to expose through the firewall to the chaotic and evil world of the Internet. I'm planning to use the openssh-server to this end. Even though I trust that openssh will stop a random attacker, I'm not so sure about the security of my computer once someone is connected through ssh. In particular, even if I don't give that person's user account any privileges whatsoever, he might just be able to "su" to, say, "nobody". And since I was never worried about such things before, I might have given some moderate privileges to nobody at some point (not sudo rights surely!). I would of course value your comments about giving privileges to nobody in the first place, but that's not the point, really. My aim is to give SFTP access to someone in such a sandboxed state that I shouldn't need to worry about such things (at least not more so than I should have done before). Is this really possible? Am I speaking nonsense or worried in vain?

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• Boot records messed on dual boot (win7 and ubuntu) machine with SSD and HDD

  - by Michael

  i have a lenovo ideapad y570 with two hard drives: SSD and normal HDD both managed by RapidDrive and windows 7 pre-installed. First, i have shrunk my 500 GB HDD a little bit to make some place for a linux installation. Then i installed linux mint 12 to it, also installed grub onto the drive (dev/sdb). Installation programm has not allowed me to install grub on sda. Then i replaced linux mint with ubuntu 12.04 but installed grub onto the SSD (which is dev/sda and was the default-option). After that i could boot into my windows, only ubuntu worked. So i did a research, and tried: rewriting mbr of windows into sda1, reinstalling grub, replacing grub2 with grub-legacy, and now i think my partitions table are totally messed. Here is fdisk -l output: ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders, total 125045424 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 411647 204800 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 411648 1009430959 504509656 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x5e5d1cc8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1979 884389887 442193954+ 12 Compaq diagnostics /dev/sdb2 884391934 976771071 46189569 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 884391936 937705471 26656768 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 937707520 967006207 14649344 83 Linux /dev/sdb7 967008256 976771071 4881408 82 Linux swap / Solaris I also cant mount any windows partitions to recover data. And when i open gparted, the whole sda-disk appears unallocated and it states "can not have a partition outside the disk!", also the end-sector address of /dev/sda2 confuses me. If i boot from the SSD, it throws some mbr error and wont boot, if i boot from the HDD, i only get the grub bash. How do i restore the partition tables? I can boot only from a live-cd at the machine. Thanks for any help.

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• Redirecting or routing all traffic to OpenVPN on a Mac OS X client

  - by sdr56p

  I have configured an OpenVPN (2.2.1) server on an Ubuntu virtual machine in the Amazon elastic compute cloud. The server is up and running. I have installed OpenVPN (2.2.1) on a Mac OS X (10.8.2) client and I am using the openvpn2 binary to connect (in opposition to other clients like Tunnelblick or Viscosity). I can connect with the client and successfully ping or ssh the server through the tunnel. However, I can't redirect all internet traffic through the VPN even if I use the push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" option in the server.conf configurations. When I connect to the server with these configurations, I get a successful connection, but then an infinite series of error messages: "write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65)". Traffic routing seems to be compromised because I am not able to access anything anymore, not even the OpenVPN server (by pinging 10.8.0.1 for instance). This is beyond me. I am finding little help on the web and don't know what to try next. I don't think it is a problem of forwarding the traffic on the server since, first, I have also took care of that and, second, I can't even ping the VPN server locally through the tunnel (or ping anything at all for that matter). Thank you for your help. Here is the server.conf. file: port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert ec2-server.crt key ec2-server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" client-to-client keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 3 And the client.conf file: client dev tun proto udp remote servername.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert Toto5.crt key Toto5.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 Here is the connection log with the error messages: $ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=ffbaf343 d0c1a266 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed ^CWed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 event_wait : Interrupted system call (code=4) Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 TCP/UDP: Closing socket Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 /sbin/route delete -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 delete net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 Closing TUN/TAP interface Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 SIGINT[hard,] received, process exiting toto5:ttntec2 Dominic$ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf --remote ec2-54-234-43-171.compute-1.amazonaws.com Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=a0d75468 ec26de14 Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 54.234.43.171 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 add net 54.234.43.171: gateway 0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 0.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 128.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) ... The routing table after a connection WITHOUT the push redirect-gateway (all traffic is not redirected to the VPN and everything is working fine, I can ping or ssh the OpenVPN server and access all other Internet resources through my default gateway): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default user148-1.wireless UGSc 50 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 7 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UH 3 2 tun0 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 6 6692 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 3 18 lo0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 2 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 50 0 en1 76 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 142.1.151.255 ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff UHLWbI 0 2 en1 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSWi 0 0 en1 71 The routing table after a connection with the push redirect-gateway option enable as in the server.conf file above (all internet traffic should be redirected to the VPN tunnel, but nothing is working, I can't access any Internet ressources at all): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire 0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 1 0 tun0 default user148-1.wireless UGSc 7 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UHr 6 0 tun0 54.234.43.171/32 0.0.0.0 UGSc 1 0 en1 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 3 6698 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 0 27 lo0 128.0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 0 tun0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 1 0 en1 833 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSW 0 0 en1

