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  • How to create arrayType for WSDL in Python (using suds)?

    - by Uri
    Environment: Python v2.6.2 suds v0.3.7 The WSDL (server) I work with, have the following schema sub-sections (I tried to write it clearly using plain text) - [ sub-section #1 ] searchRequest: (searchRequest){ userIdentification = (userIdentification){ username = "" password = "" } itineraryArr = (itineraryArray){ _arrayType = "" _offset = "" _id = "" _href = "" _arrayType = "" } ... ... [ sub-section #2 ] itinerary: (itinerary){ departurePoint = (locationPoint){ locationId = None radius = None } arrivalPoint = (locationPoint){ locationId = None radius = None } ... ... There is no problem with 'userIdentification' (which is a "simple" type) But, 'itineraryArr' is an array of 'itinerary', and I don't know how to use python to create XML array. I tried few combinations, for example itinerary0 = self.client.factory.create('itinerary') itineraryArray = self.client.factory.create('itineraryArray') itineraryArray = [itinerary0] searchRequest.itineraryArr = itineraryArray But all my trials resulted with the same server error - Server raised fault: 'Cannot use object of type itinerary as array' (Fault){ faultcode = "SOAP-ENV:Server" faultstring = "Cannot use object of type itinerary as array" } Appreciate you help..... Thanks, Uri

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  • Check if an object is order-able in python?

    - by sortfiend
    How can I check if an object is orderable/sortable in Python? I'm trying to implement basic type checking for the __init__ method of my binary tree class, and I want to be able to check if the value of the node is orderable, and throw an error if it isn't. It's similar to checking for hashability in the implementation of a hashtable. I'm trying to accomplish something similar to Haskell's (Ord a) => etc. qualifiers. Is there a similar check in Python?

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  • How to use python and beautfulsoup to print timestamp/last updated time (from HTML:) for each row ?

    - by cesalo
    How to use python and beautfulsoup to print timestamp/last updated time (from HTML:) for each row ? thanks a lot ! A) 1) can i add the print a)date/time and b)last updated time after row ? a) date/time - display the time when execute the python code b) last updated time from HTML: HTML structure: td x 1 including two tables each table have few "tr" and within "tr" have few "td" data inside HTML: <td> <table width="100%" border="4" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="white" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="verd_black11">Last Updated: 18/08/2014 10:19</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="verd_black11">All data delayed at least 15 minutes</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table width="100%" border="4" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="white" align="center"> <tbody id="tbody"> <tr id="tr0" class="tableHdrB1" align="center"> <td align="centre">C Aug-14 - 15000</td> <td align="right"> - </td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">9,904</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> Code: import urllib2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup contenturl = "HTML:" soup = BeautifulSoup(urllib2.urlopen(contenturl).read()) table = soup.find('tbody', attrs={'id': 'tbody'}) rows = table.findAll('tr') for tr in rows: cols = tr.findAll('td') for td in cols: t = td.find(text=True) if t: text = t + ';' print text, print Output from above code C Aug-14 - 15000 ; - ; 5 ; 9,904 Expected output: C Aug-14 - 15000 ; - ; 5 ; 9,904 ; 18/08/2014 ; 13:48:00 ; 18/08/2014 ; 10:19 (execute python code) (last updated time)

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  • Nginx no longer servers uwsgi application behind HAProxy - Looks for static file instead

