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• Groovy and XML: Not able to insert processing instruction

  - by rhellem

  Scenario Need to update some attributes in an existing XML-file. The file contains a XSL processing instruction, so when the XML is parsed and updated I need to add the instruction before writing it to a file again. Problem is - whatever I do - I'm not able to insert the processing instruction Based on the Java-example found at rgagnon.com I have created the code below Example code ## import groovy.xml.* def xml = '''|<something> | <Settings> | </Settings> |</something>'''.stripMargin() def document = DOMBuilder.parse( new StringReader( xml ) ) def pi = document.createProcessingInstruction('xml-stylesheet', 'type="text/xsl" href="Bp8DefaultView.xsl"'); document.insertBefore(pi, document.documentElement) println document.documentElement Creates output <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <something> <Settings> </Settings> </something> What I want <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="Bp8DefaultView.xsl"?> <something> <Settings> </Settings> </something>

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• Minimal framework in Scala for collections with inheriting return type

  - by Rex Kerr

  Suppose one wants to build a novel generic class, Novel[A]. This class will contain lots of useful methods--perhaps it is a type of collection--and therefore you want to subclass it. But you want the methods to return the type of the subclass, not the original type. In Scala 2.8, what is the minimal amount of work one has to do so that methods of that class will return the relevant subclass, not the original? For example, class Novel[A] /* What goes here? */ { /* Must you have stuff here? */ def reverse/* What goes here instead of :Novel[A]? */ = //... def revrev/*?*/ = reverse.reverse } class ShortStory[A] extends Novel[A] /* What goes here? */ { override def reverse: /*?*/ = //... } val ss = new ShortStory[String] val ss2 = ss.revrev // Type had better be ShortStory[String], not Novel[String] Does this minimal amount change if you want Novel to be covariant? (The 2.8 collections do this among other things, but they also play with return types in more fancy (and useful) ways--the question is how little framework one can get away with if one only wants this subtypes-always-return-subtypes feature.)

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• Cleaner method for list comprehension clean-up

  - by Dan McGrath

  This relates to my previous question: Converting from nested lists to a delimited string I have an external service that sends data to us in a delimited string format. It is lists of items, up to 3 levels deep. Level 1 is delimited by '|'. Level 2 is delimited by ';' and level 3 is delimited by ','. Each level or element can have 0 or more items. An simplified example is: a,b;c,d|e||f,g|h;; We have a function that converts this to nested lists which is how it is manipulated in Python. def dyn_to_lists(dyn): return [[[c for c in b.split(',')] for b in a.split(';')] for a in dyn.split('|')] For the example above, this function results in the following: >>> dyn = "a,b;c,d|e||f,g|h;;" >>> print (dyn_to_lists(dyn)) [[['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']], [['e']], [['']], [['f', 'g']], [['h'], [''], ['']]] For lists, at any level, with only one item, we want it as a scalar rather than a 1 item list. For lists that are empty, we want them as just an empty string. I've came up with this function, which does work: def dyn_to_min_lists(dyn): def compress(x): return "" if len(x) == 0 else x if len(x) != 1 else x[0] return compress([compress([compress([item for item in mv.split(',')]) for mv in attr.split(';')]) for attr in dyn.split('|')]) Using this function and using the example above, it returns: [[['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']], 'e', '', ['f', 'g'], ['h', '', '']] Being new to Python, I'm not confident this is the best way to do it. Are there any cleaner ways to handle this? This will potentially have large amounts of data passing through it, are there any more efficient/scalable ways to achieve this?

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• On-Demand Python Thread Start/Join Freezing Up from wxPython GUI

  - by HokieTux

  I'm attempting to build a very simple wxPython GUI that monitors and displays external data. There is a button that turns the monitoring on/off. When monitoring is turned on, the GUI updates a couple of wx StaticLabels with real-time data. When monitoring is turned off, the GUI idles. The way I tried to build it was with a fairly simple Python Thread layout. When the 'Start Monitoring' button is clicked, the program spawns a thread that updates the labels with real-time information. When the 'Stop Monitoring' button is clicked, thread.join() is called, and it should stop. The start function works and the real-time data updating works great, but when I click 'Stop', the whole program freezes. I'm running this on Windows 7 64-bit, so I get the usual "This Program has Stopped Responding" Windows dialog. Here is the relevant code: class MonGUI(wx.Panel): def __init__(self, parent): wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent) ... ... other code for the GUI here ... ... # Create the thread that will update the VFO information self.monThread = Thread(None, target=self.monThreadWork) self.monThread.daemon = True self.runThread = False def monThreadWork(self): while self.runThread: ... ... Update the StaticLabels with info ... (This part working) ... # Turn monitoring on/off when the button is pressed. def OnClick(self, event): if self.isMonitoring: self.button.SetLabel("Start Monitoring") self.isMonitoring = False self.runThread = False self.monThread.join() else: self.button.SetLabel("Stop Monitoring") self.isMonitoring = True # Start the monitor thread! self.runThread = True self.monThread.start() I'm sure there is a better way to do this, but I'm fairly new to GUI programming and Python threads, and this was the first thing I came up with. So, why does clicking the button to stop the thread make the whole thing freeze up?

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• Django - Problem with models/manager to organise a query...

