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  • Using udev to create a character device based on a driver being loaded

    - by SteveCB
    I'm in the process of setting up RAID monitoring for a number of Dell servers that use the PERC 6i integrated card. We're using Nagios at present and the check_megasasctl plugin seems to fit the bill. However, the plugin relies upon the existence of: /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node This device node doesn't exist by default, you have to create it by hand using something like: mknod /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node c 253 0 Now, to make the existence of this device node persistent across reboots, I thought I could write a udev rule, but as usual, I'm missing something. I thought I could create a file such as /etc/udev/rules.d/10-local/rules that contained: DRIVER=="megasas" NAME="megaraid_sas_ioctl_node" MODE="0600" But this doesn't work - no device node after a reboot. Dmesg output indicates the megasas driver is loaded and functional: megasas: 00.00.04.01-RH1 Thu July 10 09:41:51 PST 2008 megasas: 0x1000:0x0060:0x1028:0x1f0c: bus 1:slot 0:func 0 megasas: FW now in Ready state Further, I don't see any means to instruct udev on which type of device node to create: character or block. I suspect I'm failing to understand exactly how udev is meant to work. I realise I could just cheat and run MegaCLI in /etc/rc.local, redirecting output to /dev/null; it creates the megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node as part of its execution. I just thought using udev rules would be a) cleaner and b) a useful learning exercise. Perhaps I should just dump the above mknod command in /etc/rc.local... So how do I get udev to create the /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node based on the presence of the megasas driver? Cheers Steve

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  • Home Server: storage virtualisation, what to choose?

    - by Huygens
    I'm looking for virtualisation solutions for storage and OS for a home server. A sort of private cloud where I manage the storage space independently of the VM one. This question focus on storage management. (I have another question related to the VM/compute instance management). Here my environement and wishes. Server: HP Proliant MicroServer with 8 GB RAM (AMD Turion dual core with AMD-V technology) with 1 250GB system disk and up to 4 HDD (2 TB) for "data" OS types: only Linux (perhaps a *BSD VM in the future) Linux distributions do not matter, I'm familiar with RHEL, Fedora, Suse, Ubuntu, but any other recommandation will be fine The 4 HDD is going to be a software RAID array, probably RAID 5. storage should be "virtualised/cloudified": easy to extend: if I add a NAS on the network, I can include the NAS space capacity within this storage space as one virtual disk. This can be a NAS, an external HDD or another server. cluster FS or S3 style space or OpenStack block storage? Whatever is easier to manage/maintain and easy to integrate/plug to VM/compute instance. I would prefer free (libre, as in a free speach) and open source tools. But it does not have to be free as in a free beer. Note: the VMs I intend to run on top of this server are one dedicated to backup, one for a "owncloud/dropbox"-like service and perhaps one for media server (hosting video and photos). I'm not sure if traditional VMs or compute instance are the most suitable for this.

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  • Unable to mount root fs over NFS [on hold]

    - by johnmadrak
    I am attempting to set up a Raspberry Pi running Pidora to boot from an NFS share. My configuration in cmdline.txt is: dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=<serverip>:/fake/path,nfsvers=3,rw,nolock nfsrootdebug ip=dhcp elevator=deadline rootwait On the Pi, the output I see is: IP-Config: Got DHCP answer from <router>, my address is <clientip> IP-Config: Complete: device=eth0, hwaddr=<macaddress>, ipaddr=<clientip>, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=<routerip> host=<clientip>, domain=, nis-domain=(none) bootserver=<routerip>, rootserver=<serverip>, rootpath= nameserver0=<routerip> (It pauses for a bit here) VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy VFS: Cannot open root device "nfs" or unknown-block(2,0); error -6 Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: ..... On the NFS Server (an OpenVZ Container), the output I see in the /var/log/messages is: Aug 22 23:24:01 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:783 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:24:38 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:741 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:25:25 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:752 for /fake/path (/fake/path) Aug 22 23:26:12 vps-4178 rpc.mountd[928]: authenticated mount request from <clientip>:876 for /fake/path (/fake/path) To test, I've made sure I can mount (non-root) from both the Pi and another machine and it worked. Does anyone have an idea on what could be wrong or how to narrow it down? Thank you in advanced for your help.

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  • Should I use "Raid 5 + spare" or "Raid 6"?

