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  • creating a heirarchy of terminals or workspaces

    - by intuited
    <rant This question occurred to me ('occurred' meaning 'whispered seductively in my ear for the 100th time') while using GNU-screen, so I'll make that my example. However this is a much more general question about user interfaces and what I perceive as a flawmissing feature in every implementation I've yet seen. I'm wondering if there is some way to create a heirarchy/tree of terminals in a screen session. EG I'd like to have something like 1 bash 1.1 bash 1.2 bash 2 bash 3 bash 3.1 bash 3.1.1 bash 3.1.2 bash It would be good if the terminals could be labelled instead of having to be navigated to via some arrangement that I suspect doesn't exist. So then you could jump to one using eg ^A:goto happydays or ^A:goto dykstra.angry. So to generalize that: Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, gnome-terminal, roxterm, konsole, yakuake, OpenOffice, Microsoft Office, Mr. Snuffaluppagus's Funtime Carousel™, and Your Mom's Jam Browser™ all offer the ability to create a flat set of tabs containing documents of an identical nature: web pages, terminals, documents, fun rideable animals, and jams. GNU-screen implements the same functionality without using tabs. Linux and OS/X window managers provide the ability to organize windows into an array of workspaces, which amounts to again, the same deal. Over the past few years, this has become a more or less ubiquitous concept which has been righteously welcomed into the far reaches of the computer interface funfest. Heavy users of these systems quickly encounter a problem with it: the set of entities is flat. In the case of workspaces, an option may be available to create a 2d array. However none of these applications furnish their users with the ability to create heirarchies, similar to filesystem directory structures, containing instances of their particular contained type. I for one am consistently bothered by this, and am wondering if the community can offer some wisdom as to why this has not happened in any of the foremost collections of computational functionality our culture has yet produced. Or if perhaps it has and I'm just an ignorant savage. I'd like to be able to not only group things into a tree structure, but also to create references (aka symbolic links, aka pointers) from one part of the structure to another, as well as apply properties (eg default directory, colorscheme, ...) recursively downward from a given node. I see no reason why we shouldn't be able to save these structures as known sessions, and apply tags to particular instances. So then you can sort through them by tag, find them by name, or just use the arrow keys (with an appropriate modifier) to move left or right and in or out of a given level. Another key combo would serve to create a branch in the place of the current terminal/webpage/lifelike statue/spreadsheet/spreadsheet sheet/presentation/jam and move that entity into the new branch, then create a fresh one as a sibling to it: a second leaf node within the same branch node. They would get along well. I find it a bit astonishing that this hasn't happened yet, and the only reason I can venture as a guess is that the creators of these fine systems do not consider such functionality to be useful to a significant portion of their userbase. I posit that the probability that that such an assumption would be correct is pretty low. On the other hand, given the relative ease with which such structures can be implemented using modern libraries/languages, it doesn't seem likely that difficulty of implementation would be a major roadblock. If it could be done in 1972 or whenever within the constraints of a filesystem driver, it should be relatively painless to implement in 2010 in a fullblown application. Given that all of these systems are capable of maintaining a set of equivalent entities, it seems unlikely that a major infrastructure overhaul would be necessary in order to enable a navigable heirarchy of them. </rant Mostly I'm just looking to start up a discussion and/or brainstorming on this topic. Any ideas, examples, criticism, or analysis are quite welcome. * Mr. Snuffaluppagus's Funtime Carousel is a registered trademark of Children's Television Workshop Inc. * Your Mom's Jam Browser is a registered trademark of Your Mom Inc.

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  • http.conf setup to simplify using 'localhost:81'

    - by Will
    I'm installing portable wampserver within my dropbox folder so I can access anywhere. I have this achieved and accessible using http://locahost:81 I want to access it by using a different address (dropping the :81 port number) such as http://myothersite. I'm fairly certain I need to add a virtualhosts directove somewhere within this, but I am not Apache experienced! This is the current Apache httpd.conf file: ServerRoot "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/bin/apache/apache2.2.17" Listen 81 ServerAdmin admin@localhost ServerName localhost:81 DocumentRoot "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/www/" <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny,allow Deny from all </Directory> <Directory "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/www/"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride all # onlineoffline tag - don't remove Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 127.0.0.1 </Directory> <IfModule dir_module> DirectoryIndex index.php index.php3 index.html index.htm </IfModule> <FilesMatch "^\.ht"> Order allow,deny Deny from all Satisfy All </FilesMatch> ErrorLog "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/logs/apache_error.log" LogLevel warn <IfModule log_config_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common <IfModule logio_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio </IfModule> CustomLog "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/logs/access.log" common #CustomLog "logs/access.log" combined </IfModule> <IfModule alias_module> ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "cgi-bin/" </IfModule> <IfModule cgid_module> #Scriptsock logs/cgisock </IfModule> <Directory "cgi-bin"> AllowOverride None Options None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> DefaultType text/plain <IfModule mime_module> TypesConfig conf/mime.types AddType application/x-compress .Z AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php .php3 </IfModule> # Server-pool management (MPM specific) #Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf # Multi-language error messages #Include conf/extra/httpd-multilang-errordoc.conf # Fancy directory listings Include conf/extra/httpd-autoindex.conf # Language settings #Include conf/extra/httpd-languages.conf # User home directories #Include conf/extra/httpd-userdir.conf # Real-time info on requests and configuration #Include conf/extra/httpd-info.conf # Virtual hosts #Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf # Local access to the Apache HTTP Server Manual #Include conf/extra/httpd-manual.conf # Distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV) #Include conf/extra/httpd-dav.conf # Various default settings #Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf # Secure (SSL/TLS) connections #Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf # # Note: The following must must be present to support # starting without SSL on platforms with no /dev/random equivalent # but a statically compiled-in mod_ssl. # <IfModule ssl_module> SSLRandomSeed startup builtin SSLRandomSeed connect builtin </IfModule> Include "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/alias/*" Include "C:/Users/will/Dropbox/Wampee-2.1-beta-2/MyWebAp ps/etc/alias/*"

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  • How to setup linux permissions the WWW folder?