  - by user296644

  Hi, I have an application to count the number of access to an object for each website in a same database. class SimpleHit(models.Model): """ Hit is the hit counter of a given object """ content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id') site = models.ForeignKey(Site) hits_total = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0, blank=True) [...] class SimpleHitManager(models.Manager): def get_query_set(self): print self.model._meta.fields qset = super(SimpleHitManager, self).get_query_set() qset = qset.filter(hits__site=settings.SITE_ID) return qset class SimpleHitBase(models.Model): hits = generic.GenericRelation(SimpleHit) objects = SimpleHitManager() _hits = None def _db_get_hits(self, only=None): if self._hits == None: try: self._hits = self.hits.get(site=settings.SITE_ID) except SimpleHit.DoesNotExist: self._hits = SimpleHit() return self._hits @property def hits_total(self): return self._db_get_hits().hits_total [...] class Meta: abstract = True And I have a model like: class Model(SimpleHitBase): name = models.CharField(max_length=255) url = models.CharField(max_length=255) rss = models.CharField(max_length=255) creation = AutoNowAddDateTimeField() update = AutoNowDateTimeField() So, my problem is this one: when I call Model.objects.all(), I would like to have one request for the SQL (not two). In this case: one for Model in order to have information and one for the hits in order to have the counter (hits_total). This is because I cannot call directly hits.hits_total (due to SITE_ID?). I have tried select_related, but it seems to do not work... Question: - How can I add column automatically like (SELECT hits.hits_total, model.* FROM [...]) to the queryset? - Or use a functional select_related with my models? I want this model could be plugable on all other existing model. Thank you, Best regards.

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• Trying to create a group of button sprites

  - by user1449653

  Good day, I have like 15 images I need to be buttons. I have buttons working with a Box() (Box - looks like this) class Box(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.Surface((35, 30)) self.image = self.image.convert() self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.centerx = 25 self.rect.centery = 505 self.dx = 10 self.dy = 10 I am trying to make the buttons work with image sprites. So I attempted to copy the class style of the box and do the same for my Icons.. code looks like this... class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = 25 self.rect.y = 550 the code in the main() rect = image.get_rect() rect.x = 25 rect.y = 550 ic1 = Icons((screen.get_rect().x, screen.get_rect().y)) screen.blit(ic1.image, ic1.rect) pygame.display.update() This code produces a positional (accepts 1 argument but 2 are there) error or an image is not referenced error (inside the Icon class). I'm unsure if this is the right way to go about this anyways.. I know for sure that I need to load all the images (as sprites)... store them in an array... and then have my mouse check if it is clicking one of the items in the array using a for loop. Thanks. EDIT QUESTION 2: class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, *args): pygame.sprite.Sprite.init(self, *args) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic1 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 490 self.image = pygame.image.load("images/fillIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic2 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 540 Thanks to your help I got the Icons class loading ONE image. Its not loading both. Obviously because its being overwritten by the second one. It seems that "class" for this purpose isn't what I need. Which begs the question how I make sprites outside of a class.. If there is a way to make the class work please let me know.

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• Python, lambda, find minimum

  - by qba

  I have foreach function which calls specified function on every element which it contains. I want to get minimum from thise elements but I have no idea how to write lambda or function or even a class that would manage that. Thanks for every help. I use my foreach function like this: o.foreach( lambda i: i.call() ) or o.foreach( I.call ) I don't like to make a lists or other objects. I want to iterate trough it and find min. I manage to write a class that do the think but there should be some better solution than that: class Min: def __init__(self,i): self.i = i def get_min(self): return self.i def set_val(self,o): if o.val < self.i: self.i = o.val m = Min( xmin ) self.foreach( m.set_val ) xmin = m.get_min() Ok, so I suppose that my .foreach method is non-python idea. I should do my Class iterable because all your solutions are based on lists and then everything will become easier. In C# there would be no problem with lambda function like that, so I though that python is also that powerful.

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• swap! alter and alike

  - by mekka

  Hello, I am having a problem understanding how these functions update the underlying ref, atom etc. The docs say: (apply f current-value-of-identity args) (def one (atom 0)) (swap! one inc) ;; => 1 So I am wondering how it got "expanded" to the apply form. It's not mentioned what exactly 'args' in the apply form is. Is it a sequence of arguments or are these separate values? Was it "expanded" to: (apply inc 0) ; obviously this wouldnt work, so that leaves only one possibility (apply inc 0 '()) (swap! one + 1 2 3) ;; #=> 7 Was it: (apply + 1 1 2 3 '()) ;or (apply + 1 [1 2 3]) (def two (atom [])) (swap! two conj 10 20) ;; #=> [10 20] Was it: (apply conj [] [10 20]) ;or (apply conj [] 10 20 '()) If I swap with a custom function like this: (def three (atom 0)) (swap! three (fn [current elem] (println (class elem))) 10) ;;#=> java.Lang.Integer Which means that the value '10' doesnt magically get changed into a seq '(10) and leads me to the conclusion, that it gets "expanded" to: (apply f current-value-of-identity arg1 arg2 arg3... '()) Is that a correct assumption and the docs are simply lacking a better description?

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• "render as JSON" is display JSON as text instead of returning it to AJAX call as expected

  - by typoknig

  I'm navigating to the index action of MyController. Some of the on the index page I'm making an AJAX call back to myAction in MyController. I expect myAction action to return some data as JSON to my AJAX call so I can do something with the data client side, but instead of returning the data as JSON like I want, the data is being displayed as text. Example of my Grails controller: class MyController { def index() { render( view: "myView" ) } def myAction { def mapOfStuff = [ "foo": "foo", "bar":] render mapOfStuff as JSON } } Example of my JavaScript: $( function() { function callMyAction() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'json', url: base_url + '/myController/myAction', success: function( data ) { $(function() { if( data.foo ) { alert( data.foo ); } if( data.bar ) { alert( data.bar ); } }); } }); } }); What I expect is that my page will render, then my JavaScript will be called, then two alerts will display. Instead the JSON array is displayed as text in my browser window: {"foo":"foo","bar":"bar"} At this point the last segment of the URL in my address bar is myAction and not index. Now if I manually enter the URL of the index page and press refresh, all works as expected. I have half a dozen AJAX calls I do the exact same way and none of them are having problems. What is the deal here? UPDATE: I have noticed something. When I set a break point in the index action of MyController and another one in the myAction action, the break point in myAction gets hit BEFORE the break point in index, even though I am navigating to the index. This is obviously closer to the root cause of my problem, but why is it happening?

