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  • do the Python libraries have a natural dependence on the global namespace?

    - by msw
    I first ran into this when trying to determine the relative performance of two generators: t = timeit.repeat('g.get()', setup='g = my_generator()') So I dug into the timeit module and found that the setup and statement are evaluated with their own private, initially empty namespaces so naturally the binding of g never becomes accessible to the g.get() statement. The obvious solution is to wrap them into a class, thus adding to the global namespace. I bumped into this again when attempting, in another project, to use the multiprocessing module to divide a task among workers. I even bundled everything nicely into a class but unfortunately the call pool.apply_async(runmc, arg) fails with a PicklingError because buried inside the work object that runmc instantiates is (effectively) an assignment: self.predicate = lambda x, y: x > y so the whole object can't be (understandably) pickled and whereas: def foo(x, y): return x > y pickle.dumps(foo) is fine, the sequence bar = lambda x, y: x > y yields True from callable(bar) and from type(bar), but it Can't pickle <function <lambda> at 0xb759b764>: it's not found as __main__.<lambda>. I've given only code fragments because I can easily fix these cases by merely pulling them out into module or object level defs. The bug here appears to be in my understanding of the semantics of namespace use in general. If the nature of the language requires that I create more def statements I'll happily do so; I fear that I'm missing an essential concept though. Why is there such a strong reliance on the global namespace? Or, what am I failing to understand? Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

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  • passing a class method as opposed to a function in std::sort

    - by memC
    hi, Within a class, I am trying to sort a vector, by passing a method of the same class. But it gives errors at the time of compilation. Can anyone tell what the problem is? Thank you! it gives the following error: argument of type bool (Sorter::)(D&, D&)' does not matchbool (Sorter::*)(D&, D&)' I have also tried using sortBynumber(D const& d1, D const& d2) #include<vector> #include<stdio.h> #include<iostream> #include<algorithm> class D { public: int getNumber(); D(int val); ~D(){}; private: int num; }; D::D(int val){ num = val; }; int D::getNumber(){ return num; }; class Sorter { public: void doSorting(); bool sortByNumber(D& d1, D& d2); std::vector<D> vec_D; Sorter(); ~Sorter(){}; private: int num; }; Sorter::Sorter(){ int i; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++){ vec_D.push_back(D(i)); } }; bool Sorter::sortByNumber(D& d1, D& d2){ return d1.getNumber() < d2.getNumber(); }; void Sorter::doSorting(){ std::sort(vec_D.begin(), vec_D.end(), this->sortByNumber); }; int main(){ Sorter s; s.doSorting(); std::cout << "\nPress RETURN to continue..."; std::cin.get(); return 0; }

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  • In what order should the Python concepts be explained to absolute beginners?

    - by Tomaž Pisanski
    I am teaching Python to undergraduate math majors. I am interested in the optimal order in which students should be introduced to various Python concepts. In my view, at each stage the students should be able to solve a non-trivial programming problem using only the tools available at that time. Each new tool should enable a simpler solution to a familiar problem. A selection of numerous concepts available in Python is essential in order to keep students focused. They should also motivated and should appreciate each newly mastered tool without too much memorization. Here are some specific questions: For instance, my predecessor introduced lists before strings. I think the opposite is a better solution. Should function definitions be introduced at the very beginning or after mastering basic structured programming ideas, such as decisions (if) and loops (while)? Should sets be introduced before dictionaries? Is it better to introduce reading and writing files early in the course or should one use input and print for most of the course? Any suggestions with explanations are most welcome.