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• Who should I run mysql as, on a personal computer?

  - by user664833

  I just installed mysql via homebrew (with brew install mysql, on Mac OS X Mountain Lion - recently installed from scratch). Following the installation, there is a "caveats" section with options around further necessary actions to take: ==> Caveats Set up databases to run AS YOUR USER ACCOUNT with: unset TMPDIR mysql_install_db --verbose --user=`whoami` --basedir="$(brew --prefix mysql)" --datadir=/usr/local/var/mysql --tmpdir=/tmp To set up base tables in another folder, or use a different user to run mysqld, view the help for mysqld_install_db: mysql_install_db --help and view the MySQL documentation: * http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/mysql-install-db.html * http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/default-privileges.html To run as, for instance, user "mysql", you may need to `sudo`: sudo mysql_install_db ...options... Start mysqld manually with: mysql.server start Note: if this fails, you probably forgot to run the first two steps up above A "/etc/my.cnf" from another install may interfere with a Homebrew-built server starting up correctly. To connect: mysql -uroot To launch on startup: * if this is your first install: mkdir -p ~/Library/LaunchAgents cp /usr/local/Cellar/mysql/5.5.27/homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist ~/Library/LaunchAgents/ launchctl load -w ~/Library/LaunchAgents/homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist * if this is an upgrade and you already have the homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist loaded: launchctl unload -w ~/Library/LaunchAgents/homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist cp /usr/local/Cellar/mysql/5.5.27/homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist ~/Library/LaunchAgents/ launchctl load -w ~/Library/LaunchAgents/homebrew.mxcl.mysql.plist You may also need to edit the plist to use the correct "UserName". On previous versions of Mac OS X I ran mysql as mysql user, but now I am confronted by the idea of running it as myself. I am the only one who uses this computer (which happens to be my laptop), and I do programming for work and for pleasure. What are the pros & cons, or best practices, around choosing whether to run mysql AS YOUR USER ACCOUNT or as mysql or something else still?

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• tftpd starts randomly

  - by Mutant

  A few days ago my Little Snitch filter starts popping up tftpd. I'd never seen this before, so I immediately start freaking out thinking my Mac has been compromised. I can't find anything unusual on the system. The process usually dies before I can trace it (little snitch never allowed the connection just left the popup up). I finally caught it once, and found this: [10:32]: sudo lsof -nlP | fgrep tftp Password: tftpd 1924 18446744 cwd DIR 1,3 1326 2 / tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 29856 163979456 /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 600576 163686622 /usr/lib/dyld tftpd 1924 18446744 txt REG 1,3 303300608 189014898 /private/var/db/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_x86_64 tftpd 1924 18446744 0u IPv4 0x34a76100fcbb06e3 0t0 UDP *:55818 tftpd 1924 18446744 2u IPv4 0x34a76100f1113c53 0t0 UDP *:69 [10:32]: ps ax | fgrep 1924 1924 ?? S 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/tftpd -i /private/tftpboot 1949 s000 S+ 0:00.00 fgrep 1924 For the life of me I can't figure out what is starting this. Nothing in cron, launchdaemons, etc. Google searches haven't yielded much either. The connection IP is different each time. So my question is: Has anyone seen anything like this before?

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• OpenVPN access to a private network

  - by Gior312

  There are many similar topics about my issue, however I cannot figure out a solution for myself. There are three hosts. A without a routable address but with an Internet access. Server S with a routable Internet address and host B behind NAT in a private network. What I've managed to do is a OpenVPN connection between A and B via S. Everything works fine so far according to this manual VPN Setup What I want to do is to connect A to Bs private network 10.A.B.x I tried this manual but had no luck. So A has a vpn address 10.9.0.10, B's vpn address is 10.9.0.6 and B's private network is 10.20.20.0/24. When at the Server I try to make a route to Bs private network like this sudo route add 10.20.20.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.9.0.6 dev tun0 it says "route: netmask 000000ff doesn't make sense with host route" but I don't know how to tell Server to look for a private network in a different way. Do you know how can I make it right ?

