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  • Why doesn't Python require exactly four spaces per indentation level?

    - by knorv
    Whitespace is signification in Python in that code blocks are defined by their indentation. Furthermore, Guido van Rossum recommends using four spaces per indentation level (see PEP 8: Style Guide for Python Code). What was the reasoning behind not requiring exactly four spaces per indentation level as well? Are there any technical reasons? It seems like all the arguments that can be made for making whitespace define code blocks can also be used to argument for setting an exact whitespace length for one indentation level (say four spaces).

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  • What is the best python module skeleton code?

    - by user213060
    == Subjective Question Warning == Looking for well supported opinions or supporting evidence. Let us assume that skeleton code can be good. If you disagree with the very concept of module skeleton code then fine, but please refrain from repeating that opinion here. Many python IDE's will start you with a template like: print 'hello world' That's not enough... So here's my skeleton code to get this question started: My Module Skeleton, Short Version: #!/usr/bin/env python """ Module Docstring """ # ## Code goes here. # def test(): """Testing Docstring""" pass if __name__=='__main__': test() and, My Module Skeleton, Long Version: #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: ascii -*- """ Module Docstring Docstrings: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/ """ __author__ = 'Joe Author ([email protected])' __copyright__ = 'Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Joe Author' __license__ = 'New-style BSD' __vcs_id__ = '$Id$' __version__ = '1.2.3' #Versioning: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0386/ # ## Code goes here. # def test(): """ Testing Docstring""" pass if __name__=='__main__': test() Notes: """ ===MODULE TYPE=== Since the vast majority of my modules are "library" types, I have constructed this example skeleton as such. For modules that act as the main entry for running the full application, you would make changes such as running a main() function instead of the test() function in __main__. ===VERSIONING=== The following practice, specified in PEP8, no longer makes sense: __version__ = '$Revision: 1.2.3 $' for two reasons: (1) Distributed version control systems make it neccessary to include more than just a revision number. E.g. author name and revision number. (2) It's a revision number not a version number. Instead, the __vcs_id__ variable is being adopted. This expands to, for example: __vcs_id__ = '$Id: example.py,v 1.1.1.1 2001/07/21 22:14:04 goodger Exp $' ===VCS DATE=== Likewise, the date variable has been removed: __date__ = '$Date: 2009/01/02 20:19:18 $' ===CHARACTER ENCODING=== If the coding is explicitly specified, then it should be set to the default setting of ascii. This can be modified if necessary (rarely in practice). Defaulting to utf-8 can cause anomalies with editors that have poor unicode support. """ There are a lot of PEPs that put forward coding style recommendations. Am I missing any important best practices? What is the best python module skeleton code? Update Show me any kind of "best" that you prefer. Tell us what metrics you used to qualify "best".

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  • Should Python import statements always be at the top of a module?

    - by Adam J. Forster
    PEP 08 states: Imports are always put at the top of the file, just after any module comments and docstrings, and before module globals and constants. However if the class/method/function that I am importing is only used in rare cases, surely it is more efficient to do the import when it is needed? Isn't this: class SomeClass(object): def not_often_called(self) from datetime import datetime self.datetime = datetime.now() more efficient than this? from datetime import datetime class SomeClass(object): def not_often_called(self) self.datetime = datetime.now()

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  • mysql insert multiple rows, return rows that failed

    - by Glenn
    When I try to insert (lets say) 30 rows in my table. For example INSERT INTO customers(cust_name, cust_address, cust_city, cust_state, cust_zip, cust_country) VALUES( 'Pep E. LaPew', '100 Main Street', 'Los Angeles', 'CA', '90046', 'USA' ), ( 'M. Martian', '42 Galaxy Way', 'New York', 'NY', '11213', 'USA' ), ... ; And cust_name has to be unique. How can I then identify the records that failed to insert because their cust_name already exists? Is it possible to return them?

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  • Python style: if statements vs. boolean evaluation

    - by mkscrg
    One of the ideas of Python's design philosophy is "There should be one ... obvious way to do it." (PEP 20), but that can't always be true. I'm specifically referring to (simple) if statements versus boolean evaluation. Consider the following: if words: self.words = words else: self.words = {} versus self.words = words or {} With such a simple situation, which is preferable, stylistically speaking? With more complicated situations one would choose the if statement for readability, right?