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  • how to determine count of tag

    - by peter
    I have a bit of xml file named Sample.xml which is shown below <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <countries> <country> <text>Norway</text> <value>N</value> </country> <country> <text>Sweden</text> <value>S</value> </country> <country> <text>France</text> <value>F</value> </country> <country> <text>Italy</text> <value>I</value> </country> </countries> i have button named submit(button1).If i click that button i need to display the count(PartitionName="AIX") in a text box named textBox1, means How many PartitionName="AIX" is belonging to Type="NIC" Can any one give me the c# code I did like this,,but not able to get the answaer private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { XmlDocument doc1 = new XmlDocument(); doc1.Load(@"D:\New Folder\WindowsFormsApplication3\WindowsFormsApplication3\Sample.xml"); XmlNodeList a = doc1.GetElementsByTagName("AIX"); textBox1.Text = a.Count.ToString(); }

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  • Java newbie problem: classes of the same package accessing one another?

    - by HH
    Test.java and SetWord.java belong to the package tools. Test.java needs to access SetWord but an odd error 'cannot find' SetWord appear. The package limits the visibility, it works without 'package tools;' lines. How can I acess the SetWords with Test in the same pkg? In general, how can classes access one another in the same pkg? Test.java package tools; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class Test{ public static void main(String[] args) { //IT CANNOT FIND SetWords despite the same folder, why? SetWord sw=new SetWord(); System.out.println(st.set("HELLO)"); } } SetWord.java package tools; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class SetWord{ public SetWord(){} public String set(String s) { return s.trim().toLowerCase(); } }

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  • jQuery: Adding li element only if it not already there?

    - by Legend
    I am constructing an <li> element like this: var element = $("<li></li>") .html(mHTML) .attr('id', "elemid"); I am trying to add this element to a <ul> element only if it doesn't already exist. Any ideas on how to do this? Am I supposed to use contains() to see if the ul element contain the html and then decide? For instance, <ul id="elemul"> <li id="elemli1">Element 1</li> <li id="elemli2">Element 2</li> <li id="elemli3">Element 3</li> </ul> If I try adding Element 1, it should not add it. What should I do if its a longer string (not really long but about 150 characters). Do I go about using hashmaps?

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  • Problem with foreach loop and $_GET

    - by phpExe
    I have a very simple foreach loop foreach($tv as $id => $channel) { $ID = $_GET['ID']; if($ID == $id){$class = "currentt";} echo '<a href="http://www.mysite.com/tst.php?ID='.$id.'" class="'.$class.'">'.$channel.'</a><br>'; } With url query, with every click the current class repeated. How can avoid this? Thanks alot.

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  • How to get global access to enum types in C#?

    - by lala
    This is probably a stupid question, but I can't seem to do it. I want to set up some enums in one class like this: public enum Direction { north, east, south, west }; Then have that enum type accessible to all classes so that some other class could for instance have: Direction dir = north; and be able to pass the enum type between classes: public void changeDirection(Direction direction) { dir = direction; } I thought that setting the enum to public would make this automatically possible, but it doesn't seem to be visible outside of the class I declared the enum in.

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  • Assigning a value to a variable gets stored in the wrong spot?

    - by scribbloid
    Hello, I'm relatively new to C, and this is baffling me right now. It's part of a much larger program, but I've written this little program to depict the problem I'm having. #include <stdio.h> int main() { signed int tcodes[3][1]; tcodes[0][0] = 0; tcodes[0][1] = 1000; tcodes[1][0] = 1000; tcodes[1][1] = 0; tcodes[2][0] = 0; tcodes[2][1] = 1000; tcodes[3][0] = 1000; tcodes[3][1] = 0; int x, y, c; for(c = 0; c <= 3; c++) { printf("%d %d %d\r\n", c, tcodes[c][0], tcodes[c][1]); x = 20; y = 30; } } I'd expect this program to output: 0 0 1000 1 1000 0 2 0 1000 3 1000 0 But instead, I get: 0 0 1000 1 1000 0 2 0 20 3 20 30 It does this for any number assigned to x and y. For some reason x and y are overriding parts of the array in memory. Can someone explain what's going on? Thanks!

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  • What are "named tuples" in Python?

    - by Denilson Sá
    Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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  • Got a question I don't understand, can anyone make sense of it?