    - by Trevor Boyd Smith
    What is "Raid 5 + Spare" (excerpt from User Manual, Sect 4.17.2, P.54): RAID5+Spare: RAID 5+Spare is a RAID 5 array in which one disk is used as spare to rebuild the system as soon as a disk fails (Fig. 79). At least four disks are required. If one physical disk fails, the data remains available because it is read from the parity blocks. Data from a failed disk is rebuilt onto the hot spare disk. When a failed disk is replaced, the replacement becomes the new hot spare. No data is lost in the case of a single disk failure, but if a second disk fails before the system can rebuild data to the hot spare, all data in the array will be lost. What is "Raid 6" (excerpt from User Manual, Sect 4.17.2, P.54): RAID6: In RAID 6, data is striped across all disks (minimum of four) and a two parity blocks for each data block (p and q in Fig. 80) is written on the same stripe. If one physical disk fails, the data from the failed disk can be rebuilt onto a replacement disk. This Raid mode can support up to two disk failures with no data loss. RAID 6 provides for faster rebuilding of data from a failed disk. Both "Raid 5 + spare" and "Raid 6" are SO similar ... I can't tell the difference. When would "Raid 5 + Spare" be optimal? And when would "Raid 6" be optimal"? The manual dumbs down the different raid with 5 star ratings. "Raid 5 + Spare" only gets 4 stars but "Raid 6" gets 5 stars. If I were to blindly trust the manual I would conclude that "Raid 6" is always better. Is "Raid 6" always better?

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  • Denying access to website via htaccess based on http header

    - by neekster
    I've been trying for ages to get this to work and I can't put my finger on it. What I'm trying to do is block access to a site from a number of countries, based on the CF-IPCountry header added by CloudFlare. I figured htaccess was a suitable way to do this. We are running LiteSpeed 4.2.4 on top of DirectAdmin for a control panel. The problem we having is the htaccess rule doesn't seem to do anything. Here's the rule we tried: SetEnvIf CF-IPCountry AU UnwantedCountry=1 Order allow,deny Deny from env=UnwantedCountry Allow from all That makes no difference at all, connections are still accepted. Just to check that the rule was at least being processed, I changed Allow from all to Deny from all, and connections were refused. So it appears to be a problem wit the variable. Here's the relevant headers that come in with the request. Connection: Keep-Alive Accept-Encoding: gzip CF-Connecting-IP: xx.xx.xx.xx CF-IPCountry: AU X-Forwarded-For: xx.xx.xx.xx.xx CF-RAY: c9062956e2d04b6 X-Forwarded-Proto: http CF-Visitor: {"scheme":"http"} Zone-Name: xx.com.au Hopefully someone can help me out, this has been driving me nuts for too long. Thanks

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  • Iptables rules, forward between two interfaces

    - by Marco
    i have a some difficulties in configuring my ubuntu server firewall ... my situation is this: eth0 - internet eth1 - lan1 eth2 - lan2 I want that clients from lan1 can't communicate with clients from lan2, except for some specific services. E.g. i want that clients in lan1 can ssh into client in lan2, but only that. Any other comunication is forbidden. So, i add this rules to iptables: #Block all traffic between lan, but permit traffic to internet iptables -I FORWARD -i eth1 -o ! eth0 -j DROP iptables -I FORWARD -i eth2 -o ! eth0 -j DROP # Accept ssh traffic from lan1 to client 192.168.20.2 in lan2 iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth2 -p tcp --dport 22 -d 192.168.20.2 -j ACCEPT This didn't works. Doing iptables -L FORWARD -v i see: Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 33 144 DROP all -- eth1 !eth0 anywhere anywhere 0 0 DROP all -- eth2 !eth0 anywhere anywhere 23630 20M ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT all -- eth1 any anywhere anywhere 175 9957 ACCEPT all -- eth1 any anywhere anywhere 107 6420 ACCEPT all -- eth2 any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT all -- pptp+ any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT all -- tun+ any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- eth1 eth2 anywhere server2.lan tcp dpt:ssh All packets are dropped, and the count of packets for the last rule is 0 ... How i have to modify my configuration? Thank you. Regards Marco

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  • Need a place to store a few bytes of meta information on storage media

    - by Jason C
    I'm working on an embedded project. I need a place to store some filesystem-independent meta information on a storage device. The device has an MSDOS partition table. The device also may have unallocated space (depending on its size) but it will be TRIMmed (and also may be blown away by new partitions in the future). I need a location on the device that is not unallocated and that has a low risk of being touched (outside of completely erasing the device). The device is only guaranteed to have an MBR at the point the meta data needs to first be written; meaning there are no EBRs/VBRs present that I could use. There are 446 bytes at the very start of the device available for MBR bootstrap code. Currently my only idea is to store data at the end of this block. However, the device is bootable and I have no way of knowing if I'd be blowing away bootstrap code or not. The sector size is 512 bytes and the MBR is the first sector, I'm pretty sure (correct me if I'm wrong) that that means the second sector is available for use by partition data, so I can't use that either. Does anybody have any ideas? I need 4 bytes of space.