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  • Where is a good open source python project to be used as example? [closed]

    - by Andrea Francia
    I'm looking for a python project to use as example to learning python. The project should have these features: is almost fully unit tested use consistently the code convention recommended by PEP 8 it's elements are almost fully documented Extra point features are: building, assembling, and release automation EDIT: The Question is too generic. I prepared a more specific question about the unit-test part.

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  • How can I learn to effectively write Pythonic code?

    - by Matt Fenwick
    I'm tired of getting downvoted and/or semi-rude comments on my Python answers, saying things like "this isn't Pythonic" or "that's not the Python way of doing things". To clarify, I'm not tired of getting corrected and downvoted, and I'm not tired of being wrong: I'm tired of feeling like there's a whole field of Python that I know nothing about, and seems to be implicit knowledge of experienced Python programmers. Doing a google search for "Pythonic" reveals a wide range of interpretations. The wikipedia page says: A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language. Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms, that its use meshes well with the rest of the language. It also discusses the term "unpythonic": In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to write C++ (or Lisp, Perl, or Java) code in Python—that is, provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic translation of forms from another language. The concept of pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of readability and avoiding the "there's more than one way to do it" approach. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are unpythonic. I suspect one way to learn the Pythonic way is just to program in Python a whole bunch. But I bet I could write a bunch of crap and not improve that much without some guidance, whereas a good resource might speed up the learning process significantly. PEP 8 might be exactly what I'm looking for, or maybe not. I'm not sure; on the one hand it covers a lot of ground, but on the other hand, I feel like it's more suited as a reference for knowledgeable programmers than a tutorial for fresh 'uns. How do I get my foot in the Pythonic/Python way of doing things door?

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  • Wrong perspective is showing in Eclipse plugin project [closed]

