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  • Discrete problem of probability theory [closed]

    - by calejero
    A jury consists of 12 persons each of which has, before the trial started, a probability of 0.4 to vote in favor of the defendant's innocence. During the trial, the lawyer has a probability of 0.6 to change the mind of each juror who was biased against the accused. How likely is the defendant to be acquitted if he needs 10 votes in favor?

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  • A Grand Unified Theory of AI

    A new approach unites two prevailing but often opposed strains in the history of AI research Artificial intelligence - Physics - Alternative - Quantum Mechanics - Quantum Field Theory

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  • The theory of evolution applied to software

    - by Michel Grootjans
    I recently realized the many parallels you can draw between the theory of evolution and evolving software. Evolution is not the proverbial million monkeys typing on a million typewriters, where one of them comes up with the complete works of Shakespeare. We would have noticed by now, since the proverbial monkeys are now blogging on the Internet ;-) One of the main ideas of the theory of evolution is the balance between random mutations and natural selection. Random mutations happen all the time: millions of mutations over millions of years. Most of them are totally useless. Some of them are beneficial to the evolved species. Natural selection favors the beneficially mutated species. Less beneficial mutations die off. The mutated rabbit doesn't have to be faster than the fox. It just has to be faster than the other rabbits.   Theory of evolution Evolving software Random mutations happen all the time. Most of these mutations are so bad, the new species dies off, or cannot reproduce. Developers write new code all the time. New ideas come up during the act of writing software. The really bad ones don't get past the stage of idea. The bad ones don't get committed to source control. Natural selection favors the beneficial mutated species Good ideas and new code gets discussed in group during informal peer review. Less than good code gets refactored. Enhanced code makes it more readable, maintainable... A good set of traits makes the species superior to others. It becomes widespread A good design tends to make it easier to add new features, easier to understand the current implementations, easier to optimize for performance...thus superior. The best designs get carried over from project to project. They appear in blogs, articles and books about principles, patterns and practices.   Of course the act of writing software is deliberate. This can hardly be called random mutations. Though it sometimes might seem that code evolves through a will of its own ;-) Does this mean that evolving software (evolution) is better than a big design up front (creationism)? Not necessarily. It's a false idea to think that a project starts from scratch and everything evolves from there. Everyone carries his experience of what works and what doesn't. Up front design is necessary, but is best kept simple and minimal, just enough to get you started. Let the good experiences and ideas help to drive the process, whether they come from you or from others, from past experience or from the most junior developer on your team. Once again, balance is the keyword. Balance design up front with evolution on a daily basis. How do you know what balance is right? Through your own experience of what worked and what didn't (here's evolution again). Notes: The evolution of software can quickly degenerate without discipline. TDD is a discipline that leaves little to chance on that part. Write your test to describe the new behavior. Write just enough code to make it behave as specified. Refactor to evolve the code to a higher standard. The responsibility of good design rests continuously on each developers' shoulders. Promiscuous pair programming helps quickly spreading the design to the whole team.

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  • Resources on concepts/theory behind GUI development?

    - by ShrimpCrackers
    I was wondering if there were any resources that explain concepts/theory behind GUI development. I don't mean a resource that explains how to use a GUI library, but rather how to create your own widgets. For example a resource that explains different methods on how to implement scrollable listboxes. I ask because I have an idea for a game tool where I would like to create my own widgets and let users drag and drop them onto some kind of form. How do GUI libraries usually draw widgets? I'm not sure if reskinning widgets from a GUI library fits my needs, since widget behavior needs to be dynamic based on user interaction.

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  • Book Review (Book 10) - The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood

    - by BuckWoody
    This is a continuation of the books I challenged myself to read to help my career - one a month, for year. You can read my first book review here, and the entire list is here. The book I chose for March 2012 was: The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood by James Gleick. I was traveling at the end of last month so I’m a bit late posting this review here. Why I chose this book: My personal belief about computing is this: All computing technology is simply re-arranging data. We take data in, we manipulate it, and we send it back out. That’s computing. I had heard from some folks about this book and it’s treatment of data. I heard that it dealt with the basics of data - and the semantics of data, information and so on. It also deals with the earliest forms of history of information, which fascinates me. It’s similar I was told, to GEB which a favorite book of mine as well, so that was a bonus. Some folks I talked to liked it, some didn’t - so I thought I would check it out. What I learned: I liked the book. It was longer than I thought - took quite a while to read, even though I tend to read quickly. This is the kind of book you take your time with. It does in fact deal with the earliest forms of human interaction and the basics of data. I learned, for instance, that the genesis of the binary communication system is based in the invention of telegraph (far-writing) codes, and that the earliest forms of communication were expensive. In fact, many ciphers were invented not to hide military secrets, but to compress information. A sort of early “lol-speak” to keep the cost of transmitting data low! I think the comparison with GEB is a bit over-reaching. GEB is far more specific, fanciful and so on. In fact, this book felt more like something fro Richard Dawkins, and tended to wander around the subject quite a bit. I imagine the author doing his research and writing each chapter as a book that followed on from the last one. This is what possibly bothered those who tended not to like it, I think. Towards the middle of the book, I think the author tended to be a bit too fragmented even for me. He began to delve into memes, biology and more - I think he might have been better off breaking that off into another work. The existentialism just seemed jarring. All in all, I liked the book. I recommend it to any technical professional, specifically ones involved with data technology in specific. And isn’t that all of us? :)

