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  • How important is it to use short names for Python packages and modules?

    - by Dan
    PEP 8 says that Python package and module names should be short, since some file systems will truncate long names. And I'm trying to follow Python conventions in a new project. But I really like long, descriptive names. So I'm wondering, how short do names need to be to comply with PEP 8. And does anyone really worry about this anymore? I'm tempted to ignore this recommendation, and use longer names, thinking this isn't all that relevant anymore. Does anyone think this recommendation is still worth following? If yes, why? And how short is short enough?

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  • How can I tell Phusion Passenger which python to use?

    - by Mike
    I'm using Phusion Passenger with a ruby app and I'd also like to set it up to work with an django appengine app I'm working on. Googling for "passenger_wsgi.py" I was able to get the following very simple non-django app working on passenger: passenger_wsgi.py: def application(environ, start_response): response_headers = [('Content-type','text/plain')] start_response('200 OK', response_headers) return ['Hello World!\n'] However, if I add the line import django.core.handlers.wsgi into the mix, I get 'An error occurred importing your passenger_wsgi.py'. By printing out the sys.path I've discovered that at least part of the reason is because Passenger is using the wrong python installation on my machine. How can I configure Passenger (on apache) to use /opt/local/bin/python2.5 instead of the system default python?

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  • Can this loop be sped up in pure Python?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    I was trying out an experiment with Python, trying to find out how many times it could add one to an integer in one minute's time. Assuming two computers are the same except for the speed of the CPUs, this should give an estimate of how fast some CPU operations may take for the computer in question. The code below is an example of a test designed to fulfill the requirements given above. This version is about 20% faster than the first attempt and 150% faster than the third attempt. Can anyone make any suggestions as to how to get the most additions in a minute's time span? Higher numbers are desireable. EDIT: This experiment is being written in Python 3.1 and is 15% faster than the fourth speed-up attempt. def start(seconds): import time, _thread def stop(seconds, signal): time.sleep(seconds) signal.pop() total, signal = 0, [None] _thread.start_new_thread(stop, (seconds, signal)) while signal: total += 1 return total if __name__ == '__main__': print('Testing the CPU speed ...') print('Relative speed:', start(60))

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  • Python: why does str() on some text from a UTF-8 file give a UnicodeDecodeError?

    - by AP257
    I'm processing a UTF-8 file in Python, and have used simplejson to load it into a dictionary. However, I'm getting a UnicodeDecodeError when I try to turn one of the dictionary values into a string: f = open('my_json.json', 'r') master_dictionary = json.load(f) #some json wrangling, then it fails on this line... mysql_string += " ('" + str(v_dict['code']) Traceback (most recent call last): File "my_file.py", line 25, in <module> str(v_dict['code']) + "'), " UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xf4' in position 35: ordinal not in range(128) Why is Python even using ASCII? I thought it used UTF-8 by default, and this is a UTF-8 file. What is the problem?

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  • How can I reshape and aggregate list of tuples in Python?

    - by radek
    I'm a newb to Python so apologies in advance if my question looks trivial. From a psycopg2 query i have a result in the form of a list of tuples looking like: [(1, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2), (2, 2)] Each tuple represents id of a location where event happened and hour of the day when event took place. I'd like to reshape and aggregate this list with subtotals for each hour in each location, to a form where it looks like: [(1, 0, 2), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (2, 0, 0), (2, 1, 1), (2, 3, 3)] Where each touple will now tell me that, for example: in location 1, at hour 0 there were 2 events; in location 1, at hour 1 there was 1 event; and so on... If there were 0 events at certain hour, I still would like to see it, as for example 0 events at 0 hours in location 2: (2, 0, 0) How could I implement it in Python?

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  • How do I generate (and label) a random integer with python 3.2?

    - by An hero
    Okay, so I'm admittedly a newbie to programming, but I can't determine how to get python v3.2 to generate a random positive integer between parameters I've given it. Just so you can understand the context, I'm trying to create a guessing-game where the user inputs parameters (say 1 to 50), and the computer generates a random number between the given numbers. The user would then have to guess the value that the computer has chosen. I've searched long and hard, but all of the solutions I can find only tell one how to get earlier versions of python to generate a random integer. As near as I can tell, v.3.2 changed how to generate and label a random integer. Anyone know how to do this? Thanks!