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• singledispatch in class, how to dispatch self type

  - by yanxinyou

  Using python3.4. Here I want use singledispatch to dispatch different type in __mul__ method . The code like this : class Vector(object): ## some code not paste @functools.singledispatch def __mul__(self, other): raise NotImplementedError("can't mul these type") @__mul__.register(int) @__mul__.register(object) # Becasue can't use Vector , I have to use object def _(self, other): result = Vector(len(self)) # start with vector of zeros for j in range(len(self)): result[j] = self[j]*other return result @__mul__.register(Vector) # how can I use the self't type @__mul__.register(object) # def _(self, other): pass # need impl As you can see the code , I want support Vector*Vertor , This has Name error Traceback (most recent call last): File "p_algorithms\vector.py", line 6, in <module> class Vector(object): File "p_algorithms\vector.py", line 84, in Vector @__mul__.register(Vector) # how can I use the self't type NameError: name 'Vector' is not defined The question may be How Can I use class Name a Type in the class's method ? I know c++ have font class statement . How python solve my problem ? And it is strange to see result = Vector(len(self)) where the Vector can be used in method body .

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• Rails Form Submission, User can't be blank

  - by pmanning

  I'm trying to create an event through an event form and I keep getting a form error that says "User can't be blank". The event needs a user_id to post a feed_item showing who created the event. Why can't this event get created? event.rb class Event < ActiveRecord::Base attr_accessible :description, :location, :title, :category_id, :start_date, :start_time, :end_date, :end_time, :image belongs_to :user belongs_to :category has_many :rsvps has_many :users, through: :rsvps, dependent: :destroy mount_uploader :image, ImageUploader validates :title, presence: true, length: { maximum: 60 } validates :user_id, presence: true create_events.rb (database) class CreateEvents < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :events do |t| t.string :title t.date :start_date t.time :start_time t.date :end_date t.time :end_time t.string :location t.string :description t.integer :category_id t.integer :user_id t.timestamps end add_index :events, [:user_id, :created_at] end end events_controller.rb def new @event = Event.new @user = current_user end def create @event = current_user.events.build(params[:event]) if @event.save flash[:success] = "Sesh created!" redirect_to root_url else @feed_items = [] render 'static_pages/home' end end routes.rb SampleApp::Application.routes.draw do resources :users do member do get :following, :followers, :events end end resources :events do member do get :members end end root to: 'static_pages#home' events/new.html.erb <%= form_for @event, :html => {:multipart => true} do |f| %> <%= render 'shared/error_messages', object: @event %>

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• Mock implementations in C++

  - by forneo

  Hi guys, I need a mock implementation of a class - for testing purposes - and I'm wondering how I should best go about doing that. I can think of two general ways: Create an interface that contains all public functions of the class as pure virtual functions, then create a mock class by deriving from it. Mark all functions (well, at least all that are to be mocked) as virtual. I'm used to doing it the first way in Java, and it's quite common too (probably since they have a dedicated interface type). But I've hardly ever seen such interface-heavy designs in C++, thus I'm wondering. The second way will probably work, but I can't help but think of it as kind of ugly. Is anybody doing that? If I follow the first way, I need some naming assistance. I have an audio system that is responsible for loading sound files and playing the loaded tracks. I'm using OpenAL for that, thus I've called the interface "Audio" and the implementation "OpenALAudio". However, this implies that all OpenAL-specific code has to go into that class, which feels kind of limiting. An alternative would be to leave the class' name "Audio" and find a different one for the interface, e.g. "AudioInterface" or "IAudio". Which would you suggest, and why?

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• printSoln module problem

  - by dingo_d

  Hi I found in book:Numerical Methods in engineering with Python the module run_kut5, but for that module I need module printSoln, all provided in the book. Now I cp the code, made necessary line adjustments and so. The code looks like: # -*- coding: cp1250 -*- ## module printSoln ''' printSoln(X,Y,freq). Prints X and Y returned from the differential equation solvers using printput frequency ’freq’. freq = n prints every nth step. freq = 0 prints initial and final values only. ''' def printSoln(X,Y,freq): def printHead(n): print "\n x ", for i in range (n): print " y[",i,"] ", print def printLine(x,y,n): print "%13.4e"% x,f for i in range (n): print "%13.4e"% y[i], print m = len(Y) try: n = len(Y[0]) except TypeError: n = 1 if freq == 0: freq = m printHead(n) for i in range(0,m,freq): printLine(X[i],Y[i],n) if i != m - 1: printLine(X[m - 1],Y[m - 1],n) Now, when I run the program it says: line 24, in <module> m = len(Y) NameError: name 'Y' is not defined But I cp'd from the book :\ So now when I call the run_kut module I get the same error, no Y defined in printSoln... I'm trying to figure this out but I suck :( Help, please...

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• what is the wrong with this spec and controller code?

  - by user1609468

  I'm trying to test an existing rails project with rspec. And I want to test a controller but getting an error which I can't solve :S Here is the my spec code ; require 'spec_helper' describe BriefNotesController do before(:all) do @customer=Factory(:customer) @project=Factory(:project_started, :owner => @customer) end context 'get :new' do it 'should redirect to login page for not signed in users' do get :new, :project_id => @project.id response.should redirect_to("/kullanici-girisi") end it 'should be success and render new brief note page for project owner' do sign_in @customer get :new, :project_id => @project.id response.should be_success end end end Here is the my controller code ; class BriefNotesController < ApplicationController before_filter :authenticate_user! before_filter :find_project def new @brief_note = @project.brief_notes.new end def create @brief_note = @project.brief_notes.build(params[:brief_note]) if @brief_note.save redirect_to brief_project_path(@project) else render :action => :new end end private def find_project @project = current_user.projects.find_by_cached_slug([params[:project_id]]) end end I think current_user.projects.find_by_cached_slug method don't work. So this is the error; Failures: 1) BriefNotesController get :new should be success and render new brief note page for project owner Failure/Error: get :new, :project_id => @project.id NoMethodError: undefined method `brief_notes' for nil:NilClass # ./app/controllers/brief_notes_controller.rb:6:in `new' # ./spec/controllers/brief_notes_controller_spec.rb:19:in `block (3 levels) in <top (required)>'

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• Can I use a method as a lambda?