    - by user275074
    Question on a on-line resource paper: Create javascript so that the following methods produce the output listed next it. circle = new Circle(); console.log(circle.get_area()); // 3.141592653589793 circle.set_radius(10); console.log(circle.get_area()); // 314.1592653589793 console.log(circle); // the radius of my circle is 10 and it's area is 314.1592653589793 Can anyone understand what is being asked?

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  • utf8 format in xml

    - by hussain
    i want to know how to store this è (this type of symbols) in xml file if i store this symbol in xml file.. the file shows this symbol like ? i was inserted in front of xml file is <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> but that doest not shows correct thanks and advance

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  • How do I create an NSArray with string literals?

    - by Kyle
    I'm attempting to create an NSArray with a grouping of string literals, however I get the compile error "Initializer element is not constant". NSArray *currencies = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"Dollar", @"Euro", @"Pound", nil]; Could someone point out what I'm doing wrong, and possibly explain the error message?

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  • How to handle array element between int and Integer

    - by masato-san
    First, it is long post so if you need clarification please let me know. I'm new to Java and having difficulty deciding whether I should use int[] or Integer[]. I wrote a function that find odd_number from int[] array. public int[] find_odd(int[] arr) { int[] result = new int[arr.length]; for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++) { if(arr[i] % 2 != 0) { //System.out.println(arr[i]); result[i] = arr[i]; } } return result; } Then, when I pass the int[] array consisting of some integer like below: int[] myArray = {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; int[] result = find_odd(myArray); The array "result" contains: 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 3 Because in Java you have to define the size of array first, and empty int[] array element is 0 not null. So when I want to test the find_odd() function and expect the array to have odd numbers (which it does) only, it throws the error because the array also includes 0s representing "empty cell" as shown above. My test code: public void testFindOddPassValidIntArray() { int[] arr = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 3}; int[] result = findOddObj.find_odd(arr); //check if return array only contain odd number for(int i=0; i<result.length; i++) { if(result[i] != null) { assert is_odd(result[i]) : result[i]; } } } So, my question is should I use int[] array and add check for 0 element in my test like: if(result[i] != 0) { assert is_odd(result[i] : result[i] } But in this case, if find_odd() function is broken and returning 0 by miscalculation, I can't catch it because my test code would only assume that 0 is empty cell. OR should I use Integer[] array whose default is null? How do people deal with this kind of situation?

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  • What are the books about Open-Source that everyone interested in should read?

    - by Edu Zamora
    Currently I am working and running my first Open-Source project and though I am quite happy how things are working so far, I have the feeling that a lot of things could be done better. So, what books about Open-Source would you recommend me in order to help filling this gap and making things better every day? What are the books that influenced you the most? I am especially interested in: - How to organize and run an Open-Source project - Best practices - Manage and involve users and developers - How to announce and do the releases - Legal issues

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  • C++: Trouble with templates (C2064)