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  • Fastest way to convert file from latin1 to utf-8 in python.

    - by xsaero00
    I need fastest way to convert files from latin1 to utf-8 in python. The files are large ~ 2G. ( I am moving DB data ). So far I have import codecs infile = codecs.open(tmpfile, 'r', encoding='latin1') outfile = codecs.open(tmpfile1, 'w', encoding='utf-8') for line in infile: outfile.write(line) infile.close() outfile.close() but it is still slow. The conversion takes one fourth of the whole migration time. I could also use a linux command line utility if it is faster than native python code.

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  • is unicode( codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf8" ) necessary in Python 2.7/3?

    - by Brian M. Hunt
    In a code review I came across the following code that contains the following: # Python bug that renders the unicode identifier (0xEF 0xBB 0xBF) # as a character. # If untreated, it can prevent the page from validating or rendering # properly. bom = unicode( codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf8" ) r = r.replace(bom, '') This is in a function that passes a string to Response object (Django or Flask). Is this still a bug that needs this fix in Python 2.7 or 3? Something tells me it isn't, but I thought I'd ask because I don't know this problem very well. Thanks for reading.

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  • Regular expressions in a Python find-and-replace script?

    - by Haidon
    I'm new to Python scripting, so please forgive me in advance if the answer to this question seems inherently obvious. I'm trying to put together a large-scale find-and-replace script using Python. I'm using code similar to the following: findreplace = [ ('term1', 'term2'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),charenc) inF.close() for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-8')) outF.close() How would I go about having the script do a find and replace for regular expressions? Specifically, I want it to find some information (metadata) specified at the top of a text file. Eg: Title: This is the title Author: This is the author Date: This is the date and convert it into LaTeX format. Eg: \title{This is the title} \author{This is the author} \date{This is the date} Maybe I'm tackling this the wrong way. If there's a better way than regular expressions please let me know! Thanks!

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  • Is there any Python library that allows me to parse an HTML document similar to what jQuery does?

    - by Sachin Tendulkar
    Is there any Python library that allows me to parse an HTML document similar to what jQuery does? i.e. I'd like to be able to use CSS selector syntax to grab an arbitrary set of nodes from the document, read their content/attributes, etc. The only Python HTML parsing lib I've used before was BeautifulSoup, and even though it's fine I keep thinking it would be faster to do my parsing if I had jQuery syntax available. :D Write an iterative program that finds the largest number of McNuggets that cannot be bought in exact quantity. Your program should print the answer in the following format (where the correct number is provided in place of n): "Largest number of McNuggets that cannot be bought in exact quantity: n"

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  • Python: how to run several scripts (or functions) at the same time under windows 7 multicore processor 64bit

    - by Gianni
    sorry for this question because there are several examples in Stackoverflow. I am writing in order to clarify some of my doubts because I am quite new in Python language. i wrote a function: def clipmyfile(inFile,poly,outFile): ... # doing something with inFile and poly and return outFile Normally I do this: clipmyfile(inFile="File1.txt",poly="poly1.shp",outFile="res1.txt") clipmyfile(inFile="File2.txt",poly="poly2.shp",outFile="res2.txt") clipmyfile(inFile="File3.txt",poly="poly3.shp",outFile="res3.txt") ...... clipmyfile(inFile="File21.txt",poly="poly21.shp",outFile="res21.txt") I had read in this example Run several python programs at the same time and i can use (but probably i wrong) from multiprocessing import Pool p = Pool(21) # like in your example, running 21 separate processes to run the function in the same time and speed my analysis I am really honest to say that I didn't understand the next step. Thanks in advance for help and suggestion Gianni

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  • How to fix this python error? RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration

    - by aF
    Hello, it gives me this error: Exception in thread Thread-163: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\lib\threading.py", line 532, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "C:\Python26\lib\threading.py", line 736, in run self.function(*self.args, **self.kwargs) File "C:\Users\Public\SoundLog\Code\Código Python\SoundLog\SoundLog.py", line 337, in getInfo self.data1 = copy.deepcopy(Auxiliar.DataCollection.getInfo(1)) File "C:\Python26\lib\copy.py", line 162, in deepcopy y = copier(x, memo) File "C:\Python26\lib\copy.py", line 254, in _deepcopy_dict for key, value in x.iteritems(): RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration while executing my python program. How can I avoid this to happen? Thanks in advance ;)