    - by Ralph
    We implemented our web application using web2py. It consists of several modules offering a REST API at various resources (e.g. /dids, /replicas, ...). The API is used by clients implementing requests.py. My problem is that our web app works fine if it's behind HAProxy and hosted by Apache using mod_wsgi. It also works fine if the clients interact with nginx directly. It doesn't work though when using HAProxy in front of nginx. My guess is that HAProxy somehow modifies the request and thus nginx behaves differently i.e. looking for a static file instead of calling the WSGI container. Unfortunately I can't figure out what's exactly going (wr)on(g). Here are the relevant config sections of these three component's config files. At least I guess they are interesting. If you miss anything, please let me know. 1) haproxy.conf frontend app-lb bind loadbalancer:443 ssl crt /etc/grid-security/hostcertkey.pem default_backend nginx-servers mode http backend nginx-servers balance leastconn option forwardfor server nginx-01 nginx-server-int-01.domain.com:80 check 2) nginx.conf: sendfile off; #tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 65; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; server { server_name nginx-server-int-01.domain.com; root /path/to/app/; location / { uwsgi_pass unix:///tmp/app.sock; include uwsgi_params; uwsgi_read_timeout 600; # Requests can run for a serious long time } 3) uwsgi.ini [uwsgi] chdir = /path/to/app/ chmod-socket = 777 no-default-app = True socket = /tmp/app.sock manage-script-name = True mount = /dids=did.py mount = /replicas=replica.py callable = application Now when I let my clients go against nginx-server-int-01.domain.com everything is fine. In the access.log of nginx lines like these are appearing: 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1" 201 17 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1" 201 17 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /dids/user.ogueta/cnt_mc12_8TeV.16304.stream_name_too_long.other.notype.004202218365415e990b9997ea859f20.user/dids HTTP/1.1" 201 17 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1" 200 5282 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1" 200 5094 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:20 +0200] "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1" 200 528 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:21 +0200] "GET /dids/mc13_14TeV/dids/search?project=mc13_14TeV&stream_name=%2Adummy&type=dataset&datatype=NTUP_SMDYMUMU HTTP/1.1" 401 73 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:21 +0200] "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1" 200 713 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" 128.142.XXX.XX0 - - [23/Aug/2014:01:29:21 +0200] "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1" 201 17 "-" "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Linux/2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.x86_64" "-" But when I switch the clients to go against HAProxy (loadbalancer.domain.com:443), the error.log of nginx shows lines like these: 2014/08/23 01:26:01 [error] 1705#0: *21231 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/dids/attachments" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XX1, server: localhost, request: "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21232 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/replicas/list" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XX1, server: localhost, request: "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21233 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/dids/attachments" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XX1, server: localhost, request: "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21234 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/replicas/list" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XX1, server: localhost, request: "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21235 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/dids/attachments" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XXX, server: localhost, request: "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21238 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/replicas/list" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XXX, server: localhost, request: "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21239 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/dids/attachments" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XXX, server: localhost, request: "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21242 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/replicas/list" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XXX, server: localhost, request: "POST /replicas/list HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" 2014/08/23 01:26:02 [error] 1705#0: *21244 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/dids/attachments" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 128.142.XXX.XXX, server: localhost, request: "POST /dids/attachments HTTP/1.1", host: "loadbalancer.domain.com" As you can see, that request looks the same, only the client IP changed, from the client's host to the one from loadbalancer.domain.com. But due to what ever reasons ngxin seems to assume that it is a static file to be served which eventually results in the file not found message. I searched the web for multiple hours already, but without much luck so far. Any help is very much appreciated. Cheers, Ralph

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  • Any way to disable specific CPU sleep modes?

    - by Philippe
    I just got a new Toshiba Tecra S11 notebook, which has a Core i5 520M CPU, and it appears to suffer from a well-known problem: a high pitched noise when the CPU is idle. Googling around revealed that this is caused by a specific power-saving mode in the CPU. In most cases, C4 mode is blamed for the noise. So my question is: is it possible to disable C4 mode (or any other "sleep" mode) using some utility or BIOS setting? I don't mind if it hurts battery life. I'd appreciate any advice on this matter. It's driving me crazy.