    - by Arun Kumar Choudhary
    I am working in Eclipse Modeling Framework (Eclipse plugin development) in my project the tool(project i am working) provides three perspectives. 1.Accelerator Analyst perspective 2.Contract Validation and 3.Underwriter rules Editor... By default it starts with Contract validation perspective (As we define it within the plugin_customization.ini). However after switching to other perspective does not change the perspective shown... As all perspective (Class, Id and Name) is define only inside Plugin.XML as it is the task of org.eclipse.ui.perspective that that perspective name should be come forefront. Out of 10 7 times it is working fine but I am not getting why this is not working in that 3 cases. I am pasting my plugin.XML file <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <?eclipse version="3.0"?> <plugin> <extension id="RuleEditor.application" name="Accelerator Tooling" point="org.eclipse.core.runtime.applications"> <application> <run class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.UnderWritingApplication"> </run> </application> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.perspectives"> <perspective class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.ContractValidationPerspective" icon="icons/javadevhov_obj.gif" id="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.ContractValidationPerspective" name="Contract Validation"> </perspective> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.perspectives"> <perspective class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.UnderwritingPerspective" icon="icons/javadevhov_obj.gif" id="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.UnderwritingPerspective" name="Underwriting"> </perspective> </extension> <extension id="product" point="org.eclipse.core.runtime.products"> <product application="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.RuleEditor.application" name="Rule Configurator Workbench" description="%AppName"> <property name="introTitle" value="Welcome to Accelerator Tooling"/> <property name="introVer" value="%version"/> <property name="introBrandingImage" value="product:csclogo.png"/> <property name="introBrandingImageText" value="CSC FSG"/> <property name="preferenceCustomization" value="plugin_customization.ini"/> <property name="appName" value="Rule Configurator Workbench"> </property> </product> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.intro"> <intro class="org.eclipse.ui.intro.config.CustomizableIntroPart" icon="icons/Welcome.gif" id="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.intro"/> <introProductBinding introId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.intro" productId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.product"/> <intro class="org.eclipse.ui.intro.config.CustomizableIntroPart" id="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.intro"> </intro> <introProductBinding introId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.intro" productId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.product"> </introProductBinding> </extension> <extension name="Accelerator Tooling" point="org.eclipse.ui.intro.config"> <config content="$nl$/intro/introContent.xml" id="org.eclipse.platform.introConfig.mytest" introId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.intro"> <presentation home-page-id="news"> <implementation kind="html" os="win32,linux,macosx" style="$nl$/intro/css/shared.css"/> </presentation> </config> <config content="introContent.xml" id="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.introConfigId" introId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.intro"> <presentation home-page-id="root"> <implementation kind="html" os="win32,linux,macosx" style="content/shared.css"> </implementation> </presentation> </config> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.intro.configExtension"> <theme default="true" id="org.eclipse.ui.intro.universal.circles" name="%theme.name.circles" path="$nl$/themes/circles" previewImage="themes/circles/preview.png"> <property name="introTitle" value="Accelerator Tooling"/> <property name="introVer" value="%version"/> </theme> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.ide.resourceFilters"> <filter pattern="*.dependency" selected="true"/> <filter pattern="*.producteditor" selected="true"/> <filter pattern="*.av" selected="true"/> <filter pattern=".*" selected="true"/> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.splashHandlers"> <splashHandler class="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.splashHandlers.InteractiveSplashHandler" id="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application.splashHandlers.interactive"> </splashHandler> <splashHandler class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.application.splashHandlers.InteractiveSplashHandler" id="com.csc.fs.underwriting.application.splashHandlers.interactive"> </splashHandler> <splashHandlerProductBinding productId="com.csc.fs.nba.underwriting.application" splashId="com.csc.fs.underwriting.application.splashHandlers.interactive"> </splashHandlerProductBinding> </extension> <extension id="com.csc.fs.pa.security" point="com.csc.fs.pa.security.implementation.secure"> <securityImplementation class="com.csc.fs.pa.security.PASecurityImpl"> </securityImplementation> </extension> <extension id="productApplication.security.pep" name="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.security.pep" point="com.csc.fs.pa.security.implementation.authorize"> <authorizationManager class="com.csc.fs.pa.security.authorization.PAAuthorizationManager"> </authorizationManager> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.editors"> <editor class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.editors.PDFViewer" extensions="pdf" icon="icons/pdficon_small.gif" id="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.editors.PDFViewer" name="PDF Viewer"> </editor> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.views"> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.viewCategory" name="%category"> </category> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.newWizards"> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory" name="%category"> </category> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardInitialize" name="%initialize" parentCategory="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory"> </category> </extension> <extension point="com.csc.fs.pa.common.usability.addNewCategory"> <addNewCategoryId id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory"> </addNewCategoryId> </extension> <!--extension point="org.eclipse.ui.activities"> <activity description="View Code Generation Option" id="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.viewCodeGen" name="ViewCodeGen"> </activity> <activityPatternBinding activityId="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.viewCodeGen" pattern="com.csc.fs.pa.bpd.vpms.codegen/com.csc.fs.pa.bpd.vpms.codegen.bpdCodeGenActionId"> </activityPatternBinding> Add New Product Definition Extension </extension--> </plugin> class="com.csc.fs.underwriting.product.editors.PDFViewer" extensions="pdf" icon="icons/pdficon_small.gif" id="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.editors.PDFViewer" name="PDF Viewer"> </editor> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.views"> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.viewCategory" name="%category"> </category> </extension> <extension point="org.eclipse.ui.newWizards"> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory" name="%category"> </category> <category id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardInitialize" name="%initialize" parentCategory="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory"> </category> </extension> <extension point="com.csc.fs.pa.common.usability.addNewCategory"> <addNewCategoryId id="com.csc.fs.pa.application.newWizardCategory"> </addNewCategoryId> </extension> <!--extension point="org.eclipse.ui.activities"> <activity description="View Code Generation Option" id="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.viewCodeGen" name="ViewCodeGen"> </activity> <activityPatternBinding activityId="com.csc.fs.pa.producteditor.application.viewCodeGen" pattern="com.csc.fs.pa.bpd.vpms.codegen/com.csc.fs.pa.bpd.vpms.codegen.bpdCodeGenActionId"> </activityPatternBinding> Add New Product Definition Extension </extension--> </plugin> Inside each class(the qualified classes in above xml) i did only hide and show the view according to perspective and that is working very fine.. Please provide any method that Eclipse provide so that I can override it in each classed so that it can work accordingly.

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  • The Zen of Python distils the guiding principles for Python into 20 aphorisms but lists only 19. What's the twentieth?

    - by Jeff Walden
    From PEP 20, The Zen of Python: Long time Pythoneer Tim Peters succinctly channels the BDFL's guiding principles for Python's design into 20 aphorisms, only 19 of which have been written down. What is this twentieth aphorism? Does it exist, or is the reference merely a rhetorical device to make the reader think? (One potential answer that occurs to me is that "You aren't going to need it" is the remaining aphorism. If that were the case, it would both exist and act to make the reader think, and it would be characteristically playful, thus fitting the list all the better. But web searches suggest this to be an extreme programming mantra, not intrinsically Pythonic wisdom, so I'm stumped.)