    - by Xeoncross
    Updated Summery The /var/www directory is owned by root:root which means that no one can use it and it's entirely useless. Since we all want a web server that actually works (and no-one should be logging in as "root"), then we need to fix this. Only two entities need access. PHP/Perl/Ruby/Python all need access to the folders and files since they create many of them (i.e. /uploads/). These scripting languages should be running under nginx or apache (or even some other thing like FastCGI for PHP). The developers How do they get access? I know that someone, somewhere has done this before. With however-many billions of websites out there you would think that there would be more information on this topic. I know that 777 is full read/write/execute permission for owner/group/other. So this doesn't seem to be needed as it leaves random users full permissions. What permissions are need to be used on /var/www so that... Source control like git or svn Users in a group like "websites" (or even added to "www-data") Servers like apache or lighthttpd And PHP/Perl/Ruby can all read, create, and run files (and directories) there? If I'm correct, Ruby and PHP scripts are not "executed" directly - but passed to an interpreter. So there is no need for execute permission on files in /var/www...? Therefore, it seems like the correct permission would be chmod -R 1660 which would make all files shareable by these four entities all files non-executable by mistake block everyone else from the directory entirely set the permission mode to "sticky" for all future files Is this correct? Update: I just realized that files and directories might need different permissions - I was talking about files above so i'm not sure what the directory permissions would need to be. Update 2: The folder structure of /var/www changes drastically as one of the four entities above are always adding (and sometimes removing) folders and sub folders many levels deep. They also create and remove files that the other 3 entities might need read/write access to. Therefore, the permissions need to do the four things above for both files and directories. Since non of them should need execute permission (see question about ruby/php above) I would assume that rw-rw-r-- permission would be all that is needed and completely safe since these four entities are run by trusted personal (see #2) and all other users on the system only have read access. Update 3: This is for personal development machines and private company servers. No random "web customers" like a shared host. Update 4: This article by slicehost seems to be the best at explaining what is needed to setup permissions for your www folder. However, I'm not sure what user or group apache/nginx with PHP OR svn/git run as and how to change them. Update 5: I have (I think) finally found a way to get this all to work (answer below). However, I don't know if this is the correct and SECURE way to do this. Therefore I have started a bounty. The person that has the best method of securing and managing the www directory wins.

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  • How to change the language of driver interface for Canon Pixma printers?

    - by Sammy
    Is there a way to change the language of the driver interface for Canon Pixma printers? Which language is used seems to be determined by the language of the OS or the Windows localization settings. I really don't want that, I want to be able to set the language manually to my own liking, either during the driver installation or afterwards. I have found a workaround for Pixma IP2770 where you edit the setup.ini file by replacing the language names and the DLL search paths with <SELECT> under the LANGUAGES section. So instead of... 0000=<SELECT> 0001=Arabic,RES\STRING\IJInstAR.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstAR.dll 0804=Simplified Chinese,RES\STRING\IJInstCN.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstCN.dll 0404=Traditional Chinese,RES\STRING\IJInstTW.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstTW.dll 0005=Czech,RES\STRING\IJInstCZ.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstCZ.dll 0006=Danish,RES\STRING\IJInstDK.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstDK.dll 0007=German,RES\STRING\IJInstDE.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstDE.dll 0008=Greek,RES\STRING\IJInstGR.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstGR.dll 0009=English,RES\STRING\IJInstUS.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstUS.dll 000A=Spanish,RES\STRING\IJInstES.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstES.dll 000B=Finnish,RES\STRING\IJInstFI.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstFI.dll 000C=French,RES\STRING\IJInstFR.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstFR.dll 000E=Hungarian,RES\STRING\IJInstHU.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstHU.dll 0010=Italian,RES\STRING\IJInstIT.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstIT.dll 0011=Japanese,RES\STRING\IJInstJP.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstJP.dll 0012=Korean,RES\STRING\IJInstKR.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstKR.dll 0013=Dutch,RES\STRING\IJInstNL.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstNL.dll 0014=Norwegian,RES\STRING\IJInstNO.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstNO.dll 0015=Polish,RES\STRING\IJInstPL.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstPL.dll 0016=Portuguese,RES\STRING\IJInstPT.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstPT.dll 0019=Russian,RES\STRING\IJInstRU.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstRU.dll 001D=Swedish,RES\STRING\IJInstSE.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstSE.dll 001E=Thai,RES\STRING\IJInstTH.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstTH.dll 001F=Turkish,RES\STRING\IJInstTR.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstTR.dll 0021=Indonesian,RES\STRING\IJInstID.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstID.dll You get.... 0000=<SELECT> 0001=<SELECT> 0804=<SELECT> 0404=<SELECT> 0005=<SELECT> 0006=<SELECT> 0007=<SELECT> 0008=<SELECT> 0009=English,RES\STRING\IJInstUS.ini,RES\DLL\IJInstUS.dll 000A=<SELECT> 000B=<SELECT> 000C=<SELECT> 000E=<SELECT> 0010=<SELECT> 0011=<SELECT> 0012=<SELECT> 0013=<SELECT> 0014=<SELECT> 0015=<SELECT> 0016=<SELECT> 0019=<SELECT> 001D=<SELECT> 001E=<SELECT> 001F=<SELECT> 0021=<SELECT> .... in case English is the preferred language. It's a way to force the installation program to only install the English language support. IP2770 is a model for the Asian market, so if you want to check this out you need to go to the Canon India download page (for instance) to get the driver. Unfortunately this method is not possible with my IP4000. There is no driver even available for it to download for Windows Vista. But is there really no way of changing the language of the UI in any normal way, you know... without having to hack it? Besides, the driver for my printer comes with Windows Vista, so I don't even have to install any drivers. And little do I get the chance to set the language, knowing that the installation never happens. Any ideas?...

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  • Computer science undergraduate project ideas

    - by Mehrdad Afshari
    Hopefully, I'm going to finish my undergraduate studies next semester and I'm thinking about the topic of my final project. And yes, I've read the questions with duplicate title. I'm asking this from a bit different viewpoint, so it's not an exact dupe. I've spent at least half of my life coding stuff in different languages and frameworks so I'm not looking at this project as a way to learn much about coding and preparing for real world apps or such. I've done lots of those already. But since I have to do it to complete my degree, I felt I should spend my time doing something useful instead of throwing the whole thing out. I'm planning to make it an open source project or a hosted Web app (depending on the type) if I can make a high quality thing out of it, so I decided to ask StackOverflow what could make a useful project. Situation I've plenty of freedom about the topic. They also require 30-40 pages of text describing the project. I have the following points in mind (the more satisfied, the better): Something useful for software development Something that benefits the community Having academic value is great Shouldn't take more than a month of development (I know I'm lazy). Shouldn't be related to advanced theoretical stuff (soft computing, fuzzy logic, neural networks, ...). I've been a business-oriented software developer. It should be software oriented. While I love hacking microcontrollers and other fun embedded electronic things, I'm not really good at soldering and things like that. I'm leaning toward a Web application (think StackOverflow, PasteBin, NerdDinner, things like those). Technology It's probably going to be done in .NET (C#, F#) and Windows platform. If I really like the project (cool low level hacking), I might actually slip to C/C++. But really, C# is what I'm efficient at. Ideas Programming language, parsing and compiler related stuff: Designing a domain specific programming language and compiler Templating language compiled to C# or IL Database tools and related code generation stuff Web related technologies: ASP.NET MVC View engine doing something cool (don't know what exactly...) Specific-purpose, small, fast ASP.NET-based Web framework Applications: Visual Studio plugin to integrate with Bazaar (it's too much work, I think). ASP.NET based, jQuery-powered issue tracker (and possibly, project lifecycle management as a whole - poor man's TFS) Others: Something related to GPGPU Looking forward for great ideas! Unfortunately, I can't help on a currently existing project. I need to start my own to prevent further problems (as it's an undergrad project, nevertheless).