  - by NewAlexandria

  I have an interface the defines a group of conditions. it is one of several such interfaces that will live with other models. These conditions will be called by a message queue handler to determine completeness of an alert. All the alert calls will be the same, and so I seek to DRY up the enqueue calls a bit, by abstracting the the conditions into their own methods (i question if methods is the right technique). I think that by doing this I will be able to test each of these conditions. class Loan module AlertTriggers def self.included(base) base.extend LifecycleScopeEnqueues # this isn't right Loan::AlertTriggers::LifecycleScopeEnqueues.instance_method.each do |cond| class << self def self.cond ::AlertHandler.enqueue_alerts( {:trigger => Loan.new}, cond ) end end end end end module LifecycleScopeEnqueues def student_awaiting_cosigner lambda { |interval, send_limit, excluding| excluding ||= '' Loan.awaiting_cosigner. where('loans.id not in (?)', excluding.map(&:id) ). joins(:petitions). where('petitions.updated_at > ?', interval.days.ago). where('petitions.updated_at <= ?', send_limit.days.ago) } end end I've considered alternatives, where each of these methods act like a scope. Down that road, I'm not sure how to have AlertHandler be the source of interval, send_limit, and excluding, which it passes to the block/proc when calling it.

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• FreeBSD performance tuning. Sysctls, loader.conf, kernel.