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  • Sets, Surrogates, Normalisation, Referential Integrity - the Theory with example Scaling considerati

    - by tonyrogerson
    The Slides and Demo's for the SQLBits session I did today at SQL Bits in London are attached. The Agenda was... Thinking in Sets Surrogate Keys ú What they are ú Comparison NEWID, NEWSEQUENTIALID, IDENTITY ú Fragmenation Normalisation ú An introduction – what is it? Why use it? ú Joins – Pre-filter problems, index intersection ú Fragmentation again Referential Integrity ú Optimiser -> Query rewrite ú Locking considerations around Foreign Keys and Declarative RI (using Triggers)...(read more)

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  • The Grand Unified Framework Theory

    Tom Janssens left a comment: What still bugs me is that we do not have a unified pattern for all .net dev (using modelbinders and icommand for example...) But, Tom we are pretty close. At least as close as we should be, I think. With .NET there are plenty of low level patterns we can reuse regardless of the application platform or architecture. Stuff like: Asynchronous programming with events or the TPL. Object queries with LINQ. Resource management with IDispose. At a higher...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • PageRank is the Best Indicator of Competition Strength For a Keyword in SEO - New Verifiable Theory

    The major argument against PageRank in SEO is that pages with zero PageRank can be in the top positions even for highly competitive keywords. However, we are left with requiring an explanation as to why "PageRank is Google's view of the importance of this page." It becomes apparent that either Google is misleading us or we have all been misinterpreting Google's statement. From extensive evaluation of the top Google search engine results pages for hundreds of keywords, the author observed that those high positioned web pages with PageRanks of zero have a home page with higher PageRanks, usually three or more.

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  • 2-D Lighting Theory

    - by Richard
    I am writing a rogue-like 'zombie' management game. The game map will be similar to Prison Architect. A top-down 50 X 50 grid. I want to implemented a day night cycle and during the night I would like the player to be able to position lights. I would like to be able to lighten and dark to whole map to display the day and night cycle. Then lights would be a circle of light blocked by game entities such as walls, players, trees etc. How would I achieve and what is the standard way of achieving this?

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  • Haskell Write Computation result to file

    - by peterwkc
    Hello to all, i have function which create a tuple after computation but i would like to write it to file. I know how to write file using writeFile but did not know how to combine computation and monads IO together in the type signature This is my code. invest :: ([Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) ) -> [Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) invest myinvest x y = myinvest x y myinvest :: [Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) myinvest w x y | y > 0 = (w, x + y) | otherwise = error "Invest amount must greater than zero" where I have a function which computes the maximum value from list but i want to these function receive input from file then perform the computation of maximum value. maximuminvest :: (Ord a) => [a] -> a maximuminvest [] = error "Empty Invest Amount List" maximuminvest [x] = x maximuminvest (x:xs) | x > maxTail = x | otherwise = maxTail where maxTail = maximuminvest xs Please help. Thanks.

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  • Haskell: writing the result of a computation to file

    - by peterwkc
    I have a function which creates a tuple after computation, but I would like to write it to file. I know how to write to a file using writeFile, but do not know how to combine the computation and monads IO together in the type signature. This is my code. invest :: ([Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) ) -> [Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) invest myinvest x y = myinvest x y myinvest :: [Char]->Int->Int->([Char], Int) myinvest w x y | y > 0 = (w, x + y) | otherwise = error "Invest amount must greater than zero" where I have a function which computes the maximum value from a list, but I want this function to receive input from a file, and then perform the computation of maximum value. maximuminvest :: (Ord a) => [a] -> a maximuminvest [] = error "Empty Invest Amount List" maximuminvest [x] = x maximuminvest (x:xs) | x > maxTail = x | otherwise = maxTail where maxTail = maximuminvest xs Please help. Thanks.

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  • Context Free Language Question (Pumping Lemma)

    - by Maixy
    I know this isn't directly related to programming, but I was wondering if anyone know how to apply the pumping lemma to the following proof: Show that L={(a^n)(b^n)(c^m) : n!=m} is not a context free language I'm pretty confident with applying pumping lemmas, but this one is really irking me. What do you think?

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  • Convert a post-order binary tree traversal index to an level-order (breadth-first) index

    - by strfry
    Assuming a complete binary tree, each node can be adressed with the position it appears in a given tree traversal algorithm. For example, the node indices of a simple complete tree with height 3 would look like this: breadth first (aka level-order): 0 / \ 1 2 / \ / \ 3 4 5 6 post-order dept first: 6 / \ 2 5 / \ / \ 0 1 3 4 The height of the tree and an index in the post-order traversal is given. How can i calculate the breadth first index from this information?