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  • Parsing scripts that use curly braces

    - by Keikoku
    To get an idea of what I'm doing, I am writing a python parser that will parse directx .x text files. The problem I have deals with how the files are formatted. Although I'm writing it in python, I'm looking for general algorithms for dealing with this sort of parsing. .x files define data using templates. The format of a template is template_name { [some_data] } The goal I have is to parse the file line-by-line and whenever I come across a template, I will deal with it accordingly. My initial approach was to check if a line contains an opening or closing brace. If it's an open brace, then I will check what the template name is. Now the catch here is that the open brace doesn't have to occur on the same line as the template name. It could just as well be template_name { [some_data] } So if I were to use my "open brace exists" criteria, it won't work for any files that use the latter format. A lot of languages also use curly braces (though I'm not sure when people would be parsing the scripts themselves), so I was wondering if anyone knows how to accurately get the template name (or in some other languages, it could just as well be a function name, though there aren't any keywords to look for)

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  • build a Database from Ms Word list information...

    - by Jayron Soares
    Please someone can advise me how to approach a given problem: I have a sequential list of metadata in a document in MS Word. The basic idea is create a python algorithm to iterate over of the information, retrieving just the name of PROCESS, when is made a queue, from a database. for example. Process: Process Walker (1965) Exact reference: Walker Process Equipment., nc. v. Food Machinery Corp.. Link: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=382&invol= Type of procedure: Certiorari To The United States Court of Appeals for the SeventhCircuit. Parties: Walker Process Equipment, Inc. Sector: Systems is … Start Date: October 12-13 Arguedas, 1965 Summary: Food Machinery Company has initiated a process to stop or slow the entry of competitors through the use of a patent obtained by fraud. The case concerned a patenton "knee ction swing diffusers" used in aeration equipment for sewage treatment systems, and the question was whether "the maintenance and enforcement of a patent obtained by fraud before the patent office" may be a basis for antitrust punishment. Report of the evolution process: petitioner, in answer to respond .. Importance: a) First case which established an analysis for the diagnosis of dispute… There are about 200 pages containing the information above. I have in mind the idea of creating an algorithm in python to be able to break this information sequenced and try to store them in a web database[open source application that I’m looking for] in order to allow for free consultations ...

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  • What is the best way to build a database from a MS Word document?

    - by Jayron Soares
    Please advise me on how to approach this problem: I have a sequential list of metadata in a document in MS Word. The basic idea is to create a Python algorithm to iterate over the information, retrieving just the name of the PROCESS, when is made a queue, from a database. Example metadata: Process: Process Walker (1965) Exact reference: Walker Process Equipment., Inc. v. Food Machinery Corp. Link: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=382&invol= Type of procedure: Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Parties: Walker Process Equipment, Inc. Sector: Systems is ... Start Date: October 12-13 Arguedas, 1965 Summary: Food Machinery Company has initiated a process to stop or slow the entry of competitors through the use of a patent obtained by fraud. The case concerned a patent on "knee action swing diffusers" used in aeration equipment for sewage treatment systems, and the question was whether "the maintenance and enforcement of a patent obtained by fraud before the patent office" may be a basis for antitrust punishment. Report of the evolution process: petitioner, in answer to respond... Importance: a) First case which established an analysis for the diagnosis of dispute… There are about 200 pages containing the information above. I have in mind the idea of implementing an algorithm in Python to be able to break this information sequence and try to store it in a web database (an open source application that I’m looking for) in order to allow for free consultations.

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  • Improving the performance of a db import process

    - by mmr
    I have a program in Microsoft Access that processes text and also inserts data in MySQL database. This operation takes 30 mins or less to finished. I translated it into VB.NET and it takes 2 hours to finish. The program goes like this: A text file contains individual swipe from a corresponding person, it contains their id, time and date of swipe in the machine, and an indicator if it is a time-in or a time-out. I process this text, segregate the information and insert the time-in and time-out per row. I also check if there are double occurrences in the database. After checking, I simply merge the time-in and time-out of the corresponding person into one row only. This process takes 2 hours to finished in VB.NET considering I have a table to compare which contains 600,000+ rows. Now, I read in the internet that python is best in text processing, i already have a test but i doubt in database operation. What do you think is the best programming language for this kind of problem? How can I speed up the process? My first idea was using python instead of VB.NET, but since people here telling me here on SO that this most probably won't help I am searching for different solutions.