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  • WiX unresolved reference error

    - by David
    I'm using Wix version 3.0.5419.0. I have two .wxs files, one which is a fragment, and another which uses the fragment to create the .msi file. Here is the file which uses the fragment (DaisyFarmer.wxs): <?xml version='1.0' encoding='windows-1252'?> <Wix xmlns='http://schemas.microsoft.com/wix/2006/wi' xmlns:iis='http://schemas.microsoft.com/wix/IIsExtension'> <Product Name='Daisy Web Site 1.0' Id='BB7FBBE4-0A25-4cc7-A39C-AC916B665220' UpgradeCode='8A5311DE-A125-418f-B0E1-5A30B9C667BD' Language='1033' Codepage='1252' Version='1.0.0' Manufacturer='the man'> <Package Id='5F341544-4F95-4e01-A2F8-EF74448C0D6D' Keywords='Installer' Description="desc" Manufacturer='the man' InstallerVersion='100' Languages='1033' Compressed='yes' SummaryCodepage='1252' /> <Media Id='1' Cabinet='Sample.cab' EmbedCab='yes' DiskPrompt="CD-ROM #1" /> <Property Id='DiskPrompt' Value="the man" /> <PropertyRef Id="NETFRAMEWORK35"/> <Condition Message='This setup requires the .NET Framework 3.5.'> <![CDATA[Installed OR (NETFRAMEWORK35)]]> </Condition> <Feature Id='DaisyFarmer' Title='DaisyFarmer' Level='1'> <ComponentRef Id='SchedulerComponent' /> </Feature> </Product> </Wix> The fragment I'm referencing is (Scheduler.wxs): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <Wix xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/wix/2006/wi"> <Fragment> <DirectoryRef Id="TARGETDIR"> <Directory Id="dir2787390E4B7313EB8005DE08108EFEA4" Name="scheduler"> <Component Id="SchedulerComponent" Guid="{9254F7E1-DE41-4EE5-BC0F-BA668AF051CB}"> <File Id="fil9A013D0BFB837BAC71FED09C59C5501B" KeyPath="yes" Source="SourceDir\DTBookMonitor.exe" /> <File Id="fil4F0D8D05F53E6AFBDB498E7C75C2D98F" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\DTBookMonitor.exe.config" /> <File Id="filF02F4686267D027CB416E044E8C8C2FA" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\monitor.bat" /> <File Id="fil05B8FF38A3C85FE6C4A58CD6FDFCD2FB" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\output.txt" /> <File Id="fil397F04E2527DCFDF7E8AC1DD92E48264" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\pipelineOutput.txt" /> <File Id="fil83DFACFE7F661A9FF89AA17428474929" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\process.bat" /> <File Id="fil2809039236E0072642C52C6A52AD6F2F" KeyPath="no" Source="SourceDir\README.txt" /> </Component> </Directory> </DirectoryRef> </Fragment> </Wix> I then run the following commands: candle -ext WixUtilExtension -ext WiXNetFxExtension DaisyFarmer.wxs Scheduler.wxs light -sice:ICE20 -ext WixUtilExtension -ext WiXNetFxExtension Scheduler.wixobj DaisyFarmer.wixobj -out DaisyFarmer.msi I'm getting an error when I run light.exe which says "DaisyFarmer.wxs(20) : error LGHT0094 : Unresolved reference to symbol 'Component:SchedulerComponent' in section 'Product:{BB7FBBE4-0A25-4CC7-A39C-AC916B665220}'." What am I missing?

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  • List of freely available programming books

    - by Karan Bhangui
    I'm trying to amass a list of programming books with opensource licenses, like Creative Commons, GPL, etc. The books can be about a particular programming language or about computers in general. Hoping you guys could help: Languages BASH Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide (An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting) C The C book C++ Thinking in C++ C++ Annotations How to Think Like a Computer Scientist C# .NET Book Zero: What the C or C++ Programmer Needs to Know About C# and the .NET Framework Illustrated C# 2008 (Dead Link) Data Structures and Algorithms with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in C# Threading in C# Common Lisp Practical Common Lisp On Lisp Java Thinking in Java How to Think Like a Computer Scientist Java Thin-Client Programming JavaScript Eloquent JavaScript Haskell Real world Haskell Learn You a Haskell for Great Good! Objective-C The Objective-C Programming Language Perl Extreme Perl (license not specified - home page is saying "freely available") The Mason Book (Open Publication License) Practical mod_perl (CreativeCommons Attribution Share-Alike License) Higher-Order Perl Learning Perl the Hard Way PHP Practical PHP Programming Zend Framework: Survive the Deep End PowerShell Mastering PowerShell Prolog Building Expert Systems in Prolog Adventure in Prolog Prolog Programming A First Course Logic, Programming and Prolog (2ed) Introduction to Prolog for Mathematicians Learn Prolog Now! Natural Language Processing Techniques in Prolog Python Dive Into Python Dive Into Python 3 How to Think Like a Computer Scientist A Byte of Python Python for Fun Invent Your Own Computer Games With Python Ruby Why's (Poignant) Guide to Ruby Programming Ruby - The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide Mr. Neighborly's Humble Little Ruby Book SQL Practical PostgreSQL x86 assembly Paul Carter's tutorial Lua Programming In Lua (for v5 but still largely relevant) Algorithms and Data Structures Algorithms Data Structures and Algorithms with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in Java Planning Algorithms Frameworks/Projects The Django Book The Pylons Book Introduction to Design Patterns in C++ with Qt 4 (Open Publication License) Version control The SVN Book Mercurial: The Definitive Guide Pro Git UNIX / Linux The Art of Unix Programming Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition Others Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs The Little Book of Semaphores Mathematical Logic - an Introduction An Introduction to the Theory of Computation Developers Developers Developers Developers Linkers and loaders Beej's Guide to Network Programming Maven: The Definitive Guide I will expand on this list as I get comments or when I think of more :D Related: Programming texts and reference material for my Kindle What are some good free programming books? Can anyone recommend a free software engineering book? Edit: Oh I didn't notice the community wiki feature. Feel free to edit your suggestions right in!

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  • Log4r : logger inheritance, yaml configuration, alternatives ?