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  • Ejabberd clustering problem with amazon EC2 server

    - by user353362
    Hello Guys! I have been trying to install ejabberd server on Amazons EC2 instance. I am kinds a stuck at this step right now. I am following this guide: http://tdewolf.blogspot.com/2009/07/clustering-ejabberd-nodes-using-mnes... From the guide I have sucessfully completed the Set up First Node (on ejabberd1) part. But am stuck in part 4 of Set up Second Node (on ejabberd2) So all in all, I created the main node and am able to run the server on that node and access its admin console from then internet. In the second node I have installed ejabberd. But I am stuck at point 4 of setting up the node instruction presented in this blog (http://tdewolf.blogspot.com/2009/07/clustering-ejabberd-nodes-using-mnes...). I execute this command " erl -sname ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14 -mnesia dir '"/var/lib/ejabberd/"' -mnesia extra_db_nodes "['ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-02-C8-36']" -s mnesia " on the second server and get a crashing error: root@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14:/var/lib/ejabberd# erl -sname ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14 -mnesia dir '"/var/lib/ejabberd/"' -mnesia extra_db_nodes "['ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-02-C8-36']" -s mnesia {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},"Protocol: ~p: register error: ~p~n",["inet_tcp",{{badmatch,{error,duplicate_name}},[{inet_tcp_dist,listen,1},{net_kernel,start_protos,4},{net_kernel,start_protos,3},{net_kernel,init_node,2},{net_kernel,init,1},{gen_server,init_it,6},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},crash_report,[[{pid,<0.21.0},{registered_name,net_kernel},{error_info,{exit,{error,badarg},[{gen_server,init_it,6},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}},{initial_call,{net_kernel,init,['Argument__1']}},{ancestors,[net_sup,kernel_sup,<0.8.0]},{messages,[]},{links,[#Port<0.52,<0.18.0]},{dictionary,[{longnames,false}]},{trap_exit,true},{status,running},{heap_size,610},{stack_size,23},{reductions,518}],[]]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},supervisor_report,[{supervisor,{local,net_sup}},{errorContext,start_error},{reason,{'EXIT',nodistribution}},{offender,[{pid,undefined},{name,net_kernel},{mfa,{net_kernel,start_link,[['ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14',shortnames]]}},{restart_type,permanent},{shutdown,2000},{child_type,worker}]}]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},supervisor_report,[{supervisor,{local,kernel_sup}},{errorContext,start_error},{reason,shutdown},{offender,[{pid,undefined},{name,net_sup},{mfa,{erl_distribution,start_link,[]}},{restart_type,permanent},{shutdown,infinity},{child_type,supervisor}]}]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},crash_report,[[{pid,<0.7.0},{registered_name,[]},{error_info,{exit,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}},[{application_master,init,4},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}},{initial_call,{application_master,init,['Argument_1','Argument_2','Argument_3','Argument_4']}},{ancestors,[<0.6.0]},{messages,[{'EXIT',<0.8.0,normal}]},{links,[<0.6.0,<0.5.0]},{dictionary,[]},{trap_exit,true},{status,running},{heap_size,233},{stack_size,23},{reductions,123}],[]]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,52,25}},std_info,[{application,kernel},{exited,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}},{type,permanent}]} {"Kernel pid terminated",application_controller,"{application_start_failure,kernel,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}}"} Crash dump was written to: erl_crash.dump Kernel pid terminated (application_controller) ({application_start_failure,kernel,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}}) root@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14:/var/lib/ejabberd# any idea what going on? I am not really sure how to solve this problem :S how to let ejabberd only