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  • Game software design

    - by L. De Leo
    I have been working on a simple implementation of a card game in object oriented Python/HTML/Javascript and building on the top of Django. At this point the game is in its final stage of development but, while spotting a big issue about how I was keeping the application state (basically using a global variable), I reached the point that I'm stuck. The thing is that ignoring the design flaw, in a single-threaded environment such as under the Django development server, the game works perfectly. While I tried to design classes cleanly and keep methods short I now have in front of me an issue that has been keeping me busy for the last 2 days and that countless print statements and visual debugging hasn't helped me spot. The reason I think has to do with some side-effects of functions and to solve it I've been wondering if maybe refactoring the code entirely with static classes that keep no state and just passing the state around might be a good option to keep side-effects under control. Or maybe trying to program it in a functional programming style (although I'm not sure Python allows for a purely functional style). I feel that now there's already too many layers that the software (which I plan to make incredibly more complex by adding non trivial features) has already become unmanageable. How would you suggest I re-take control of my code-base that (despite being still only at < 1000 LOC) seems to have taken a life of its own?

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  • Why use try … finally without a catch clause?

    - by Nick Rosencrantz
    The classical way to program is with try / catch but when is it appropriate to use try without catch? In Python the following appears legal and can make sense: try: #do work finally: #do something unconditional But we didn't catch anything. Similarly one could think in Java it would be try { //for example try to get a database connection } finally { //closeConnection(connection) } It looks good and suddenly I don't have to worry about exception types etc. But if this is good practice, when is it good practice? Or reasons why this is not good practice or not legal (I didn't compile the source I'm asking about and it could be a syntax error for Java but I checked that the Python surely compiles.) A related problem I've run into is that I continue writing the function / method and at the end I must return something and I'm in a place which should not be reached and it must be a return point so even if I handle the exceptions above I'm still returning null or an empty string at some point in the code which should not be reached, often the end of the method / function. I've always managed to restructure to code so that I don't have to return null since that absolutely appears to look like less than good practice.

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  • Pythonic Java. Yes, or no?

    - by OscarRyz
    Python use of indentation for code scope was initially very polemic and now is considered one of the best language features, because it helps ( almost by forcing us ) to have a consistent style. Well, I saw this post http://bit.ly/hmvTe9 where someone posted Java code with ; y {} aligned to the right margin to look more pythonic. It was very shocking at first ( as a matter of fact, if I ever see Java code like that in one of my projects I would be scared! ) However, there is something interesting here. Do we need all those braces and semicolons? How would the code would look like without them? class Person int age void greet( String a ) if( a == "" ) out.println("Hello stranger") else out.printf("Hello %s%n", a ) int age() return this.age class Main void main() new Person().greet("") Looks good to me, but in such small piece of code is hard to appreciate it, and since I don't Python too much, I can't tell by looking at existing libraries if it would be cleaner or not. So I took the first file of a library named: jAlarms I found and this is the result: ( WARNING : the following image may be disturbing for some people ) http://pxe.pastebin.com/eU1R4xsh Obviously it doesn't compile. This would be a compiling version using right aligned {} and ; http://pxe.pastebin.com/2uijtbYM Question What would happen if we could code like this? Would it make things clearer? Would it make it harder? I see braces, and semicolons as help to the parser and we, as humans have get used to them, but do we really need them? I guess is hard to tell specially since many mainstream languages do use braces, C, C++, Java, C# JavaScript Assuming the compiler wouldn't have problems without them, would you use them? Please comment.