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  • Python 3: Most efficient way to create a [func(i) for i in range(N)] list comprehension

    - by mejiwa
    Say I have a function func(i) that creates an object for an integer i, and N is some nonnegative integer. Then what's the fastest way to create a list (not a range) equal to this list mylist = [func(i) for i in range(N)] without resorting to advanced methods like creating a function in C? My main concern with the above list comprehension is that I'm not sure if python knows beforehand the length of range(N) to preallocate mylist, and therefore has to incrementally reallocate the list. Is that the case or is python clever enough to allocate mylist to length N first and then compute it's elements? If not, what's the best way to create mylist? Maybe this? mylist = [None]*N for i in range(N): mylist[i] = func(i)

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  • Display constantly updating information in-place in command-line window using python?

    - by AndyL
    I am essentially building a timer. I have a python script that monitors for an event and then prints out the seconds that have elapsed since that event. Instead of an ugly stream of numbers printed to the command line, I would like to display only the current elapsed time "in-place"-- so that only one number is visible at any given time. Is there a simple way to do this? If possible I'd like to use built-in python modules. I'm on Windows, so simpler the better. (E.g. no X11).

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  • Python 3-compatibe HTML to text converter preserving basic structure under permissive licence?

    - by hawk64
    I am looking for a relatively simple HTML to text converter which displays links and works on strings. So far I have tried lynx but performance is too bad, html2text which gives weird and verbose markdown output and is under GPLv3 which is too restrictive for my (BSD-licensed) project, http://effbot.org/librarybook/formatter-example-3.py using htmllib.HTMLParser with formatter.AbstractFormatter and a custom writer, however htmllib.HTMLParser is drpeceated and has been removed from Python 3. So is there any simple, performant, Python 3-compatible HTML to text converter under a permissive license such as MIT/BSD/Apache and the like? Edit: I dont just need something to strip HTML-Tags but also to preserve the basic structure of the HTML, that is output that somewhat resembles that of Lynx.

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  • How to export user inputs (from python) to excel worksheet?

    - by mrn
    I am trying to develop a user form in python 2.7.3. Please note that I am a python beginner. I am trying to use xlwt to export data to excel. I want to write values of following variables i.e. a (value to write:'x1') & d (value to write: be user defined information in text box), a=StringVar() checkBox1=Checkbutton(root, text="text1", variable=a, onvalue="x1", offvalue="N/A") checkBox1.place(relx=0., rely=0., relwidth=0., relheight=0.) checkBox1.pack() d=StringVar() atextBox1=Entry(root, textvariable=d, font = '{MS Sans Serif} 10') atextBox1.pack() Need help badly. Thank you so much in advance

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  • What do I need to distribute (keys, certs) for Python w/ SSL-socket connection?