    - by devlearn
    Hello, I'm pretty new to ruby environments and I was looking for a nice logging framework to use it my ruby and rails applications. In my previous experiences I have successfully used log4j and log4p (the perl port) and was expecting the same level of usability (and maturity) with log4r. However I must say that there are a number of things that are not clear at all in the log4r framework. 1 Logger Inheritance The logger inheritance does not seem to be managed at all ! If I declare a logger named 'myapp' and then try to get a logger name 'myapp::engine', the lookup will end with a NameError. I would expect that the framework returns the root logger according to the naming scheme and to use the 'myapp' logger. Q1 : Of course I can work around this and manage the names by myself with a lookup method, however is there a cleaner way to do this without any extra coding ? 2 YAML configuration Second thing that confuses me is the yaml configuration. On the log4r site there are literally no information about this system, the doc links forward to missing pages, so all the info I can find about is contained in the examples directory of the gem. I was pretty confused with the fact that the yaml configuration must contain the pre_config section, and that I need to define my own levels. If I remove the pre_config secion, or replace all the “custom” levels by the standard ones ( debug, info, warn, fatal ) , the example will throw the following error : log4r/yamlconfigurator.rb:68:in `decode_yaml': Log level must be in 0..7 (ArgumentError) So there seems to be no way of using a simple file where we only declare the loggers and appenders for the framework. Q2 : I realy think that I missed something and that must be a way of providing a simple yaml conf file. Do you have any examples of such an usage ? 3 Variables substitution in XML file Q3 : The Yaml configuration system seems to provide such a feature however I was unable to find a similar feature with XML files. Any ideas ? 4 Alternatives ? I must say that I'm very disappointed by the feature level and the maturity of log4r compared to the log4j and other log4j ports. I run into this framework with a solid background of logging APIs in other languages and find myself working around in all kinds just to make 'basic things' running in a “real world application”. By that I mean a complex application composed of several gems, console/scripting apps, and a rails web front end where the configuration must be mutualized and where we make intensive usage of namespaces and inheritance. I've run several searches in order to find something more suitable or mature, but did not find anything similar. Q4 : Do you guys know any (serious) alternatives to log4r framework that could be used in a enterprise class app ? Thanks reading all of this ! I'd really appreciate any pointers, Kind Regards,

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  • Why is code quality not popular?

    - by Peter Kofler
    I like my code being in order, i.e. properly formatted, readable, designed, tested, checked for bugs, etc. In fact I am fanatic about it. (Maybe even more than fanatic...) But in my experience actions helping code quality are hardly implemented. (By code quality I mean the quality of the code you produce day to day. The whole topic of software quality with development processes and such is much broader and not the scope of this question.) Code quality does not seem popular. Some examples from my experience include Probably every Java developer knows JUnit, almost all languages implement xUnit frameworks, but in all companies I know, only very few proper unit tests existed (if at all). I know that it's not always possible to write unit tests due to technical limitations or pressing deadlines, but in the cases I saw, unit testing would have been an option. If a developer wanted to write some tests for his/her new code, he/she could do so. My conclusion is that developers do not want to write tests. Static code analysis is often played around in small projects, but not really used to enforce coding conventions or find possible errors in enterprise projects. Usually even compiler warnings like potential null pointer access are ignored. Conference speakers and magazines would talk a lot about EJB3.1, OSGI, Cloud and other new technologies, but hardly about new testing technologies or tools, new static code analysis approaches (e.g. SAT solving), development processes helping to maintain higher quality, how some nasty beast of legacy code was brought under test, ... (I did not attend many conferences and it propably looks different for conferences on agile topics, as unit testing and CI and such has a higer value there.) So why is code quality so unpopular/considered boring? EDIT: Thank your for your answers. Most of them concern unit testing (and has been discussed in a related question). But there are lots of other things that can be used to keep code quality high (see related question). Even if you are not able to use unit tests, you could use a daily build, add some static code analysis to your IDE or development process, try pair programming or enforce reviews of critical code.

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  • General advice and guidelines on how to properly override object.GetHashCode()

    - by Svish
    According to MSDN, a hash function must have the following properties: If two objects compare as equal, the GetHashCode method for each object must return the same value. However, if two objects do not compare as equal, the GetHashCode methods for the two object do not have to return different values. The GetHashCode method for an object must consistently return the same hash code as long as there is no modification to the object state that determines the return value of the object's Equals method. Note that this is true only for the current execution of an application, and that a different hash code can be returned if the application is run again. For the best performance, a hash function must generate a random distribution for all input. I keep finding myself in the following scenario: I have created a class, implemented IEquatable<T> and overridden object.Equals(object). MSDN states that: Types that override Equals must also override GetHashCode ; otherwise, Hashtable might not work correctly. And then it usually stops up a bit for me. Because, how do you properly override object.GetHashCode()? Never really know where to start, and it seems to be a lot of pitfalls. Here at StackOverflow, there are quite a few questions related to GetHashCode overriding, but most of them seems to be on quite particular cases and specific issues. So, therefore I would like to get a good compilation here. An overview with general advice and guidelines. What to do, what not to do, common pitfalls, where to start, etc. I would like it to be especially directed at C#, but I would think it will work kind of the same way for other .NET languages as well(?). I think maybe the best way is to create one answer per topic with a quick and short answer first (close to one-liner if at all possible), then maybe some more information and end with related questions, discussions, blog posts, etc., if there are any. I can then create one post as the accepted answer (to get it on top) with just a "table of contents". Try to keep it short and concise. And don't just link to other questions and blog posts. Try to take the essence of them and then rather link to source (especially since the source could disappear. Also, please try to edit and improve answers instead of created lots of very similar ones. I am not a very good technical writer, but I will at least try to format answers so they look alike, create the table of contents, etc. I will also try to search up some of the related questions here at SO that answers parts of these and maybe pull out the essence of the ones I can manage. But since I am not very stable on this topic, I will try to stay away for the most part :p

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  • Importing a large dataset into a database

    - by peaceful
    I'm a beginning programmer in the relevant areas to this question, so if possible, it'd be helpful to avoid assuming I know a lot already. I'm trying to import the OpenLibrary dataset into a local Postgres database. After it's imported, I plan to use it as a starting seed for a Ruby on Rails application that will include information on books. The OpenLibrary datasets are available here, in a modified JSON format: http://openlibrary.org/dev/docs/jsondump I only need very basic information for my application, much less than what is provided in the dumps. I'm only trying to get out book titles, author names, and relationships between books and authors. Below are two typical entries from their dataset, the first for an author, and the second for a book (they seem to have an entry for each edition of a book). The entries seem to lead off with a primary key, and then with a type, before including the actual JSON database dump. /a/OL2A /type/author {"name": "U. Venkatakrishna Rao", "personal_name": "U. Venkatakrishna Rao", "last_modified": {"type": "/type/datetime", "value": "2008-09-10 08:44:01.978456"}, "key": "/a/OL2A", "birth_date": "1904", "type": {"key": "/type/author"}, "id": 99, "revision": 3} /b/OL345M /type/edition {"publishers": ["Social Science Research Project, Dept. of Geography, University of Dacca"], "pagination": "ii, 54 p.", "title": "Land use in Fayadabad area", "lccn": ["sa 65000491"], "subject_place": ["East Pakistan", "Dacca region."], "number_of_pages": 54, "languages": [{"comment": "initial import", "code": "eng", "name": "English", "key": "/l/eng"}], "lc_classifications": ["S471.P162 E23"], "publish_date": "1963", "publish_country": "pk ", "key": "/b/OL345M", "authors": [{"birth_date": "1911", "name": "Nafis Ahmad", "key": "/a/OL302A", "personal_name": "Nafis Ahmad"}], "publish_places": ["Dacca, East Pakistan"], "by_statement": "[by] Nafis Ahmad and F. Karim Khan.", "oclc_numbers": ["4671066"], "contributions": ["Khan, Fazle Karim, joint author."], "subjects": ["Land use -- East Pakistan -- Dacca region."]} The size of the uncompressed dumps are enormous, about 2GB for the authors list, and 18GB for the book editions list. OpenLibrary does not provide any tools for this themselves, they provide a simple unoptimized Python script for reading in sample data (which unlike the actual dumps comes in pure JSON format), but they estimate if that was modified for use on their actual data it would take 2 months (!) to finish loading the data. How can I read this into the database? I assume I'll need to write a program to do this. What language and any guidance on how I should do it to finish in a reasonable amount of time? The only scripting language I have any experience with is Ruby.