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  • puImportError: No module named pyexpat

    - by Candy Gupta
    Whenever I try to launch 'hotot' I get this errors. This error also appears if i try something stupid in terminal along with "No Module named gdm" Error in sys.excepthook: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/apport_python_hook.py", line 64, in apport_excepthook from apport.fileutils import likely_packaged, get_recent_crashes File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/apport/__init__.py", line 1, in <module> from apport.report import Report File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/apport/report.py", line 16, in <module> from xml.parsers.expat import ExpatError File "/usr/lib/python2.7/xml/parsers/expat.py", line 4, in <module> from pyexpat import * ImportError: No module named pyexpat I am on Ubuntu 12.04 python 2.7.3. I found similar problem here https://github.com/Kindari/SublimeXdebug/issues/5 but did not work. as asked below I am inserting this too ls /usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload/ audioop.so _codecs_cn.so _codecs_jp.so crypt.so _ctypes_test.so _elementtree.so _io.so _multibytecodec.so _sqlite3.so _bsddb.so _codecs_hk.so _codecs_kr.so _csv.so _curses_panel.so _heapq.so _json.so _multiprocessing.so _testcapi.so bz2.so _codecs_iso2022.so _codecs_tw.so _ctypes.so _curses.so _hotshot.so _lsprof.so Python-2.7.egg-info

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  • Tried teaching myself to program before college, accidently overwhelmed myself, tips?

    - by Gunnar Keith
    I'm sixteen, I'm overly interested in programming, and I'm currently taking IT classes during my mornings in high school. Last year, I tried teaching myself to code. It was quite exciting, but all I did was watch TheNewBoston's videos on YouTube for Python. After his tutorials, I just did research, made some CMD programs, and that's it. After that, I got cocky and got my feet wet in many other languages. Java, C++, C#, Perl, Ruby... and it overwhelmed me. Which made it less fun to code. I want to go to college for a 2 year programming course. And I want to make writing code my profession. But how do you recommend I attack re-learning it all again? Start with Python? Don't even try? Also, I'm not 100% in math, but I'm good friends with a lot of programmers, who say they suck at math, but manage to code just fine. I'm not looking for negative feedback. I just want the proper head-start on things before college.

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  • Sendmail encrypted

    - by user1948828
    I manage a website running on Apache. It has public and private areas. When people apply for an account to access the protected portions of the site, they do a TLS/SSL protected POST containing their information which is saved to a (hopefully) nonpublic directory on the server. Then I have a python script which takes URL Encoded POSTS with this user information, sends back a plaintext confirmation to the applicant, encrypts their information with a freeware java command-line utility to protect it (specifically this one: http://spi.dod.mil/ewizard.htm), base64 encodes them, puts them in a file as a mime attachment and uses sendmail to forward the file information to my (and several coworkers' scattered around the country) email account(s) on an Exchange server with Outlook clients. This has worked well for years, but is awkward because it involves manually decrypting the information on a windows box once it is received, using the above mentioned encryption utility. This significantly limits how many can be processed. I would like to be able to encrypt my information in a format that Outlook/Exchange can inherently understand and display so that these emails can be viewed simply by clicking on them. I do have company provided PKI public certs for all the people I need to send to, and am able to send/receive encrypted emails on Outlook manually, but would like to know how I can send to Outlook from apache/linux/python from the command line using the same PKI certs. Dont need to receive them, just send. Is there a utility that can do this? I had thought pgp might but I havent been able to figure it out.

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  • Installing both lxml 3.1.2 and lxml2 on ubuntu 12.04

    - by wgw
    I asked this on SO: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19852911/lxml-3-1-2-and-lxml2-both-on-ubuntu/19856674#19856674 But it is perhaps more appropriate for AskUbuntu. So here it is again, reformulated. On the lxml site they suggest that it is possible to have both lxml2 and the newest version of lxml on ubuntu: Using lxml with python-libxml2 If you want to use lxml together with the official libxml2 Python bindings (maybe because one of your dependencies uses it), you must build lxml statically. Otherwise, the two packages will interfere in places where the libxml2 library requires global configuration, which can have any kind of effect from disappearing functionality to crashes in either of the two. To get a static build, either pass the --static-deps option to the setup.py script, or run pip with the STATIC_DEPS or STATICBUILD environment variable set to true, i.e. STATIC_DEPS=true pip install lxml The STATICBUILD environment variable is handled equivalently to the STATIC_DEPS variable, but is used by some other extension packages, too. I am generally confused about how pip packages and ubuntu packages get along, so I hesitate to run STATIC_DEPS=true pip install lxml. Will it damage/confuse my installed lxml2 package? The suggestion on SO was to install the new lxml in a virtualenv. That looks like the best way to go, but the lxml site is suggesting that a dual installation will work also. In general: what happens if I use pip (to get a newer install) for a package that is already installed by apt-get?