    - by fandingo
    I'm trying to write a generic server-client application that will be able to exchange data amongst servers. I've read over quite a few OpenSSL documents, and I have successfully setup my own CA and created a cert (and private key) for testing purposes. I'm stuck with Python 2.3, so I can't use the standard "ssl" library. Instead, I'm stuck with PyOpenSSL, which doesn't seem bad, but there aren't many documents out there about it. My question isn't really about getting it working. I'm more confused about the certificates and where they need to go. Here are my two programs that do work: Server: #!/bin/env python from OpenSSL import SSL import socket import pickle def verify_cb(conn, cert, errnum, depth, ok): print('Got cert: %s' % cert.get_subject()) return ok ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.TLSv1_METHOD) ctx.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER|SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, verify_cb) # ?????? ctx.use_privatekey_file('./Dmgr-key.pem') ctx.use_certificate_file('Dmgr-cert.pem') # ?????? ctx.load_verify_locations('./CAcert.pem') server = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) server.bind(('', 50000)) server.listen(3) a, b = server.accept() c = a.recv(1024) print(c) Client: from OpenSSL import SSL import socket import pickle def verify_cb(conn, cert, errnum, depth, ok): print('Got cert: %s' % cert.get_subject()) return ok ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.TLSv1_METHOD) ctx.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER, verify_cb) # ?????????? ctx.use_privatekey_file('/home/justin/code/work/CA/private/Dmgr-key.pem') ctx.use_certificate_file('/home/justin/code/work/CA/Dmgr-cert.pem') # ????????? ctx.load_verify_locations('/home/justin/code/work/CA/CAcert.pem') sock = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) sock.connect(('10.0.0.3', 50000)) a = Tester(2, 2) b = pickle.dumps(a) sock.send("Hello, world") sock.flush() sock.send(b) sock.shutdown() sock.close() I found this information from ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp.pld-linux.org/dists/2.0/PLD/i586/PLD/RPMS/python-pyOpenSSL-examples-0.6-2.i586.rpm which contains some example scripts. As you might gather, I don't fully understand the sections between the " # ????????." I don't get why the certificate and private key are needed on both the client and server. I'm not sure where each should go, but shouldn't I only need to distribute one part of the key (probably the public part)? It undermines the purpose of having asymmetric keys if you still need both on each server, right? I tried alternating removing either the pkey or cert on either box, and I get the following error no matter which I remove: OpenSSL.SSL.Error: [('SSL routines', 'SSL3_READ_BYTES', 'sslv3 alert handshake failure'), ('SSL routines', 'SSL3_WRITE_BYTES', 'ssl handshake failure')] Could someone explain if this is the expected behavior for SSL. Do I really need to distribute the private key and public cert to all my clients? I'm trying to avoid any huge security problems, and leaking private keys would tend to be a big one... Thanks for the help!

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  • Does Python Django support custom SQL and denormalized databases with no Foreign Key relationships?

    - by Jay
    I've just started learning Python Django and have a lot of experience building high traffic websites using PHP and MySQL. What worries me so far is Python's overly optimistic approach that you will never need to write custom SQL and that it automatically creates all these Foreign Key relationships in your database. The one thing I've learned in the last few years of building Chess.com is that its impossible to NOT write custom SQL when you're dealing with something like MySQL that frequently needs to be told what indexes it should use (or avoid), and that Foreign Keys are a death sentence. Percona's strongest recommendation was for us to remove all FKs for optimal performance. Is there a way in Django to do this in the models file? create relationships without creating actual DB FKs? Or is there a way to start at the database level, design/create my database, and then have Django reverse engineer the models file?

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  • Project Euler #18 - how to brute force all possible paths in tree-like structure using Python?

    - by euler user
    Am trying to learn Python the Atlantic way and am stuck on Project Euler #18. All of the stuff I can find on the web (and there's a LOT more googling that happened beyond that) is some variation on 'well you COULD brute force it, but here's a more elegant solution'... I get it, I totally do. There are really neat solutions out there, and I look forward to the day where the phrase 'acyclic graph' conjures up something more than a hazy, 1 megapixel resolution in my head. But I need to walk before I run here, see the state, and toy around with the brute force answer. So, question: how do I generate (enumerate?) all valid paths for the triangle in Project Euler #18 and store them in an appropriate python data structure? (A list of lists is my initial inclination?). I don't want the answer - I want to know how to brute force all the paths and store them into a data structure. Here's what I've got. I'm definitely looping over the data set wrong. The desired behavior would be to go 'depth first(?)' rather than just looping over each row ineffectually.. I read ch. 3 of Norvig's book but couldn't translate the psuedo-code. Tried reading over the AIMA python library for ch. 3 but it makes too many leaps. triangle = [ [75], [95, 64], [17, 47, 82], [18, 35, 87, 10], [20, 4, 82, 47, 65], [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34], [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67], [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92], [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33], [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29], [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14], [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57], [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48], [63, 66, 4, 68, 89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31], [04, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23], ] def expand_node(r, c): return [[r+1,c+0],[r+1,c+1]] all_paths = [] my_path = [] for i in xrange(0, len(triangle)): for j in xrange(0, len(triangle[i])): print 'row ', i, ' and col ', j, ' value is ', triangle[i][j] ??my_path = somehow chain these together??? if my_path not in all_paths all_paths.append(my_path) Answers that avoid external libraries (like itertools) preferred.

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