  - by SaveTheRbtz

  I wanted to share knowledge of tuning FreeBSD via sysctls, so i'm posting them with comments. Based on Igor Sysoev (author of nginx) presentation about FreeBSD tuning up to 100,000-200,000 active connections. Sysctls are for 7.x FreeBSD. Since 7.2 amd64 some of them are tuned well by default. Prior 7.0 some of them are boot only (set via /boot/loader.conf) or does not exist at all. Highload web server sysctls: # Max. backlog size kern.ipc.somaxconn=4096 # Shared memory // 7.2+ can use shared memory > 2Gb kern.ipc.shmmax=2147483648 # Sockets kern.ipc.maxsockets=204800 # Do not use lager sockbufs on 8.0 # ( http://old.nabble.com/Significant-performance-regression-for-increased-maxsockbuf-on-8.0-RELEASE-tt26745981.html#a26745981 ) kern.ipc.maxsockbuf=262144 # Recive clusters (on amd64 7.2+ 65k is default) # For such high value vm.kmem_size must be increased to 3G #kern.ipc.nmbclusters=229376 # Jumbo pagesize(4k/8k) clusters # Used as general packet storage for jumbo frames # can be monitored via `netstat -m` #kern.ipc.nmbjumbop=192000 # Jumbo 9k/16k clusters # If you are using them #kern.ipc.nmbjumbo9=24000 #kern.ipc.nmbjumbo16=10240 # Every socket is a file, so increase them kern.maxfiles=204800 kern.maxfilesperproc=200000 kern.maxvnodes=200000 # Turn off receive autotuning #net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_auto=0 # Small receive space, only usable on http-server, on file server this # should be increased to 65535 or even more #net.inet.tcp.recvspace=8192 # Small send space is useful for http servers that serve small files # Autotuned since 7.x net.inet.tcp.sendspace=16384 # This should be enabled if you going to use big spaces (>64k) #net.inet.tcp.rfc1323=1 # Turn this off on highspeed, lossless connections (LAN 1Gbit+) #net.inet.tcp.delayed_ack=0 # This feature is useful if you are serving data over modems, Gigabit Ethernet, # or even high speed WAN links (or any other link with a high bandwidth delay product), # especially if you are also using window scaling or have configured a large send window. # You can try setting it to 0 on fileserver with 1GBit+ interfaces # Automatically disables on small RTT ( http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/netinet/tcp_subr.c?#rev1.237 ) #net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable=0 # Disable randomizing of ports to avoid false RST # Before usage check SA here www.bsdcan.org/2006/papers/ImprovingTCPIP.pdf # (it's also says that port randomization auto-disables at some conn.rates, but I didn't tested it thou) #net.inet.ip.portrange.randomized=0 # Increase portrange # For outgoing connections only. Good for seed-boxes and ftp servers. net.inet.ip.portrange.first=1024 net.inet.ip.portrange.last=65535 # Security net.inet.ip.redirect=0 net.inet.ip.sourceroute=0 net.inet.ip.accept_sourceroute=0 net.inet.icmp.maskrepl=0 net.inet.icmp.log_redirect=0 net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect=1 net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin=1 # Security net.inet.udp.blackhole=1 net.inet.tcp.blackhole=2 # Increases default TTL, sometimes useful # Default is 64 net.inet.ip.ttl=128 # Lessen max segment life to conserve resources # ACK waiting time in miliseconds (default: 30000 from RFC) net.inet.tcp.msl=5000 # Max bumber of timewait sockets net.inet.tcp.maxtcptw=40960 # Don't use tw on local connections # As of 15 Apr 2009. Igor Sysoev says that nolocaltimewait has some buggy realization. # So disable it or now till get fixed #net.inet.tcp.nolocaltimewait=1 # FIN_WAIT_2 state fast recycle net.inet.tcp.fast_finwait2_recycle=1 # Time before tcp keepalive probe is sent # default is 2 hours (7200000) #net.inet.tcp.keepidle=60000 # Should be increased until net.inet.ip.intr_queue_drops is zero net.inet.ip.intr_queue_maxlen=4096 # Interrupt handling via multiple CPU, but with context switch. # You can play with it. Default is 1; #net.isr.direct=0 # This is for routers only #net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 #net.inet.ip.fastforwarding=1 # This speed ups dummynet when channel isn't saturated net.inet.ip.dummynet.io_fast=1 # Increase dummynet(4) hash #net.inet.ip.dummynet.hash_size=2048 #net.inet.ip.dummynet.max_chain_len # Should be increased when you have A LOT of files on server # (Increase until vfs.ufs.dirhash_mem becames lower) vfs.ufs.dirhash_maxmem=67108864 # Explicit Congestion Notification (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification) net.inet.tcp.ecn.enable=1 # Flowtable - flow caching mechanism # Useful for routers #net.inet.flowtable.enable=1 #net.inet.flowtable.nmbflows=65535 # Extreme polling tuning #kern.polling.burst_max=1000 #kern.polling.each_burst=1000 #kern.polling.reg_frac=100 #kern.polling.user_frac=1 #kern.polling.idle_poll=0 # IPFW dynamic rules and timeouts tuning # Increase dyn_buckets till net.inet.ip.fw.curr_dyn_buckets is lower net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_buckets=65536 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_max=65536 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_ack_lifetime=120 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_syn_lifetime=10 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_fin_lifetime=2 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_short_lifetime=10 # Make packets pass firewall only once when using dummynet # i.e. packets going thru pipe are passing out from firewall with accept #net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass=1 # shm_use_phys Wires all shared pages, making them unswappable # Use this to lessen Virtual Memory Manager's work when using Shared Mem. # Useful for databases #kern.ipc.shm_use_phys=1 /boot/loader.conf: # Accept filters for data, http and DNS requests # Usefull when your software uses select() instead of kevent/kqueue or when you under DDoS # DNS accf available on 8.0+ accf_data_load="YES" accf_http_load="YES" accf_dns_load="YES" # Async IO system calls aio_load="YES" # Adds NCQ support in FreeBSD # WARNING! all ad[0-9]+ devices will be renamed to ada[0-9]+ # 8.0+ only #ahci_load= #siis_load= # Increase kernel memory size to 3G. # # Use ONLY if you have KVA_PAGES in kernel configuration, and you have more than 3G RAM # Otherwise panic will happen on next reboot! # # It's required for high buffer sizes: kern.ipc.nmbjumbop, kern.ipc.nmbclusters, etc # Useful on highload stateful firewalls, proxies or ZFS fileservers # (FreeBSD 7.2+ amd64 users: Check that current value is lower!) #vm.kmem_size="3G" # Older versions of FreeBSD can't tune maxfiles on the fly #kern.maxfiles="200000" # Useful for databases # Sets maximum data size to 1G # (FreeBSD 7.2+ amd64 users: Check that current value is lower!) #kern.maxdsiz="1G" # Maximum buffer size(vfs.maxbufspace) # You can check current one via vfs.bufspace # Should be lowered/upped depending on server's load-type # Usually decreased to preserve kmem # (default is 200M) #kern.maxbcache="512M" # Sendfile buffers # For i386 only #kern.ipc.nsfbufs=10240 # syncache Hash table tuning net.inet.tcp.syncache.hashsize=1024 net.inet.tcp.syncache.bucketlimit=100 # Incresed hostcache net.inet.tcp.hostcache.hashsize="16384" net.inet.tcp.hostcache.bucketlimit="100" # TCP control-block Hash table tuning net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize=4096 # Enable superpages, for 7.2+ only # Also read http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-hackers/2009-November/030094.html vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled=1 # Usefull if you are using Intel-Gigabit NIC #hw.em.rxd=4096 #hw.em.txd=4096 #hw.em.rx_process_limit="-1" # Also if you have ALOT interrupts on NIC - play with following parameters # NOTE: You should set them for every NIC #dev.em.0.rx_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.tx_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.rx_abs_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.tx_abs_int_delay: 250 # There is also multithreaded version of em drivers can be found here: # http://people.yandex-team.ru/~wawa/ # # for additional em monitoring and statistics use # `sysctl dev.em.0.stats=1 ; dmesg` # #Same tunings for igb #hw.igb.rxd=4096 #hw.igb.txd=4096 #hw.igb.rx_process_limit=100 # Some useful netisr tunables. See sysctl net.isr #net.isr.defaultqlimit=4096 #net.isr.maxqlimit: 10240 # Bind netisr threads to CPUs #net.isr.bindthreads=1 # Nicer boot logo =) loader_logo="beastie" And finally here is my additions to GENERIC kernel # Just some of them, see also # cat /sys/{i386,amd64,}/conf/NOTES # This one useful only on i386 #options KVA_PAGES=512 # You can play with HZ in environments with high interrupt rate (default is 1000) # 100 is for my notebook to prolong it's battery life #options HZ=100 # Polling is goot on network loads with high packet rates and low-end NICs # NB! Do not enable it if you want more than one netisr thread #options DEVICE_POLLING # Eliminate datacopy on socket read-write # To take advantage with zero copy sockets you should have an MTU of 8K(amd64) # (4k for i386). This req. is only for receiving data. # Read more in man zero_copy_sockets #options ZERO_COPY_SOCKETS # Support TCP sign. Used for IPSec options TCP_SIGNATURE options IPSEC # This ones can be loaded as modules. They described in loader.conf section #options ACCEPT_FILTER_DATA #options ACCEPT_FILTER_HTTP # Adding ipfw, also can be loaded as modules options IPFIREWALL options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT=10 options IPFIREWALL_DEFAULT_TO_ACCEPT options IPFIREWALL_FORWARD # Adding kernel NAT options IPFIREWALL_NAT options LIBALIAS # Traffic shaping options DUMMYNET # Divert, i.e. for userspace NAT options IPDIVERT # This is for OpenBSD's pf firewall device pf device pflog # pf's QoS - ALTQ options ALTQ options ALTQ_CBQ # Class Bases Queuing (CBQ) options ALTQ_RED # Random Early Detection (RED) options ALTQ_RIO # RED In/Out options ALTQ_HFSC # Hierarchical Packet Scheduler (HFSC) options ALTQ_PRIQ # Priority Queuing (PRIQ) options ALTQ_NOPCC # Required for SMP build # Pretty console # Manual can be found here http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?t=6134 #options VESA #options SC_PIXEL_MODE # Disable reboot on Ctrl Alt Del #options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT # Change normal|kernel messages color options SC_NORM_ATTR=(FG_GREEN|BG_BLACK) options SC_KERNEL_CONS_ATTR=(FG_YELLOW|BG_BLACK) # More scroll space options SC_HISTORY_SIZE=8192 # Adding hardware crypto device device crypto device cryptodev # Useful network interfaces device vlan device tap #Virtual Ethernet driver device gre #IP over IP tunneling device if_bridge #Bridge interface device pfsync #synchronization interface for PF device carp #Common Address Redundancy Protocol device enc #IPsec interface device lagg #Link aggregation interface device stf #IPv4-IPv6 port # Also for my notebook, but may be used with Opteron #device amdtemp # Support for ECMP. More than one route for destination # Works even with default route so one can use it as LB for two ISP # For now code is unstable and panics (panic: rtfree 2) on route deletions. #options RADIX_MPATH # Multicast routing #options MROUTING #options PIM # DTrace options KDTRACE_HOOKS # all architectures - enable general DTrace hooks options DDB_CTF # all architectures - kernel ELF linker loads CTF data #options KDTRACE_FRAME # amd64-only # Adaptive spining in lockmgr (8.x+) # See http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg10782.html options ADAPTIVE_LOCKMGRS # UTF-8 in console (9.x+) #options TEKEN_UTF8 #options TEKEN_XTERM # NCQ support # WARNING! all ad[0-9]+ devices will be renamed to ada[0-9]+ #options ATA_CAM # FreeBSD 9+ # Deadlock resolver thread # For additional information see http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg18124.html #options DEADLKRES PS. Also most of FreeBSD's limits can be monitored by # vmstat -z and # limits PPS. variety of network counters can be monitored via # netstat -s In FreeBSD-9 netstat's -Q option appeared, try following command to display netisr stats # netstat -Q PPPS. also see # man 7 tuning PPPPS. I wanted to thank FreeBSD community, especially author of nginx - Igor Sysoev, nginx-ru@ and FreeBSD-performance@ mailing lists for providing useful information about FreeBSD tuning. So here is the question: What tunings are you using on yours FreeBSD servers? You can also post your /etc/sysctl.conf, /boot/loader.conf, kernel options, etc with description of its' meaning (do not copy-paste from sysctl -d). Don't forget to specify server type (web, smb, gateway, etc) Let's share experience!