access register from one special server? › Is that the right way of copying .erlang.cookie file? Submitted by privateson on Sat, 2010-05-29 00:11. before this I was getting this error (see below), I solved it by running this command: chmod 400 .erlang.cookie Also to copy the cookie I simply created a file using vi on the second server and copied the secret code from server one to the second server. Is that the right way of copying .erlang.cookie file? ERROR ~~~~~~~~~~ root@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14:/etc/ejabberd# erl -sname ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14 -mnesia dir '"/var/lib/ejabberd/"' -mnesia extra_db_nodes "['ejabberd@domU-12-31-39-02-C8-36']" -s mnesia {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},"Cookie file /root/.erlang.cookie must be accessible by owner only",[]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},crash_report,[[{pid,<0.20.0},{registered_name,auth},{error_info,{exit,{"Cookie file /root/.erlang.cookie must be accessible by owner only",[{auth,init_cookie,0},{auth,init,1},{gen_server,init_it,6},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]},[{gen_server,init_it,6},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}},{initial_call,{auth,init,['Argument__1']}},{ancestors,[net_sup,kernel_sup,<0.8.0]},{messages,[]},{links,[<0.18.0]},{dictionary,[]},{trap_exit,true},{status,running},{heap_size,987},{stack_size,23},{reductions,439}],[]]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},supervisor_report,[{supervisor,{local,net_sup}},{errorContext,start_error},{reason,{"Cookie file /root/.erlang.cookie must be accessible by owner only",[{auth,init_cookie,0},{auth,init,1},{gen_server,init_it,6},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}},{offender,[{pid,undefined},{name,auth},{mfa,{auth,start_link,[]}},{restart_type,permanent},{shutdown,2000},{child_type,worker}]}]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},supervisor_report,[{supervisor,{local,kernel_sup}},{errorContext,start_error},{reason,shutdown},{offender,[{pid,undefined},{name,net_sup},{mfa,{erl_distribution,start_link,[]}},{restart_type,permanent},{shutdown,infinity},{child_type,supervisor}]}]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},crash_report,[[{pid,<0.7.0},{registered_name,[]},{error_info,{exit,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}},[{application_master,init,4},{proc_lib,init_p_do_apply,3}]}},{initial_call,{application_master,init,['Argument_1','Argument_2','Argument_3','Argument_4']}},{ancestors,[<0.6.0]},{messages,[{'EXIT',<0.8.0,normal}]},{links,[<0.6.0,<0.5.0]},{dictionary,[]},{trap_exit,true},{status,running},{heap_size,233},{stack_size,23},{reductions,123}],[]]} {error_logger,{{2010,5,28},{23,28,56}},std_info,[{application,kernel},{exited,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}},{type,permanent}]} {"Kernel pid terminated",application_controller,"{application_start_failure,kernel,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}}"} Crash dump was written to: erl_crash.dump Kernel pid terminated (application_controller) ({application_start_failure,kernel,{shutdown,{kernel,start,[normal,[]]}}}) root@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14:/var/lib/ejabberd# cat /var/log/ejabberd/ejabberd.log =INFO REPORT==== 2010-05-28 22:48:53 === I(<0.321.0:mod_pubsub:154) : pubsub init "localhost" [{access_createnode, pubsub_createnode}, {plugins, ["default","pep"]}] =INFO REPORT==== 2010-05-28 22:48:53 === I(<0.321.0:mod_pubsub:210) : ** tree plugin is nodetree_default =INFO REPORT==== 2010-05-28 22:48:53 === I(<0.321.0:mod_pubsub:214) : ** init default plugin =INFO REPORT==== 2010-05-28 22:48:53 === I(<0.321.0:mod_pubsub:214) : ** init pep plugin =ERROR REPORT==== 2010-05-28 23:40:08 === ** Connection attempt from disallowed node 'ejabberdctl1275090008486951000@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14' ** =ERROR REPORT==== 2010-05-28 23:41:10 === ** Connection attempt from disallowed node 'ejabberdctl1275090070163253000@domU-12-31-39-0F-7D-14' **