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  • Functional programming compared to OOP with classes

    - by luckysmack
    I have been interested in some of the concepts of functional programming lately. I have used OOP for some time now. I can see how I would build a fairly complex app in OOP. Each object would know how to do things that object does. Or anything it's parents class does as well. So I can simply tell Person().speak() to make the person talk. But how do I do similar things in functional programming? I see how functions are first class items. But that function only does one specific thing. Would I simply have a say() method floating around and call it with an equivalent of Person() argument so I know what kind of thing is saying something? So I can see the simple things, just how would I do the comparable of OOP and objects in functional programming, so I can modularize and organize my code base? For reference, my primary experience with OOP is Python, PHP, and some C#. The languages that I am looking at that have functional features are Scala and Haskell. Though I am leaning towards Scala. Basic Example (Python): Animal(object): def say(self, what): print(what) Dog(Animal): def say(self, what): super().say('dog barks: {0}'.format(what)) Cat(Animal): def say(self, what): super().say('cat meows: {0}'.format(what)) dog = Dog() cat = Cat() dog.say('ruff') cat.say('purr')

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  • I still can't figure out how to program!

    - by Mark K.
    Please help! I've read lots of programming books for various languages, Java, Python, C, etc. I understand and know all of the basics of the languages and I understand algorithms and data structures. (Equivilant of say 2 years of CompSci classes) BUT, I still can't figure how to write a program that does anything useful. All of the programming books show you how to write the language, but NOT how to use it! The programming examples are all very basic like build a card catalog for a library or a simple game or use algorithms etc... They dont't show you how to develop complex programs that actually do anything useful! I've looked a open-source programs on sourceforge, but they don't make much sense to me. There are hundreds of files in each program & thousands of lines of code. But how do I learn how to do this? There's nothing in any book I can buy on Amazon that will give me the tools to write any of these programs. How do you go from reading Intro to Java or Programming Python, or C Programming Language, etc.. to actually being able to say, I have an idea for X Program.. this is how I go about developing it? It seems like there is so much more involved in writing a program than you can learn in a book or from a class. I feel like there is someth Can anyone put me on the right track?

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  • Splitting Pygame functionality between classes or modules?

    - by sec_goat
    I am attempting to make my pygame application more modular so that different functionalities are split up into different classes and modules. I am having some trouble getting pygame to allow me to draw or load images in secondary classes when the display has been set and pygame.init() has been done in my main class. I have typically used C# and XNA to accomplish this sort of behavior, but this time I need to use python. How do I init pygame in class1, then create an instance of class2 which loads and converts() images. I have tried pygame.init() in class 2 but then it tells me no display mode has been set, when it has been set in class1. I am under the impression i do not wnat to create multiple pygame.displays as that gets problematic I am probably missing something pythonic and simple but I am not sure what. How do I create a Display class, init python and then have other modules do my work like loading images, fonts etc.? here is the simplest version of what I am doing: class1: def __init__(self): self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((600,400)) self.imageLoader = class2() class2: def __init__(self): self.images = ['list of images'] def load_images(): self.images = os.listdir('./images/') #get all images in the images directory for img in self.images: #read all images in the directory and load them into pygame new_img = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('images', img)).convert() scale_img = pygame.transform.scale(new_img, (pygame.display.Info().current_w, pygame.display.Info().current_h)) self.images.append(scale_img) if __name__ == "__main__": c1 = class1() c1.imageLoader.load_images() Of course when it tries to load an convert the images it tells me pygame has not been initialized, so i throw in a pygame.init() in class2 ( i have heard it is safe to init multiple times) and then the error goes to pygame.error: No video mode has been set

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  • How to populate a private container for unit test?