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  • Using Objective-C Blocks

    - by Sean
    Today I was experimenting with Objective-C's blocks so I thought I'd be clever and add to NSArray a few functional-style collection methods that I've seen in other languages: @interface NSArray (FunWithBlocks) - (NSArray *)collect:(id (^)(id obj))block; - (NSArray *)select:(BOOL (^)(id obj))block; - (NSArray *)flattenedArray; @end The collect: method takes a block which is called for each item in the array and expected to return the results of some operation using that item. The result is the collection of all of those results. (If the block returns nil, nothing is added to the result set.) The select: method will return a new array with only the items from the original that, when passed as an argument to the block, the block returned YES. And finally, the flattenedArray method iterates over the array's items. If an item is an array, it recursively calls flattenedArray on it and adds the results to the result set. If the item isn't an array, it adds the item to the result set. The result set is returned when everything is finished. So now that I had some infrastructure, I needed a test case. I decided to find all package files in the system's application directories. This is what I came up with: NSArray *packagePaths = [[[NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSAllApplicationsDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES) collect:^(id path) { return (id)[[[NSFileManager defaultManager] contentsOfDirectoryAtPath:path error:nil] collect:^(id file) { return (id)[path stringByAppendingPathComponent:file]; }]; }] flattenedArray] select:^(id fullPath) { return [[NSWorkspace sharedWorkspace] isFilePackageAtPath:fullPath]; }]; Yep - that's all one line and it's horrid. I tried a few approaches at adding newlines and indentation to try to clean it up, but it still feels like the actual algorithm is lost in all the noise. I don't know if it's just a syntax thing or my relative in-experience with using a functional style that's the problem, though. For comparison, I decided to do it "the old fashioned way" and just use loops: NSMutableArray *packagePaths = [NSMutableArray new]; for (NSString *searchPath in NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSAllApplicationsDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES)) { for (NSString *file in [[NSFileManager defaultManager] contentsOfDirectoryAtPath:searchPath error:nil]) { NSString *packagePath = [searchPath stringByAppendingPathComponent:file]; if ([[NSWorkspace sharedWorkspace] isFilePackageAtPath:packagePath]) { [packagePaths addObject:packagePath]; } } } IMO this version was easier to write and is more readable to boot. I suppose it's possible this was somehow a bad example, but it seems like a legitimate way to use blocks to me. (Am I wrong?) Am I missing something about how to write or structure Objective-C code with blocks that would clean this up and make it clearer than (or even just as clear as) the looped version?

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  • Efficiency of Java "Double Brace Initialization"?

    - by Jim Ferrans
    In Hidden Features of Java the top answer mentions Double Brace Initialization, with a very enticing syntax: Set<String> flavors = new HashSet<String>() {{ add("vanilla"); add("strawberry"); add("chocolate"); add("butter pecan"); }}; This idiom creates an anonymous inner class with just an instance initializer in it, which "can use any [...] methods in the containing scope". Main question: Is this as inefficient as it sounds? Should its use be limited to one-off initializations? (And of course showing off!) Second question: The new HashSet must be the "this" used in the instance initializer ... can anyone shed light on the mechanism? Third question: Is this idiom too obscure to use in production code? Summary: Very, very nice answers, thanks everyone. On question (3), people felt the syntax should be clear (though I'd recommend an occasional comment, especially if your code will pass on to developers who may not be familiar with it). On question (1), The generated code should run quickly. The extra .class files do cause jar file clutter, and slow program startup slightly (thanks to coobird for measuring that). Thilo pointed out that garbage collection can be affected, and the memory cost for the extra loaded classes may be a factor in some cases. Question (2) turned out to be most interesting to me. If I understand the answers, what's happening in DBI is that the anonymous inner class extends the class of the object being constructed by the new operator, and hence has a "this" value referencing the instance being constructed. Very neat. Overall, DBI strikes me as something of an intellectual curiousity. Coobird and others point out you can achieve the same effect with Arrays.asList, varargs methods, Google Collections, and the proposed Java 7 Collection literals. Newer JVM languages like Scala, JRuby, and Groovy also offer concise notations for list construction, and interoperate well with Java. Given that DBI clutters up the classpath, slows down class loading a bit, and makes the code a tad more obscure, I'd probably shy away from it. However, I plan to spring this on a friend who's just gotten his SCJP and loves good natured jousts about Java semantics! ;-) Thanks everyone!

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  • Perl coding to PHP coding conversion

    - by Haskella
    Hi, I am trying to convert some Perl into PHP using this guideline: http://www.cs.wcupa.edu/~rkline/perl2php/#basedir Basically I know next to nothing about these two languages. Please give me some simple English explanation of what each line does, I'll be more than happy. Thanks for reading :D Perl CGI program: #!/usr/bin/perl -T use strict; use warnings; use CGI (); my %fruit_codes = ( apple => '2321.html', banana => '1234.html', coconut => '8889.html', ); my $c = CGI->new; my $fruit_parameter = $c->param('fruit_name'); my $iframe_document; if (defined $fruit_parameter and exists $fruit_codes{$fruit_parameter}) { $iframe_document = $fruit_codes{$fruit_parameter}; } else { $iframe_document = 'sorry-no-such-fruit.html'; } $c->header('application/xhtml+xml'); print <<"END_OF_HTML"; <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Fruits</title> </head> <body> <form action="fruits.cgi"> <fieldset> <label for="fruit">Name of the fruit:</label> <input id="fruit" name="fruit_name" type="text" /> <input type="submit" /> </fieldset> </form> <iframe src="$iframe_document"> <a href="$iframe_document">resulting fruit</a> </iframe> </body> </html> END_OF_HTML 1;

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  • C# or C++ game: many 16 color images loaded into RAM. Efficient solution?

    - by user560639
    I am in the planning stages of creating a fighting game and am unsure how to handle one issue relating to memory. Background info: - Still debating whether to use C# (XNA) or C++. We do not want to commit to either until we have explored how to solve this problem in both languages. - Using a max of 256MB RAM would be great if possible. - Two characters will be present at a time, and these characters can only change between battles. There is time to load/free memory between battles, but the game needs to run at a constant 60 drawn frames per second during combat. Each frame is 16.67ms - The total number of images per character is in the low hundreds. Each image is roughly 200x400 pixels. Only one image from each character will be displayed at any given moment. Uncompressed, each image takes roughly 300kb from my calculations; upwards of 100MB for a whole character. This is pushing too close to the 256MB limit given that memory will be needed for some other resources as well. Since each image can be made with a total of 16 colors. Theoretically I should be able to use 1/8th the space if I can take advantage of this. I've looked around but haven't found any word of native support for paletted images. (Storing each pixel using fewer bits that each map to a 32-bit RGBa color) I was considering making my own file format with 4 bits per pixel (and some extra palette info), loading all the images of this new format into RAM before battle, and then when drawing any specific image, decompress only that image into a raw image so it can be rendered properly. I don't know if it's realistic to perform so many assignment operations (appx 200x400 for each character = 160k) each frame. It sounds very hacky to me. Does anyone have advice on whether my solution sounds reasonable, and if there is perhaps a better one available? Thanks so much! (I also attempted to use an image with only 1 channel, then use a shader to perform a series of if statements to translate various values into other colors. Unfortunately, there were too many lines of code for the shader. It is also rather hacky and does not scale well.)