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  • Using SWFObject, the flash moves 1 pixel to the right on Firefox

    - by jeffkee
    Please check this page: http://islandhideaway.weebly.com/ For whatever reason, the flash slideshow moves over 1 pixel when opened in Firefox on my Mac. All other browsers render it fine, but only on Firefox it leaves a 1 pixel white gap on the left! I am using the most recent version of SWFObject. This unfortunately is a garbage Weebly site and I cannot use jQuery in the system so I can't do a real gallery... so let's save the whole "don't use Flash for that" pep talk. It's a favour for a friend and I am already aware of better ways to do it. :)

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  • How to do relative imports in Python?

    - by Joril
    Imagine this directory structure: app/ __init__.py sub1/ __init__.py mod1.py sub2/ __init__.py mod2.py I'm coding mod1, and I need to import something from mod2. How should I do it? I tried from ..sub2 import mod2 but I'm getting an "Attempted relative import in non-package". I googled around but found only "sys.path manipulation" hacks. Isn't there a clean way? Edit: all my __init__.py's are currently empty Edit2: I'm trying to do this because sub2 contains classes that are shared across sub packages (sub1, subX, etc.). Edit3: The behaviour I'm looking for is the same as described in PEP 366 (thanks John B)

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  • Java's TreeSet equivalent in Python?

    - by viksit
    I recently came across some Java code that simply put some strings into a Java TreeSet, implemented a distance based comparator for it, and then made its merry way into the sunset to compute a given score to solve the given problem. My questions, Is there an equivalent data structure available for Python? The Java treeset looks basically to be an ordered dictionary that can use a comparator of some sort to achieve this ordering. I see there's a PEP for Py3K for an OrderedDict, but I'm using 2.6.x. There are a bunch of ordered dict implementations out there - anyone in particular that can be recommended? Thanks.

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  • how to send data to server using python

    - by Apache
    hi experts, how data can be send to the server, for example i retrieve MAC address, so i want send to the server ( i.e 211.21.24.43:8080/data?mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD i found snippet from internet as below from urllib2 import Request, urlopen from binascii import b2a_base64 def b64open(url, postdata): req = Request(url, b2a_base64(postdata), headers={'Content-Transfer-Encoding': 'base64'}) return urlopen(req) conn = b64open("http://211.21.24.43:8080/data","mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD") but when run, File "send2.py", line 8 SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xc3' in file send2.py on line 8, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details can anyone help me how send data to the server thanks in advance

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  • Any way to set or overwrite the __line__ and __file__ metadata?

    - by charles.merriam
    I'm writing some code that needs to change function signatures. Right now, I'm using Simionato's FunctionMaker class, which uses the (hacky) inspect module, and does a compile. Unfortunately, this still loses the line and file metadata. Does anyone know: If it is possible to overwrite these values in some odd way? If hacking up a class with a complex getattribute() to intercept the values and also try to make the class looks like a function is any more possible than a moose with a flying nun hat? Is there an alternative to the (hacky) inspect module? PEP 362 is dead dead dead? I know decorators and cPickle users fight with this. What other situations is the read only metadata in people's way? I appreciate any insights. Thank you.

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  • What are good uses for Python3's "Function Annotations"

    - by agscala
    Function Annotations: PEP-3107 I ran across a snippet of code demonstrating Python3's function annotations. The concept is simple but I can't think of why these were implemented in Python3 or any good uses for them. Perhaps SO can enlighten me? How it works: def foo(a: 'x', b: 5 + 6, c: list) -> max(2, 9): ... function body ... Everything following the colon after an argument is an 'annotation', and the information following the -> is an annotation for the function's return value. foo.func_annotations would return a dictionary: {'a': 'x', 'b': 11, 'c': list, 'return': 9} What's the significance of having this available?

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  • Common coding style for Python?

    - by Oscar Carballal
    Hi, I'm pretty new to Python, and I want to develop my first serious open source project. I want to ask what is the common coding style for python projects. I'll put also what I'm doing right now. 1.- What is the most widely used column width? (the eternal question) I'm currently sticking to 80 columns (and it's a pain!) 2.- What quotes to use? (I've seen everything and PEP 8 does not mention anything clear) I'm using single quotes for everything but docstrings, which use triple double quotes. 3.- Where do I put my imports? I'm putting them at file header in this order. import sys import -rest of python modules needed- import whatever import -rest of application modules- <code here> 4.- Can I use "import whatever.function as blah"? I saw some documents that disregard doing this. 5.- Tabs or spaces for indenting? Currently using 4 spaces tabs. 6.- Variable naming style? I'm using lowercase for everything but classes, which I put in camelCase. Anything you would recommend?

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  • ADODB Connection String: Workgroup Information file is Missing?

    - by Mohgeroth
    I have a few data sources in access that I need to connect to programatically to do things with behind the scenes and keep visibility away from users. Said datasource has a password 'pass' as I'm going to call it here. Using this connection method I get an error attempting to use the open method Dim conn as ADODB.Connection Set ROBBERS.conn = New ADODB.Connection conn.open "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" _ & "Data Source=\\pep-home\projects\billing\autobilling\DPBilling2.mdb;" _ & "Jet OLEDB:Database Password=pass;", "admin", "pass" "Cannot start your application. The workgroup information file is missing or opened exclusively by another user." Due to planning to move into 2007, we are not using nor have ever used a workgroup identification file through access. The database password on the data source was set through the Set Databa Password which had to be done on an exclusive open. Ive spent a good while changing around my connection options, where to put the passwords etc and either cannot find the right format, or (why I'm asking here) I think there may be some other unknown that I must setup to do this. Anyone out there got some useful information?