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• Linux AMD-FX 8350 temperature monitoring

  - by HyperDevil

  I’m trying to get the CPU temperature for my AMD-FX8350 on Debian Squeeze. I ran sensors-detect and then sensors, but I only get my motherboard sensors (it8720-isa-0228). There are three temperature values there but I assume those are not for the CPU. it8720-isa-0228 Adapter: ISA adapter in0: +1.36 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in1: +1.50 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in2: +3.38 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in3: +2.93 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in4: +3.07 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in5: +4.08 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in6: +4.08 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) in7: +2.93 V (min = +0.00 V, max = +4.08 V) Vbat: +3.01 V fan1: 3375 RPM (min = 10 RPM) fan2: 0 RPM (min = 0 RPM) fan3: 1730 RPM (min = 10 RPM) fan5: 0 RPM (min = 0 RPM) temp1: +27.0°C (low = +127.0°C, high = +127.0°C) sensor = thermistor temp2: +53.0°C (low = +127.0°C, high = +127.0°C) sensor = thermal diode temp3: +65.0°C (low = +127.0°C, high = +90.0°C) sensor = thermal diode cpu0_vid: +0.000 V Is there anything I am missing? I also loaded the K8temp and K10temp modules and ran sensor-detect without any results. I do see this message in dmesg: hwmon-vid: Unknown VRM version of your x86 CPU

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• Dual Xeon Server voltages are low

  - by Mindflux

  I've got a whitebox server running CentOS 5.7. It's a Dual Xeon 5620, 24GB of RAM. The mainboard is a SuperMicro X8DT6-F and the chassis is a SC825TQ-R720LPB. Dual 720W Power supplies. We had a big power outage a couple weeks back that took down everything, I don't have any pre-power outage figures for this server, and the only reason I noticed these is because when I was bringing up the servers I was checking them out with more scrutiny than usual. http://i.imgur.com/rSjiw.png (Image of voltage readings) As you can see, CPU1 DIMM is low, +3.3V is high, 3.3VSB is high, +5v is high, +12v is REAL LOW (out of normal 5% (plus/minus))... and VBAT is off the charts. With my whitebox VAR we've tried the following: Swap out PSU with another server I have with the same PSUs. Try different power cord Update BMC/IPMI firmware in case readings were wrong (They aren't) Update BIOS Try different PDU Try a different outlet and/or circuit Replaced Voltage Regulator Unit At this point, the only thing we haven't done, seemingly is replace the mainboard.. which is what the next step will be unless something else shines some light on the situation. I should mention the system is rock solid otherwise which is a surprise given the 12v voltage is that far off.