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  • Succinct introduction to C++/CLI for C#/Haskell/F#/JS/C++/... programmer

    - by Henrik
    Hello everybody, I'm trying to write integrations with the operating system and with things like active directory and Ocropus. I know a bunch of programming languages, including those listed in the title. I'm trying to learn exactly how C++/CLI works, but can't find succinct, exact and accurate descriptions online from the searching that I have done. So I ask here. Could you tell me the pitfalls and features of C++/CLI? Assume I know all of C# and start from there. I'm not an expert in C++, so some of my questions' answers might be "just like C++", but could say that I am at C#. I would like to know things like: Converting C++ pointers to CLI pointers, Any differences in passing by value/doubly indirect pointers/CLI pointers from C#/C++ and what is 'recommended'. How do gcnew, __gc, __nogc work with Polymorphism Structs Inner classes Interfaces The "fixed" keyword; does that exist? Compiling DLLs loaded into the kernel with C++/CLI possible? Loaded as device drivers? Invoked by the kernel? What does this mean anyway (i.e. to load something into the kernel exactly; how do I know if it is?)? L"my string" versus "my string"? wchar_t? How many types of chars are there? Are we safe in treating chars as uint32s or what should one treat them as to guarantee language indifference in code? Finalizers (~ClassName() {}) are discouraged in C# because there are no garantuees they will run deterministically, but since in C++ I have to use "delete" or use copy-c'tors as to stack allocate memory, what are the recommendations between C#/C++ interactions? What are the pitfalls when using reflection in C++/CLI? How well does C++/CLI work with the IDisposable pattern and with SafeHandle, SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid? I've read briefly about asynchronous exceptions when doing DMA-operations, what are these? Are there limitations you impose upon yourself when using C++ with CLI integration rather than just doing plain C++? Attributes in C++ similar to Attributes in C#? Can I use the full meta-programming patterns available in C++ through templates now and still have it compile like ordinary C++? Have you tried writing C++/CLI with boost? What are the optimal ways of interfacing the boost library with C++/CLI; can you give me an example of passing a lambda expression to an iterator/foldr function? What is the preferred way of exception handling? Can C++/CLI catch managed exceptions now? How well does dynamic IL generation work with C++/CLI? Does it run on Mono? Any other things I ought to know about?

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  • Succinct introduction to C++/CLI for C#/Haskell/F#/JS/C++/... programmer

    - by Henrik
    Hello everybody, I'm trying to write integrations with the operating system and with things like active directory and Ocropus. I know a bunch of programming languages, including those listed in the title. I'm trying to learn exactly how C++/CLI works, but can't find succinct, exact and accurate descriptions online from the searching that I have done. So I ask here. Could you tell me the pitfalls and features of C++/CLI? Assume I know all of C# and start from there. I'm not an expert in C++, so some of my questions' answers might be "just like C++", but could say that I am at C#. I would like to know things like: Converting C++ pointers to CLI pointers, Any differences in passing by value/doubly indirect pointers/CLI pointers from C#/C++ and what is 'recommended'. How do gcnew, __gc, __nogc work with Polymorphism Structs Inner classes Interfaces The "fixed" keyword; does that exist? Compiling DLLs loaded into the kernel with C++/CLI possible? Loaded as device drivers? Invoked by the kernel? What does this mean anyway (i.e. to load something into the kernel exactly; how do I know if it is?)? L"my string" versus "my string"? wchar_t? How many types of chars are there? Are we safe in treating chars as uint32s or what should one treat them as to guarantee language indifference in code? Finalizers (~ClassName() {}) are discouraged in C# because there are no garantuees they will run deterministically, but since in C++ I have to use "delete" or use copy-c'tors as to stack allocate memory, what are the recommendations between C#/C++ interactions? What are the pitfalls when using reflection in C++/CLI? How well does C++/CLI work with the IDisposable pattern and with SafeHandle, SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid? I've read briefly about asynchronous exceptions when doing DMA-operations, what are these? Are there limitations you impose upon yourself when using C++ with CLI integration rather than just doing plain C++? Attributes in C++ similar to Attributes in C#? Can I use the full meta-programming patterns available in C++ through templates now and still have it compile like ordinary C++? Have you tried writing C++/CLI with boost? What are the optimal ways of interfacing the boost library with C++/CLI; can you give me an example of passing a lambda expression to an iterator/foldr function? What is the preferred way of exception handling? Can C++/CLI catch managed exceptions now? How well does dynamic IL generation work with C++/CLI? Does it run on Mono? Any other things I ought to know about?

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  • GOTO still considered harmful?

    - by Kyle Cronin
    Everyone is aware of Dijkstra's Letters to the editor: go to statement considered harmful (also here .html transcript and here .pdf) and there has been a formidable push since that time to eschew the goto statement whenever possible. While it's possible to use goto to produce unmaintainable, sprawling code, it nevertheless remains in modern programming languages. Even the advanced continuation control structure in Scheme can be described as a sophisticated goto. What circumstances warrant the use of goto? When is it best to avoid? As a followup question: C provides a pair of functions, setjmp and longjmp, that provide the ability to goto not just within the current stack frame but within any of the calling frames. Should these be considered as dangerous as goto? More dangerous? Dijkstra himself regretted that title, of which he was not responsible for. At the end of EWD1308 (also here .pdf) he wrote: Finally a short story for the record. In 1968, the Communications of the ACM published a text of mine under the title "The goto statement considered harmful", which in later years would be most frequently referenced, regrettably, however, often by authors who had seen no more of it than its title, which became a cornerstone of my fame by becoming a template: we would see all sorts of articles under the title "X considered harmful" for almost any X, including one titled "Dijkstra considered harmful". But what had happened? I had submitted a paper under the title "A case against the goto statement", which, in order to speed up its publication, the editor had changed into a "letter to the Editor", and in the process he had given it a new title of his own invention! The editor was Niklaus Wirth. A well thought out classic paper about this topic, to be matched to that of Dijkstra, is Structured Programming with go to Statements (also here .pdf), by Donald E. Knuth. Reading both helps to reestablish context and a non-dogmatic understanding of the subject. In this paper, Dijkstra's opinion on this case is reported and is even more strong: Donald E. Knuth: I believe that by presenting such a view I am not in fact disagreeing sharply with Dijkstra's ideas, since he recently wrote the following: "Please don't fall into the trap of believing that I am terribly dogmatical about [the go to statement]. I have the uncomfortable feeling that others are making a religion out of it, as if the conceptual problems of programming could be solved by a single trick, by a simple form of coding discipline!"