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  • Asynchronous background processes in Python?

    - by Geuis
    I have been using this as a reference, but not able to accomplish exactly what I need: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/89228/how-to-call-external-command-in-python/92395#92395 I also was reading this: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3145/ For our project, we have 5 svn checkouts that need to update before we can deploy our application. In my dev environment, where speedy deployments are a bit more important for productivity than a production deployment, I have been working on speeding up the process. I have a bash script that has been working decently but has some limitations. I fire up multiple 'svn updates' with the following bash command: (svn update /repo1) & (svn update /repo2) & (svn update /repo3) & These all run in parallel and it works pretty well. I also use this pattern in the rest of the build script for firing off each ant build, then moving the wars to Tomcat. However, I have no control over stopping deployment if one of the updates or a build fails. I'm re-writing my bash script with Python so I have more control over branches and the deployment process. I am using subprocess.call() to fire off the 'svn update /repo' commands, but each one is acting sequentially. I try '(svn update /repo) &' and those all fire off, but the result code returns immediately. So I have no way to determine if a particular command fails or not in the asynchronous mode. import subprocess subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo1', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo2', shell=True ) subprocess.call( 'svn update /repo3', shell=True ) I'd love to find a way to have Python fire off each Unix command, and if any of the calls fails at any time the entire script stops.

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  • Extracting specific nodes from XML using XML::Twig

    - by pratz
    i was trying to extract a particular set of nodes from the following XML structure using XML::Twig, but have been stuck ever since. I need to extract the 'player' nodes from the following structure and do a string match/replace on each of these node values. <pep:record> <agency> <subrecord type="scout"> <isnum>123XXX (print)</isnum> <isnum>234YYY (mag)</isnum> </subrecord> <subrecord type="group"> </subrecord> </agency </record> I tried using the following code, but I get pointed to a hash reference rather than actual string. my $parser = XML::Twig->new(twig_handlers => { isnum => sub { print $_->text."::" }, }); foreach my $rec (split(/::/, $parser->parse($my_xml))) { if ($rec =~ m/print/) { ($print = $rec) =~ s/( \(print\))//; } elsif($rec =~ m/mag/) { ($mag = $rec) =~ s/( \(mag\))//; } }

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  • How to stop ejabberd from using mnesia

    - by Eldad Mor
    I'm trying to establish a procedure for restoring my database from a crashed server to a new server. My server is running Ejabberd as an XMPP server, and I configured it to use postgresql instead of mnesia - or so I thought. My procedure goes something like "dump the contents of the original DB, run the new server, restore the contents of the DBs using psql, then run the system". However, when I try running Ejabberd again I get a crash: =CRASH REPORT==== 3-Dec-2010::22:05:00 === crasher: pid: <0.36.0> registered_name: [] exception exit: {bad_return,{{ejabberd_app,start,[normal,[]]}, {'EXIT',"Error reading Mnesia database"}}} in function application_master:init/4 Here I was thinking that my system is running on PostgreSQL, while it seems I was still using Mnesia. I have several questions: How can I make sure mnesia is not being used? How can I divert all the ejabberd activities to PGSQL? This is the modules part in my ejabberd.cfg file: {modules, [ {mod_adhoc, []}, {mod_announce, [{access, announce}]}, % requires mod_adhoc {mod_caps, []}, {mod_configure,[]}, % requires mod_adhoc {mod_ctlextra, []}, {mod_disco, []}, {mod_irc, []}, {mod_last_odbc, []}, {mod_muc, [ {access, muc}, {access_create, muc}, {access_persistent, muc}, {access_admin, muc_admin}, {max_users, 500} ]}, {mod_offline_odbc, []}, {mod_privacy_odbc, []}, {mod_private_odbc, []}, {mod_pubsub, [ % requires mod_caps {access_createnode, pubsub_createnode}, {plugins, ["default", "pep"]} ]}, {mod_register, [ {welcome_message, none}, {access, register} ]}, {mod_roster_odbc, []}, {mod_stats, []}, {mod_time, []}, {mod_vcard_odbc, []}, {mod_version, []} ]}. What am I missing? I am assuming the crash is due to the mnesia DB being used by Ejabberd, and since it's out of sync with the PGSQL DB, it cannot operate correctly - but maybe I'm totally off track here, and would love some direction. EDIT: One problem solved. Since I'm using amazon cloud, I needed to hardcode the ERLANG_NODE so it won't be defined by the hostname (which changes on reboot). This got my ejabberd running, but still I wish to stop using mnesia, and I wonder what part of ejabberd is still using it and how can I found it.