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• snort analysis of wireshark capture

  - by Ben Voigt

  I'm trying to identify trouble users on our network. ntop identifies high traffic and high connection users, but malware doesn't always need high bandwidth to really mess things up. So I am trying to do offline analysis with snort (don't want to burden the router with inline analysis of 20 Mbps traffic). Apparently snort provides a -r option for this purpose, but I can't get the analysis to run. The analysis system is gentoo, amd64, in case that makes any difference. I've already used oinkmaster to download the latest IDS signatures. But when I try to run snort, I keep getting the following error: % snort -V ,,_ -*> Snort! <*- o" )~ Version 2.9.0.3 IPv6 GRE (Build 98) x86_64-linux '''' By Martin Roesch & The Snort Team: http://www.snort.org/snort/snort-team Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Sourcefire, Inc., et al. Using libpcap version 1.1.1 Using PCRE version: 8.11 2010-12-10 Using ZLIB version: 1.2.5 %> snort -v -r jan21-for-snort.cap -c /etc/snort/snort.conf -l ~/snortlog/ (snip) 273 out of 1024 flowbits in use. [ Port Based Pattern Matching Memory ] +- [ Aho-Corasick Summary ] ------------------------------------- | Storage Format : Full-Q | Finite Automaton : DFA | Alphabet Size : 256 Chars | Sizeof State : Variable (1,2,4 bytes) | Instances : 314 | 1 byte states : 304 | 2 byte states : 10 | 4 byte states : 0 | Characters : 69371 | States : 58631 | Transitions : 3471623 | State Density : 23.1% | Patterns : 3020 | Match States : 2934 | Memory (MB) : 29.66 | Patterns : 0.36 | Match Lists : 0.77 | DFA | 1 byte states : 1.37 | 2 byte states : 26.59 | 4 byte states : 0.00 +---------------------------------------------------------------- [ Number of patterns truncated to 20 bytes: 563 ] ERROR: Can't find pcap DAQ! Fatal Error, Quitting.. net-libs/daq is installed, but I don't even want to capture traffic, I just want to process the capture file. What configuration options should I be setting/unsetting in order to do offline analysis instead of real-time capture?

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• Will disabling hyperthreading improve performance on our SQL Server install

  - by Sam Saffron

  Related to: Current wisdom on SQL Server and Hyperthreading Recently we upgraded our Windows 2008 R2 database server from an X5470 to a X5560. The theory is both CPUs have very similar performance, if anything the X5560 is slightly faster. However, SQL Server 2008 R2 performance has been pretty bad over the last day or so and CPU usage has been pretty high. Page life expectancy is massive, we are getting almost 100% cache hit for the pages, so memory is not a problem. When I ran: SELECT * FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats order by signal_wait_time_ms desc I got: wait_type waiting_tasks_count wait_time_ms max_wait_time_ms signal_wait_time_ms ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- XE_TIMER_EVENT 115166 2799125790 30165 2799125065 REQUEST_FOR_DEADLOCK_SEARCH 559393 2799053973 5180 2799053973 SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD 152289883 189948844 960 189756877 CXPACKET 234638389 2383701040 141334 118796827 SLEEP_TASK 170743505 1525669557 1406 76485386 LATCH_EX 97301008 810738519 1107 55093884 LOGMGR_QUEUE 16525384 2798527632 20751319 4083713 WRITELOG 16850119 18328365 1193 2367880 PAGELATCH_EX 13254618 8524515 11263 1670113 ASYNC_NETWORK_IO 23954146 6981220 7110 1475699 (10 row(s) affected) I also ran -- Isolate top waits for server instance since last restart or statistics clear WITH Waits AS ( SELECT wait_type, wait_time_ms / 1000. AS [wait_time_s], 100. * wait_time_ms / SUM(wait_time_ms) OVER() AS [pct], ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC) AS [rn] FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats WHERE wait_type NOT IN ('CLR_SEMAPHORE','LAZYWRITER_SLEEP','RESOURCE_QUEUE', 'SLEEP_TASK','SLEEP_SYSTEMTASK','SQLTRACE_BUFFER_FLUSH','WAITFOR','LOGMGR_QUEUE', 'CHECKPOINT_QUEUE','REQUEST_FOR_DEADLOCK_SEARCH','XE_TIMER_EVENT','BROKER_TO_FLUSH', 'BROKER_TASK_STOP','CLR_MANUAL_EVENT','CLR_AUTO_EVENT','DISPATCHER_QUEUE_SEMAPHORE', 'FT_IFTS_SCHEDULER_IDLE_WAIT','XE_DISPATCHER_WAIT', 'XE_DISPATCHER_JOIN')) SELECT W1.wait_type, CAST(W1.wait_time_s AS DECIMAL(12, 2)) AS wait_time_s, CAST(W1.pct AS DECIMAL(12, 2)) AS pct, CAST(SUM(W2.pct) AS DECIMAL(12, 2)) AS running_pct FROM Waits AS W1 INNER JOIN Waits AS W2 ON W2.rn <= W1.rn GROUP BY W1.rn, W1.wait_type, W1.wait_time_s, W1.pct HAVING SUM(W2.pct) - W1.pct < 95; -- percentage threshold And got wait_type wait_time_s pct running_pct CXPACKET 554821.66 65.82 65.82 LATCH_EX 184123.16 21.84 87.66 SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD 37541.17 4.45 92.11 PAGEIOLATCH_SH 19018.53 2.26 94.37 FT_IFTSHC_MUTEX 14306.05 1.70 96.07 That shows huge amounts of time synchronizing queries involving parallelism (high CXPACKET). Additionally, anecdotally many of these problem queries are being executed on multiple cores (we have no MAXDOP hints anywhere in our code) The server has not been under load for more than a day or so. We are experiencing a large amount of variance with query executions, typically many queries appear to be slower that they were on our previous DB server and CPU is really high. Will disabling Hyperthreading help at reducing our CPU usage and increase throughput?