    - by Rosarch
    I'm having compiler errors, and I'm not sure why. What am I doing wrong here: Hangman.cpp: set<char> Hangman::incorrectGuesses() { // Hangman line 103 return Utils::findAll_if<char>(guesses.begin(), guesses.end(), &Hangman::isIncorrectGuess); } bool Hangman::isIncorrectGuess(char c) { return correctAnswer.find(c) == string::npos; } Utils.h: namespace Utils { void PrintLine(const string& line, int tabLevel = 0); string getTabs(int tabLevel); template<class result_t, class Predicate> std::set<result_t> findAll_if(typename std::set<result_t>::iterator begin, typename std::set<result_t>::iterator end, Predicate pred) { std::set<result_t> result; // utils line 16 return detail::findAll_if_rec<result_t>(begin, end, pred, result); } } namespace detail { template<class result_t, class Predicate> std::set<result_t> findAll_if_rec(typename std::set<result_t>::iterator begin, typename std::set<result_t>::iterator end, Predicate pred, std::set<result_t> result) { // utils line 25 typename std::set<result_t>::iterator nextResultElem = find_if(begin, end, pred); if (nextResultElem == end) { return result; } result.insert(*nextResultElem); return findAll_if_rec(++nextResultElem, end, pred, result); } } This produces the following compiler errors: algorithm(83): error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 1 arguments algorithm(95) : see reference to function template instantiation '_InIt std::_Find_if<std::_Tree_unchecked_const_iterator<_Mytree>,_Pr>(_InIt,_InIt,_Pr)' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> _InIt=std::_Tree_unchecked_const_iterator<std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>>>, 1> _Mytree=std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>>, 1> _Pr=bool (__thiscall Hangman::* )(char) 1> ] utils.h(25) : see reference to function template instantiation '_InIt std::find_if<std::_Tree_const_iterator<_Mytree>,Predicate>(_InIt,_InIt,_Pr)' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> _InIt=std::_Tree_const_iterator<std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>>>, 1> _Mytree=std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>>, 1> Predicate=bool (__thiscall Hangman::* )(char), 1> _Pr=bool (__thiscall Hangman::* )(char) 1> ] utils.h(16) : see reference to function template instantiation 'std::set<_Kty> detail::findAll_if_rec<result_t,Predicate>(std::_Tree_const_iterator<_Mytree>,std::_Tree_const_iterator<_Mytree>,Predicate,std::set<_Kty>)' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> _Kty=char, 1> result_t=char, 1> Predicate=bool (__thiscall Hangman::* )(char), 1> _Mytree=std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>> 1> ] hangman.cpp(103) : see reference to function template instantiation 'std::set<_Kty> Utils::findAll_if<char,bool(__thiscall Hangman::* )(char)>(std::_Tree_const_iterator<_Mytree>,std::_Tree_const_iterator<_Mytree>,Predicate)' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> _Kty=char, 1> _Mytree=std::_Tree_val<std::_Tset_traits<char,std::less<char>,std::allocator<char>,false>>, 1> Predicate=bool (__thiscall Hangman::* )(char) 1> ]

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  • Creating a Modeless Dialog

    - by Tom
    I'm trying to create a child modeless dialog of a dialog and currently I'm using these style parameters: STYLE DS_SETFONT | DS_MODALFRAME | DS_FIXEDSYS | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU EXSTYLE WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW I'm not being able to transfer the control its parent dialog once i try to create its child dialog. is there anything else I'm missing in the process to make the dialog modeless?

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  • What's the scope of a Python variable declared in an if statement?

    - by froadie
    I'm new to Python, so this is probably a simple scoping question. The following code in a Python file (module) is confusing me slightly: if __name__ == '__main__': x = 1 print x In other languages I've worked in, this code would throw an exception, as the x variable is local to the if statement and should not exist outside of it. But this code executes, and prints 1. Can anyone explain this behavior? Are all variables declared in a module global/available to the entire module?

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  • Java NullPointerException. Why?

    - by user292844
    I am new to Java. I just read that class variables in Java have default value. I tried the following program. I was expecting to get the output as 0, which is the default value on an integer, but I get the NullPointerException. What am I missing? class Test{ static Integer iVar; public static void main(String...args) { System.out.println(iVar.intValue()); } }

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  • How can I know whether my C++ string variable is a number or not

    - by user342580
    I have a string of class string string str; how can I check if it is a number or not, str can only have 3 possible types described below like abcd or a number like 123.4 or a number with a parenthesis attach to the end it for example 456) note the parenthesis at the end of "str" is the only possible combination of number and none number where the bottom two are considered valid numbers, I know I could use lexical_cast if only the first 2 cases occur, but how about considering all 3 possible cases to occur? I don't need to do anything fancy with str, I just need to know whether it is a valid number as I described

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  • can I have multiline text with GD and PHP?

    - by alekone
    hello! I'm trying to output multiline text with GD+PHP but can't get it working. my php knowledge is really basic. here's the code, any idea on how to output 2 or 3 lines of text? $theText = (isset($_GET['caption']))? stripslashes($_GET['caption']) :''; imagettftext($baseImage, $textSize, $textAngle, $textXposition, $textYposition, $textColor, $fontName, $theText);

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