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  • android dynamical binding

    - by yoav.str
    I want to work dynamically therefore I want to bind text views dynamically I think an example would explain me the best assuming I want to bind 7 image views i can do it like this : Country = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.CountryEditText); City = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.CityEditText); LivinigCreture = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.LivingCretureE); Nature =(EditText)findViewById(R.id.NatureEditText); Inanimate = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.InanimateEditText); KnowenPersonality = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.KnowenPersonalityEditText); Occupation = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.OccupationEditText); but lets change 7 with NUMOFFILEDS as a final where i want to do the previous ? myImages = new ImageView [7]; for (int i = 0; i<7;i++,????) myImages[i] = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.initialImageView01); notice : in my R file the R.id.initialImageView01 - R.id.initialImageView07 are not generate in a cont gap between them therefore I don't know how to make this architecture possible . and if there's a way can someone show me an example how to work dynmiclly (like using jsp on android combined way or something ?) id its possiable to do so constant times is it possible to build an the same xml constant num of times like jsp does thank u pep:)

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  • error in a pygame code

    - by mekasperasky
    # INTIALISATION import pygame, math, sys from pygame.locals import * screen = pygame.display.set_mode((1024, 768)) car = pygame.image.load('car.png') clock = pygame.time.Clock() k_up = k_down = k_left = k_right = 0 speed = direction = 0 position = (100, 100) TURN_SPEED = 5 ACCELERATION = 2 MAX_FORWARD_SPEED = 10 MAX_REVERSE_SPEED = ­5 BLACK = (0,0,0) while 1: # USER INPUT clock.tick(30) for event in pygame.event.get(): if not hasattr(event, 'key'): continue down = event.type == KEYDOWN # key down or up? if event.key == K_RIGHT: k_right = down * ­5 elif event.key == K_LEFT: k_left = down * 5 elif event.key == K_UP: k_up = down * 2 elif event.key == K_DOWN: k_down = down * ­2 elif event.key == K_ESCAPE: sys.exit(0) # quit the game screen.fill(BLACK) # SIMULATION # .. new speed and direction based on acceleration and turn speed += (k_up + k_down) if speed > MAX_FORWARD_SPEED: speed = MAX_FORWARD_SPEED if speed < MAX_REVERSE_SPEED: speed = MAX_REVERSE_SPEED direction += (k_right + k_left) # .. new position based on current position, speed and direction x, y = position rad = direction * math.pi / 180 x += ­speed*math.sin(rad) y += ­speed*math.cos(rad) position = (x, y) # RENDERING # .. rotate the car image for direction rotated = pygame.transform.rotate(car, direction) # .. position the car on screen rect = rotated.get_rect() rect.center = position # .. render the car to screen screen.blit(rotated, rect) pygame.display.flip() enter code here the error i get is this Non-ASCII character '\xc2' in file race1.py on line 13, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details Not able to understand what the error is and how to get rid of it?

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  • Python file iterator over a binary file with newer idiom.

    - by drewk
    In Python, for a binary file, I can write this: buf_size=1024*64 # this is an important size... with open(file, "rb") as f: while True: data=f.read(buf_size) if not data: break # deal with the data.... With a text file that I want to read line-by-line, I can write this: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in file: # deal with each line.... Which is shorthand for: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in iter(file.readline, ""): # deal with each line.... This idiom is documented in PEP 234 but I have failed to locate a similar idiom for binary files. I have tried this: >>> with open('dups.txt','rb') as f: ... for chunk in iter(f.read,''): ... i+=1 >>> i 1 # 30 MB file, i==1 means read in one go... I tried putting iter(f.read(buf_size),'') but that is a syntax error because of the parens after the callable in iter(). I know I could write a function, but is there way with the default idiom of for chunk in file: where I can use a buffer size versus a line oriented? Thanks for putting up with the Python newbie trying to write his first non-trivial and idiomatic Python script.

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