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• What do different patterns mean in Windows 8 file copy dialog

  - by MainMa

  When copying or extracting files, Windows 8 shows the chart with the speed of the operation. I noticed several patterns: Randomness, High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation, Mostly constant speed. 1. Randomness/nice mountains. 2. High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation. 3. Low speed at the beginning, then high speed during the most part of the operation. (Similar to the previous image, but inverted) 3. Mostly constant speed. (Same as previous image, but without the fast start) I'm curious, what each of those patterns mean? Do some indicate that there may be a problem with hard disk performance? Why the nearly constant speed is so rare, even when copying a single large file from and to a spinning drive, or when copying a single large file or a bunch of small files from and to an SSD?

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• Small Business HP Virtualisation and iSCSI SAN Options

  - by Robin Day

  We are a small business that hosts our core product on a number of HP servers. Our core production setup is 1x HP DL380, high powered for a SQL Server Database 1x HP DL360, mid powered for our core application server 6x HP DL320, low powered for our front ends We run our training / testing / support systems on a similar setup, the servers are just older and less powerful. Unfortunately this is now causing us issues as the system has grown beyond the capabilities of these older servers. Upgrading these servers would be expensive and we believe that virtualisation is probably the way to go for the future. Locally we run a number of test / dev environments on ESXi using Direct Storoage on a couple of high powered DL360's and these are performing fairly well. We're thinking that instead of replacing all of our test servers that we can implement an iSCSI SAN and one or two high powered hosts. Hopefully looking that when it comes to replace our live servers as well that we can just expand the virual environment to cope. So my question is... Can anyone offer any advice on some suitable options? We have generally always been extremely happy with HP servers, all of our kit is currently HP, therefore our preference would be to stick with HP, however, I'm always happy to hear about other options. I'm hoping that initially a budget of around 15-25k (GBP) would be suitable, this could potentially be increased if I had confidence that the system would pave the way for a cost effective upgrade of our live systems in the future as well. I am new to SAN's and my only real experience is playing with OpenFiler on some old desktops. I think iSCSI should be suitable, but I've not done any research into how SQL server may perform. I've had a browser through HP's sites and see plenty of information about EVA, MSA, LeftHand, etc. However, from looking at all that, I don't see which options would be best and more importantly I don't know exactly what I would need to buy. Any help, links, opinions would be much appreciated. Thanks

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• Fix Video timelines

  - by Josh

  So, I have been going through and riping all of my DVD's and it seems that the way to get the highest quality out of these is to have DVD Shrink de-encrypt, rip, and decompress, the DVD's. After that I usually end up with a high quality (high size) set of .vob files in a classic DVD structure. Then I use a python script that I wrote to automate the process of finding the title sequence and then combining all of the title sequences' .vob files together into one file(similar to the "copy /b" command in windows), and then changing the extension to .mpg (a more widely supported format then .vob). This allows me to get a high quality rip in about 40 min. The problem comes in playing the files. I need all of the ripped dvd's to play on my media computer using windows media center but windows media center (and vlc for that matter) all think that the video files are anywhere from 5 min. to 0 min. which is not a problem (the video will still play all the way through) but if you want to pause it, when it is unpaused the video will start all the way over (Also fast forward and rewind don't work). I suspect that it is something wrong with the way the timeline is encoded in the video file, various forums on the internet recommended using virtualdub to fix the errors. But when I try to open the file virtual dub says that the file is not in mpeg-1 encoding and may be in mpeg-2. Is there any way to fix this? PS: I am aware that there was a similar question but it hasn't had any activity for 2 months and is dealing more with wmv files.

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• What is a long-term strategy to deal with CPU fan dust in my home office?

  - by PaulG

  There are numerous discussions of CPU overheating and how sometimes this can be corrected by removing the dust from the CPU fan. I have read many of these, but I can't find anyone expressing a long-term strategy to deal with this problem. There are some suggestions here, for example, about how often the inside of the computer should be dusted. But I find this generally unsatisfactory. As it stands, in my rather dusty house (heated by a wood stove, with no central air circulation), I need to vacuum out the CPU fan every 3 to 4 months. At high CPU load, this can make a difference between 65C and 100C. I'm tired of hauling out the vacuum every time I anticipate high CPU load. What steps can I take to deal with this systematically in the long-term? Moving my high CPU load computing to the cloud is not a realistic option. Neither is vacuuming my home office more than once a week! (Details: my computer is on the floor in a Cooler Master HAF922 case, and uses an Intel CPU fan on an i7 chip) EDIT: While this would definitely solve the problem (submerging motherboard in mineral oil), it is a bit of an expensive solution.

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• Distributed storage and computing

  - by Tim van Elteren

  Dear Serverfault community, After researching a number of distributed file systems for deployment in a production environment with the main purpose of performing both batch and real-time distributed computing I've identified the following list as potential candidates, mainly on maturity, license and support: Ceph Lustre GlusterFS HDFS FhGFS MooseFS XtreemFS The key properties that our system should exhibit: an open source, liberally licensed, yet production ready, e.g. a mature, reliable, community and commercially supported solution; ability to run on commodity hardware, preferably be designed for it; provide high availability of the data with the most focus on reads; high scalability, so operation over multiple data centres, possibly on a global scale; removal of single points of failure with the use of replication and distribution of (meta-)data, e.g. provide fault-tolerance. The sensitivity points that were identified, and resulted in the following questions, are: transparency to the processing layer / application with respect to data locality, e.g. know where data is physically located on a server level, mainly for resource allocation and fast processing, high performance, how can this be accomplished? Do you from experience know what solutions provide this transparency and to what extent? posix compliance, or conformance, is mentioned on the wiki pages of most of the above listed solutions. The question here mainly is, how relevant is support for the posix standard? Hadoop for example isn't posix compliant by design, what are the pro's and con's? what about the difference between synchronous and asynchronous opeartion of a distributed file system. Though a synchronous distributed file system has the preference because of reliability it also imposes certain limitations with respect to scalability. What would be, from your expertise, the way to go on this? I'm looking forward to your replies. Thanks in advance! :) With kind regards, Tim van Elteren

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