    - by Sardathrion
    I have a class that defines a private (well, __container to be exact since it is python) container. I am using the information within said container as part of the logic of what the class does and have the ability to add/delete the elements of said container. For unit tests, I need to populate this container with some data. That date depends on the test done and thus putting it all in setUp() would be impractical and bloated -- plus it could add unwanted side effects. Since the data is private, I can only add things via the public interface of the object. This run codes that need not be run during a unit test and in some case is just a copy and paste from another test. Currently, I am mocking the whole container but somehow it does not feel that elegant a solution. Due to Python mocking frame work (mock), this requires the container to be public -- so I can use patch.dict(). I would rather keep that data private. What pattern can one use to still populate the containers without excising the public method so I have data to test with? Is there a way to do this with mock' patch.dict() that I missed?

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  • Guidelines for creating referentially transparent callables

    - by max
    In some cases, I want to use referentially transparent callables while coding in Python. My goals are to help with handling concurrency, memoization, unit testing, and verification of code correctness. I want to write down clear rules for myself and other developers to follow that would ensure referential transparency. I don't mind that Python won't enforce any rules - we trust ourselves to follow them. Note that we never modify functions or methods in place (i.e., by hacking into the bytecode). Would the following make sense? A callable object c of class C will be referentially transparent if: Whenever the returned value of c(...) depends on any instance attributes, global variables, or disk files, such attributes, variables, and files must not change for the duration of the program execution; the only exception is that instance attributes may be changed during instance initialization. When c(...) is executed, no modifications to the program state occur that may affect the behavior of any object accessed through its "public interface" (as defined by us). If we don't put any restrictions on what "public interface" includes, then rule #2 becomes: When c(...) is executed, no objects are modified that are visible outside the scope of c.__call__. Note: I unsuccessfully tried to ask this question on SO, but I'm hoping it's more appropriate to this site.

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  • tips, guidelines, points to remember for rendering professional code?

    - by ronnieaka
    I'm talking about giving clients professional looking code. The whole nine yards, everything you hardcore professional highly experienced programmers here probably do when coding freelance or for the company you work in. I'm fresh out of college and I'm going into freelance. I just want to be sure that my first few projects leave a good after-taste of professionalism imprinted on the clients' minds. When I Googled what i'm asking here, I was given pages that showed various websites and tools that let you make flashy websites and templates etc. The $N package and such stuff. I can't recall the word experts use for it. Standard, framework [i know that's not it]. English isn't my first language so I'm sorry I don't really don't know the exact phrase for it. That abstract way of writing code so that you don't come across as a sloppy programmer. That above mentioned way for programming websites and desktop software [in python/C/C++/Java]. EDIT: i can work on the accruing vast knowledge and know-how and logic building etc. what i'm asking for is the programming standard/guidelines you guys follow so that the client on seeing code feels that its a professional solution. Like comment blocks, a particular indentation style something like that. Is there any book on it or specific list of points for enterprise type coding by them? Especially here as in my case, for building websites [php for now..], and desktop software [c/c++/java/python]

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  • Pygame set_colorkey transparency issues

    - by Nathan Chowning
    I'm having a strange issue that I cannot seem to remedy. I am doing some prototyping with Pygame on a desktop running windows and a laptop running OS X. Both are running python v2.7.3 (installed via homebrew for the Macbook) and pygame v1.9.1. For transparency, I have been using set_colorkey with a transparency color of (255, 0, 255). Here is the applicable code: transColor = pygame.Color(255, 0, 255) image = pygame.image.load(playerPath + "idle.png").convert() image.set_colorkey(transColor) This works flawlessly on my windows machine. On my laptop, it does not work. It just shows the hideous magenta color. Here's the strange part. If I change the transColor to (0, 0, 0), all black pixels in my images are transparent. Has anyone run into this issue before?

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