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  • Graph Theory: How to compute closeness centrality for each node in a set of data?

    - by Jordan
    I'd like to learn how to apply network theory to my own cache of relational data. I'm trying to build a demo of a new way of browsing a music library, using network theory, that I think would make for a very intuitive and useful way of finding the right song at any given time. I have all the data (artists as nodes, similarity from 0 to 1 between each artist and those it is related to) and I can already program, but I don't know how to actually calculate the centrality of a node from that. I've spent a while trying to email different professors at my school but no one seems to know where I can learn this. I hope someone's done something similar. Thanks in advance you guys! ~Jordan

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  • Delayed computation as DAG in .NET

    - by Tristan
    I'm playing around with declarative / delayed computation, where expressions are built up into a directed acyclic graph. Microsoft's GPU Accelerator does something similar. Are there any libraries available for .Net languages that makes it easier to build a representation of the computation?

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  • What is the most easy way to get in advanced Type Theory.

    - by Bubba88
    Of course, by 'advanced' I mean here just something beyond what every programmer does know. I'm currently more-or-less comfortable with the basics and want to understand the most important, most elegant and most practically applicable achievements of modern type theory. I just do not have much time, desire and mental powers to study all the formalistics more thoroughly and that may change in the future. But there is something really attractive for me in that branch, that just forces to ask silly questions like this :) Thank you very much!

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  • Theory: Can JIT Compiler be used to parse the whole program first, then execute later?

    - by unknownthreat
    Normally, JIT Compiler works by reads the byte code, translate it into machine code, and execute it. This is what I understand, but in theory, is it possible to make the JIT Compiler parses the whole program first, then execute the program later as machine code? I do not know how JIT Compiler works technically and exactly, so I don't know any feasibility in this case. But theoretically, is it possible? Or am I doing it wrong?

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  • Java Future and infinite computation

    - by Chris
    I'm trying to optimize an (infinite) computation algorithm. I have an infinte Sum to calculate ( Summ_{n- infinity} (....) ) My idea was to create several threads using the Future < construct, then combine the intermediate results together. My problem hoewer is that I need a certain precision. So I need to constantly calculate the current result while other threads keep calculating. My question is: Is there some sort of result queue where each finished thread can put its results in, while a main thread can receive those results and then either lets the computation continues or terminate the whole ExecutorService? Any Help would really be appreciated! Thanks!

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  • How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

    - by Zachary Burt
    I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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  • How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

    - by Zachary Burt
    I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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  • parallel computation for an Iterator of elements in Java

    - by Brian Harris
    I've had the same need a few times now and wanted to get other thoughts on the right way to structure a solution. The need is to perform some operation on many elements on many threads without needing to have all elements in memory at once, just the ones under computation. As in, Iterables.partition is insufficient because it brings all elements into memory up front. Expressing it in code, I want to write a BulkCalc2 that does the same thing as BulkCalc1, just in parallel. Below is sample code that illustrates my best attempt. I'm not satisfied because it's big and ugly, but it does seem to accomplish my goals of keeping threads highly utilized until the work is done, propagating any exceptions during computation, and not having more than numThreads instances of BigThing necessarily in memory at once. I'll accept the answer which meets the stated goals in the most concise way, whether it's a way to improve my BulkCalc2 or a completely different solution. interface BigThing { int getId(); String getString(); } class Calc { // somewhat expensive computation double calc(BigThing bigThing) { Random r = new Random(bigThing.getString().hashCode()); double d = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) { d += r.nextDouble(); } return d; } } class BulkCalc1 { final Calc calc; public BulkCalc1(Calc calc) { this.calc = calc; } public TreeMap<Integer, Double> calc(Iterator<BigThing> in) { TreeMap<Integer, Double> results = Maps.newTreeMap(); while (in.hasNext()) { BigThing o = in.next(); results.put(o.getId(), calc.calc(o)); } return results; } } class SafeIterator<T> { final Iterator<T> in; SafeIterator(Iterator<T> in) { this.in = in; } synchronized T nextOrNull() { if (in.hasNext()) { return in.next(); } return null; } } class BulkCalc2 { final Calc calc; final int numThreads; public BulkCalc2(Calc calc, int numThreads) { this.calc = calc; this.numThreads = numThreads; } public TreeMap<Integer, Double> calc(Iterator<BigThing> in) { ExecutorService e = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numThreads); List<Future<?>> futures = Lists.newLinkedList(); final Map<Integer, Double> results = new MapMaker().concurrencyLevel(numThreads).makeMap(); final SafeIterator<BigThing> it = new SafeIterator<BigThing>(in); for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) { futures.add(e.submit(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { while (true) { BigThing o = it.nextOrNull(); if (o == null) { return; } results.put(o.getId(), calc.calc(o)); } } })); } e.shutdown(); for (Future<?> future : futures) { try { future.get(); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { // swallowing is OK } catch (ExecutionException ex) { throw Throwables.propagate(ex.getCause()); } } return new TreeMap<Integer, Double>(results); } }

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