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• Mac OS X will only upload zero-byte files through FTP

  - by tabacitu

  I'm using Mac OS X Lion and i've been having this problem with FTP (any FTP client, mind you. I tried Transmit, FileZilla, Cyberduck and the Terminal, all with the same result) I can browse files in my FTP Client, but when I upload files, the client hangs for a few seconds, then thinks it uploaded the files successfully, but it only creates a new file with one blank line in it. Sometimes, it manages to upload 4-5 lines. It then returns: 226 - Error during read from data connection 226 Transfer aborted But 2xx is a success message. It is not a server issue, since any Windows machine will upload just fine using the same network. Can anybody figure out what the problem is? It renders my mac useless for web development. The problem persists with SFTP and FTP with SSL/TLS. Later edit: Solved! Ok, turns out the problem goes away when I take out my router and connect directly through PPPoE. So the problem is with the router, I thought. But no, the problem is with the mac that connects through a router that connects through a PPPoE and tries to upload using FTP. Pretty specific, I know. The problem is with the MTU (maximum transmission unit). Apparently, mac os x breaks the file into chunks that are too large for the router to send, because the router's MTU was set lower than Mac OS X's. My router's was 1492, which is ok, but my Mac's MTU was 1500, which is unacceptable. I don't even understand why it works directly with PPPoE. Anyway, if you encounter the same problem, this is how you diagnose and fix it: In terminal, run: ifconfig | grep mtu to see what the MTU is for en0 (or en1, mine was en0) If it's 1500, run sudo ifconfig en0 mtu 1300 This should solve it. If so, it may only be until the next restart. You can also change the MTU in System Preferences \ Network \ Ethernet - Advanced \ Hardware

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• Connecting to SVN server from a computer outside of my LAN

  - by Tom Auger

  I've got a Fedora server running Subversion and svnserve on port 3690. My repo is at /var/svn/project_name. I have my router forwarding port 3690 to the local server (as well as port 80, 21, 22 and a few others). When I connect locally to svn://192.168.0.2/project_name it works great. When I connect from an external server to svn://my.static.ip/project_name I get a time out connecting to the host. However, if I http://my.static.ip there is no problem, so port forwarding is working (at least for port 80). I don't want to run WebDAV or svn via HTTP/s. I'd like it to work using svnserve, as documented in the svn book. What have I misconfigured? EDIT Here is the last part of my iptables dump. I'm not an expert, but it looks OK to me: ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW tcp dpt:svn ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW udp dpt:svn ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW tcp dpts:6680:6699 ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere state NEW udp dpts:6680:6699 REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-host-prohibited EDIT 2 Results from sudo netstat -tulpn tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3690 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1455/svnserve

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• Dealing with upgrade of libevent on Amazon AWS

  - by Dreen

  I am building an application (in Python) on Amazon EC2 that has a following dependency chain: gevent-websocket ---> gevent ---> libevent The last one (libevent) got upgraded on Sunday and my server is now generating this error: (...) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gevent-0.13.7-py2.6-linux-x86_64.egg/gevent/__init__.py", line 41, in <module> from gevent import core ImportError: libevent-1.4.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory Not wanting to spend much time on the issue, I tried to mitigate it by creating a symlink to an always-recent version: $ sudo ln -s /usr/lib64/libevent.so /usr/lib64/libevent-1.4.so.2 But it didn't quite work: (...) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gevent-0.13.7-py2.6-linux-x86_64.egg/gevent/__init__.py", line 41, in <module> from gevent import core ImportError: /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gevent-0.13.7-py2.6-linux-x86_64.egg/gevent/core.so: undefined symbol: current_base I am a bit stumped as to how to proceed. Should I create more symlinks? To what? Or is there a better way to solve this problem... PS. For the record I am using Amazon AMI.

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• How to configure hostname for `apache22` package on FreeBSD?