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  • Personal Project - Next practical language/tech to learn

    - by Paul Nathan
    I'm working on a personal project doing some finance analysis. It's a totally new field for me, and I'm really having fun with it so far, plus working in the high-level language arena is a great break from my embedded systems daytime work. I have a MySQL backend on a non-local server with a pile of stock data. My task now is to do some analysis of the stocks and produce something approximating a useful result. There are a couple technical difficulties. (1) I have a lot of records. To be precise, I believe I'm near 100K records right now, and this number grows by 6.1K each weekday. I need to create a way to rummage through these fields and do data analysis - based on a given computation, go look at this other set. Fine and dandy, nothing too outre. But this means I could really use a straightforward API for talking to MySQL. (2) Ideally, it runs on OS X 10.4.11. No Windows/Linux machine at home. (3) I can use PHP, C++, Perl, etc. I even have an R installation. I'm pretty flexible with stuff, so long as it runs on OS X. (Lots of options here, pick water, H20, or dihydrogen monoxide ;-) ) (4)Lack of hassle. While I like clever and fun ways of doing things, I'm trying to get some analysis done, not spend ten hours doing installation work and scratching my head figuring out a theoretical syntax question needed to spout out "hello world". What's the question? I'd like to dig into something different than my usual PHP/C++/C toolset. I'm looking for recommendations for languages/technologies that will assist me and meet the above requirements. In particular, I've heard a lot of buzz about F# and Python on SO. I've used CLISP for small problems before, and kinda liked it. I'm seeking opinions about those in particular. edit:since I rent the DB server and have a limited amount of CPU time online, I'm trying to do the analysis on a local machine.

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  • Would Ruby on Rails be appropriate for this Foreign Language project?

    - by Lynne Overesch-Maister
    I'm a Spanish professor & computer groupie. About 15 years ago, I authored in HyperCard a series of verb conjugation programs that are now completely out of date with respect to System OS X. I would like to redo these programs myself because I had a lot of fun doing them last time (mostly I coded while my son played in Leaps and Bounds, you know, one of those places where parents take their kids & let them run wild through the tubes...). Colleagues have mentioned using Flash, Director, and various other solutions, but I saw a presentation on RoR at our SIDLIT conference today, and was inspired. I will be parsing and comparing strings (and there are other features on top of that, but that is the main one), "adding" strings relationally indexed in some kind of database(s). It will also have to handle various foreign characters (accents, upside down question marks, etc.). On top of the main process of the program, it will have to provide a practice vs. test mode, keep track of specific answers as well as totals right/wrong, and print a report. Would this be either easier and/or more efficiently done in RoR than in other languages. I am pretty sure that it will work on a Microsoft server, right? Because I think that is where most of our stuff is. I would be programming either on a Mac or a PC, whichever you think is easier. So, in summary, is RoR the way for me to go with this project? If I have some (little) experience programming in Hypercard and C, should I be able to pick RoR up fairly quickly? What things will I need to start (I already saw something called Redhills foreign key migration plugin, which I assume would be beneficial)? I still have my old scripts from hypercard, however what I would really like to do is to combine all six of my former tense-specific programs into one larger program. I figure that it wouldn't be too hard to reference the individual tenses in some way--could that be a class? Many thanks for any help you can give me on this forum.

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  • Is it worth moving from stored procedures to linq ?

    - by Josef
    I'm looking at standardizing programming in an organisaiton. Half uses stored procedures and the other half Linq. From what i've read there is still some debate going on on this topic. My concern is that MS is trying to slip in it's own proprietry query language 'linq' to make SQL redundant. If a few years back microsoft had tried to win customers from oracle and sybase with their MSSQL database and stated that it didn't use SQL by their own proprietry query langues ie linq. I doubt many would have switched. I believe that is exactly what is happening now by introducting it into the applicaiton business layer. I have used MS for many years but there is one gripe that I have with them and that is that they change their direction a lot. By a lot I mean new releases of .net, silverlight etc are more than 30% different from previous version. So by the time you become productive a new release is on the way. As things stand now a web developer using .net would need to know either vb.net or c#, xml, xaml,javascript,html, sql and now linq. That doesn't make for good productivity in my books. My concern is that once we all start using linq MS will start changing it between releases. and it will become an ever changing landscape. I believe that 'linq to sql' has already been deprecated. At leas with SQL we are dealing with a more stable and standardized language. Are we looking at a programming revolution or a marketing campaign? As far as I know other languages like Cobol have stayed the same for years. A cobol program from 20 years ago could pick up todays code and start working on it. Could a Vb3 person work on a modern .net web app ? Would these large changes need to be made if the underlying original foundation had been sound ? I worry about following MS shaking roadmap with it's deadends and double backs. are there any architects out there who feel the same ? regards Josef

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  • using Java interfaces

    - by mike_hornbeck
    I need to create interface MultiLingual, that allows to display object's data in different languages (not data itself, but introduction like "Author", "Title" etc.). Printed data looks like this : 3 grudnia 1998 10th of June 1924 Autor: Tolkien Tytul: LoTR Wydawnictwo: Amazon 2010 Author: Mitch Albom Title: Tuesdays with Morrie Publishing House: Time Warner Books 2003 37 360,45 PLN 5,850.70 GBP 3rd of December 1998 10th of June 1924 Author: Tolkien Title: LoTR Publishing House: Amazon 2010 Author: Mitch Albom Title: Tuesdays with Morrie Publishing House: Time Warner Books 2003 37,360.45 GBP 5,850.70 GBP Test code looks like this : public class Main { public static void main(String[] args){ MultiLingual gatecrasher[]={ new Data(3,12,1998), new Data(10,6,1924,MultiLingual.ENG), new Book("LoTR", "Tolkien", "Amazon", 2010), new Book("Tuesdays with Morrie", "Mitch Albom", "Time Warner Books",2003, MultiLingual.ENG), new Money(1232895/33.0,MultiLingual.PL), new Money(134566/23.0,MultiLingual.ENG), }; for(int i=0;i < gatecrasher.length;i++) System.out.println(gatecrasher[i]+"\n"); for(int i=0;i < gatecrasher.length;i++) System.out.println(gatecrasher[i].get(MultiLingual.ENG)+"\n"); } } So i need to introduce constants ENG, PL in MultiLingual interface, as well as method get(int language) : public interface MultiLingual { int ENG = 0; int PL= 1; String get(int lang); } And then I have class Book. Problem starts with the constructors. One of them needs to take MultiLingual.ENG as argument, but how to achieve that ? Is this the proper way? : class Book implements MultiLingual { private String title; private String publisher; private String author; public Book(String t, String a, String p, int y, MultiLingual lang){ } Or should I treat this MultiLingual.ENG as int variable , that will just change automatically constants in interface? Second constructor for book doesn't take MultLingual as argument, but following implementation is somehow wrong : public Book(String t, String a, String p, int y){ Book someBook = new Book(t, a, p, y, MultiLingual m); } I could just send int m in place of MultiLingual m but then I will have no control if language is set to PL or ENG. And finally get() method for Boook but I think at least this should be working fine: public String get(int lang){ String data; if (lang == ENG){ data = "Author: "+this.author+"\n"+ "Title: "+this.title+"\n"+ "Publisher: "+this.publisher+"\n"; } else { data = "Autor: "+this.author+"\n"+ "Tytul: "+this.title+"\n"+ "Wydawca: "+this.publisher+"\n"; } return data; } @Override public String toString(){ return ""; } }

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  • Am I "wasting" my time learning C and other low level stuff ?