  - by Eonil

  I'm configuring development & test FreeBSD machine on VM. I installed apache22 package and restarted. But the daemon does not started with this error: %apachectl start httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for test.box httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % My hostname is test.box. Because this is temporary test box, it has no real domain-name. But I used 2-level name to avoid long time waiting of sshd on booting. However, I searched web, and I modified /etc/hosts file like this (I didn't touches this file before): # This is original configuration #::1 localhost localhost.my.domain #127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.my.domain # New configuration ::1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 test.box test Now apache fails with this error message: %apachectl start httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using test.box for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % I don't know what's required now. Please let me know reason and solution of this error. ---- (edit) ---- The permission errors are caused from omission of sudo.

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• Get Matrox Millenium video card working in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by wcoenen

  I have installed Ubuntu 9.10 on an old PC and it is mostly working, except for some heavy drawing defects that show up whenever I start dragging a window or scrolling inside a window or menu. It looks like the video driver copies the rectangle being moved to the wrong location. I have taken a look in /var/log/Xorg.0.log and the following line shows the detected video card: (--) PCI:*(0:0:8:0) 102b:0519:0000:0000 Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA 2064W [Millennium] rev 1, Mem@ 0xf9800000/16384, 0xfb000000/8388608, BIOS @0x????????/65536 (==) Using default built-in configuration (30 lines) (==) --- Start of built-in configuration --- Section "Device" Identifier "Builtin Default mga Device 0" Driver "mga" EndSection How do I fix the drawing defects? It turned out that the 24 bit color depth (automatically selected by ubuntu 9.10) was the problem; apparantly the mga driver doesn't handle this well for cards with little memory. I took the following steps to resolve the issue (you can skip the first three steps if you already have a semi-working xorg.conf file): Reboot ubuntu in recovery mode, to get a root console without X running. Run Xorg -configure to generate a xorg.conf.new file Copy the file to /etc/X11/xorg.conf with cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf (assuming it didn't exist yet; that's why I generated it) Open the new config file with sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf and make sure the screen section is configured for 16 bit color depth like this: Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 16 SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 Modes "1024x768" EndSubSection EndSection I can't guarantee those were the only important changes I made - I tried a few things in my attempts to create a valid xorg.conf file. But I'm pretty sure that the screen section was the important part.

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• Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

  - by nathanjosiah

  I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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• Change to different user, or let different user execute a command

  - by WG-

  I have a problem. There is a server which I can access with an account by ssh, lets say WG. Now there is a folder with the following permissions. drwxr-s---+ 855 vvz www-data 20K Aug 21 17:56 pictures I want to copy this folder using rsync, however since I am not the user www-data but WG I cannot execute rsync. So I want www-data to execute a rsync command. However, I do not posses sudo powers. My friend however tells me that I am actually able to execute the rsync command as www-data, but he will not tell me how. I asked him for some clues and he told me that it had something to do with reverse shell (which I figured out to be that you connect by ssh to your server and then you connect back to your own server, or something). I also asked if it was by-design or actually a flaw in the system. He tells me it is both. Furthermore I think it has something to do with the group permissions. If I just make sure that I am with the group permissions then I can also read the files. Anybody has a clue?

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• Mac OS X - Time Machine backup fails verification - What can I do to save the history?

  - by usermac75

  Hi, How do I make Time Machine to make a new complete backup without losing older versions of backed up files? Verbose: I am using the Time Machine backup on my OS X (Snow Leopard) to backup the whole computer to an external drive. I especially like the "history", i.e. the feature that allows you to restore the older version of a file. Problem: I had some data corruption on my external backup drive, I repaired it with the System Tool for doing that, it found some faults. I had the disk tool repair the external drive. After that, the external drive was OK and I could use Time Machine again. I let Time Machine do one more backup. Now I made a verification according to http://superuser.com/questions/47628/verifying-time-machine-backups, namely along sudo diff -qr . $HOME/Desktop 2>&1 | tee $HOME/timemachine-diff.log However: After doing the command above, several differences and missing files were reported, approx. 200 files in sum. Whereas some of the missing files were cache or excluded directories, the differences do bother me, especially as some important documents from me are listed as differing. How can I make sure that the data on the external drive is synced correctly? Is it possible to have Time Machine to do a complete new backup without losing the history? Or to have Time Machine compare all files for differences and re-write all files that are different? Or can I set some flags on the files that do not match to have them copied again? (like the archive-flag in Windows/Dos). I'd rather not touch the files because I would like to keep the date of last change/date of creation) Thank you for your thoughts!

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