    - by Andreas Grech
    I have just recently started learning C and the reason I did that was because frankly, I consider myself to be of a "less-developer" than the people who know and work with C. Thus I planned to start learning ASM, C, C++ and bought the K&R book and started pushing myself to learn the C Programming Language and up till now I'm doing great...learning about arrays the low level way (ie the pointer + offset thing), pointers and all that and obviously asking questions on stackoverflow for guidance. My problem is that sometimes I get thinking if instead of learning this low level stuff, maybe I should maybe spend more time learning newer, more widely used technologies...basically, more web stuff. Now I am well versed with both C# and ASP.Net and currently that's what I do for a living, but still there exists Microsoft technologies that I haven't quite touched upon...such as ASP.Net MVC, The Entity Framework etc... And those are only Microsoft Technologies...obviously there are other stuff that I would like to touch upon...stuff like Ruby, which would lead me to Ruby on Rails, or Python for Django or even Java and J2EE, or maybe even PHP; ie, basically mainly Web Stuff. Mind you, I did touch upon some of the stuff I mentioned earlier on, such as PHP and Java but I am still not quite versed in them as I am in C# and ASP.Net...but still, I think that by learning other languages that are used in the web environment will broaden my horizons...both as a developer who loves learning, and also Career wise. My point is, am I really using up my time correctly by learning older, lower level stuff? Stuff that for my current line of work, will most probably never use, but still is interesting to know ? To be frankly honest, I am also learning C so that I could, maybe someday, get into Electronics and Micro-controller programming but that is a whole new world for me and, if I choose to go there, will take some time to get adjusted to. And even then, I don't know if I can get a career in working in that line of work. ...but I still wonder about this question over and over...Am I doing the right thing by learning C instead of something (Web-stuff) that will most probably be more useful for me career-wise? I'm sorry for such asking such a long and most probably a boring question, but I feel as if this is the only place where I can ask such a question and get an honest answer from experts in the field. Thank you for your time.

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  • Any software for pattern-matching and -rewriting source code?

    - by Steven A. Lowe
    I have some old software (in a language that's not dead but is dead to me ;-)) that implements a basic pattern-matching and -rewriting system for source code. I am considering resurrecting this code, translating it into a modern language, and open-sourcing the project as a refactoring power-tool. Before I go much further, I want to know if anything like this exists already (my google-fu is fanning air on this tonight). Here's how it works: the pattern-matching part matches source-code patterns spanning multiple lines of code using a template with binding variables, the pattern-rewriting part uses a template to rewrite the matched code, inserting the contents of the bound variables from the matching template matching and rewriting templates are associated (1:1) by a simple (unconditional) rewrite rule the software operates on the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the input application, and outputs a modified AST which can then be regenerated into new source code for example, suppose we find a bunch of while-loops that really should be for-loops. The following template will match the while-loop pattern: Template oldLoopPtrn int @cnt@ = 0; while (@cnt@ < @max@) { … @body@ ++@cnt@; } End_Template while the following template will specify the output rewrite pattern: Template newLoopPtrn for(int @cnt@ = 0; @cnt@ < @max@; @cnt@++) { @body@ } End_Template and a simple rule to associate them Rule oldLoopPtrn --> newLoopPtrn so code that looks like this int i=0; while(i<arrlen) { printf("element %d: %f\n",i,arr[i]); ++i; } gets automatically rewritten to look like this for(int i = 0; i < arrlen; i++) { printf("element %d: %f\n",i,arr[i]); } The closest thing I've seen like this is some of the code-refactoring tools, but they seem to be geared towards interactive rewriting of selected snippets, not wholesale automated changes. I believe that this kind of tool could supercharge refactoring, and would work on multiple languages (even HTML/CSS). I also believe that converting and polishing the code base would be a huge project that I simply cannot do alone in any reasonable amount of time. So, anything like this out there already? If not, any obvious features (besides rewrite-rule conditions) to consider? EDIT: The one feature of this system that I like very much is that the template patterns are fairly obvious and easy to read because they're written in the same language as the target source code, not in some esoteric mutated regex/BNF format.

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  • Do you still limit line length in code?

    - by Noldorin
    This is a matter on which I would like to gauge the opinion of the community: Do you still limit the length of lines of code to a fixed maximum? This was certainly a convention of the past for many languages; one would typically cap the number of characters per line to a value such as 80 (and more recnetly 100 or 120 I believe). As far as I understand, the primary reasons for limiting line length are: Readability - You don't have to scroll over horizontally when you want to see the end of some lines. Printing - Admittedly (at least in my experience), most code that you are working on does not get printed out on paper, but by limiting the number of characters you can insure that formatting doesn't get messed up when printed. Past editors (?) - Not sure about this one, but I suspect that at some point in the distant past of programming, (at least some) text editors may have been based on a fixed-width buffer. I'm sure there are points that I am still missing out, so feel free to add to these... Now, when I tend to observe C or C# code nowadays, I often see a number of different styles, the main ones being: Line length capped to 80, 100, or even 120 characters. As far as I understand, 80 is the traditional length, but the longer ones of 100 and 120 have appeared because of the widespread use of high resolutions and widescreen monitors nowadays. No line length capping at all. This tends to be pretty horrible to read, and I don't see it too often, though it's certainly not too rare either. Inconsistent capping of line length. The length of some lines are limited to a fixed maximum (or even a maximum that changes depending on the file/location in code), while others (possibly comments) are not at all. My personal preference here (at least recently) has been to cap the line length to 100 in the Visual Studio editor. This means that in a decently sized window (on a non-widescreen monitor), the ends of lines are still fully visible. I can however see a few disadvantages in this, especially when you end up writing code that's indented 3 or 4 levels and then having to include a long string literal - though I often take this as a sign to refactor my code! In particular, I am curious what the C and C# coders (or anyone who uses Visual Studio for that matter) think about this point, though I would be interested in hearing anyone's thoughts on the subject. Edit Thanks for the all answers - I appreciate the variety of opinions here, all presenting sound reasons. Consensus does seem to be tipping in the direction of always (or almost always) limit the line length. Interestingly, it seems to be in various coding standards to limit the line length. Judging by some of the answers, both the Python and Google CPP guidelines set the limit at 80 chars. I haven't seen anything similar regarding C# or VB.NET, but I would be curious to see if there are ones anywhere.

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