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  • Network Security Device/Software

    - by Campo
    We currently run Symantec Antivirus Corporate 10.2. The software is really easy to manage on a network but the actual virus detection isn't bad but the malware detection is crap. We recently were infected with a email bot that got us put on some block lists. This has been resolved. I cannot have that happen again. I would like to find a program as easy to manage as symantec that I can install on all the user's workstations as well as the servers. We run a windows 2003 domain. We have a couple 2008 test servers in the environment. Most of the workstations are xp though I am using windows 7 and symantect is not compatible with this OS... So we need a solution that would cover all those operating systems. If it could be installed on macs too that would be a bonus though not necessary at all. This software must detect: Viruses AND Malware I am looking for something that combines the features in anti-malware programs like malwarebytes or spybot with an antivirus program like symantec or AVG. Alternatively if there is a piece of hardware that is a firewall, router, and packet inspection for virus/spam that would be the most ideal solution. I then could supplement with a piece of software that could pickup what the hardware misses. Thank you for your suggestions.

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  • Windows Server 2008 ignores any change made to firewall

    - by Maurice Courtois
    I have been trying for the last 2 hours to make my Windows Server 2008 answer ping. I have tried almost every single solution I have found on the web, so far nothing work. My current setup: 2 NIC (1x Internet connection, 1x Local network) Server act as VPN server. So I set the corresponding NIC as either Public or Private. I also enable the rule for "File and Printer Sharing (Echo Request...)" for all Nic and from any IPs. I always been able to ping from the local network or the local ip while connected to the VPN. I also tried to create a specific rule for ICMP ping and disabling the firewall for all but the public nic. Regardless of all this, I still can't ping that server from Internet. Any idea suggestion what could cause this? I have the impression that when you set the server as VPN (I switch the box on when setting it up to block everything else than VPN connection) that changing anything to the firewall setting thought mmc is pointless !?!?

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  • How do you optimize your Outlook Exchange + IMAP setup?

    - by Mike
    My company provides an Outlook/Exchange account we must use for mail/calendar. Like many companies, they unfortunately also provide a ridiculously small mail quota. I got tired of managing and backing up .pst files (since I'm always in my e-mail there is never a good time to back it up), so I started storing my archived mail "in the cloud", using an IMAP server I set up on my Linux box. This has a few drawbacks for me: IMAP (at least the implementation in Outlook) is *very slow*. Furthermore, if I move a large number of messages to the IMAP server, it blocks the entire Outlook client for hours sometimes, which is quite annoying. Can't use exchange over HTTP to do mail without launching a VPN session, because the client-side rules I have which organize my mail fail and disable the rule if the IMAP server can't be reached. If I reply to a message from my IMAP store, I have to specify a SMTP server willing to relay for me in order to send e-mail, unless I always remember to select my Exchange account while composing e-mail. ... but the main advantage of being very easy to back up, with a couple of cron jobs that essentially do an 'rsync'. Short of moving the IMAP server to my local host (which seem like might have the same file locking problems as using a .pst), my options seem limited for solving (1). I'd like to come up with a solution for (2) and (3) though. For problem (2) would it be possible to somehow tell Outlook that the IMAP server is "offline", and have it synchronize my changes during a periodic "send and receive"? If so, I wonder if it would block the Outlook client, like it does in problem (1), and if it would be compatible with the client-only rules I use to sort my mail into folders. I've looked all over the options menu and have not found a way to tell Outlook to not use a certain account for sending mail, which would solve (3). Is anyone else crazy enough to be doing something like this? Any ideas?

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  • Wifi antenna extension with F-connector/RG-6(RG-59) cable?

    - by rjz2000
    In an older house, the wire mesh in walls surrounding the furnace behave like a Faraday cage and block wifi signals. It is also difficult to lay new cable, however there is television cable to multiple locations due to there once having been a roof-installed, television antenna. It would be relatively trivial to install the wifi router at the center distribution point, then have the antenna broadcasting/receiving the signal plugged in at each of the old television outlets. I assume that it would not be too difficult to find an adapter for SMA <- F-type connectors. The cable is actually RG-59 rather than RG-6, but I assume that it still has relatively good RF isolation along its length, which is no more than a couple hundred feet in any direction. Does anyone know a problem with the idea? Will a router get confused if there is /too little/ interference between the two antenna? Is that length of cable (~100ft) too long for the signal a router broadcasts? I have seen that it is also possible to use old ~$30/each FiOS cable modems available on eBay to extend a network over television cable. However, that seems like a less elegant solution, and might interfere with upnp and dlna services I'd like to have work on a single network. Thanks if anyone has answers or suggestions before I try this project!

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  • Wifi antenna extension with F-connector/RG-6(RG-59) cable?

    - by rjz2000
    In an older house, the wire mesh in walls surrounding the furnace behave like a Faraday cage and block wifi signals. It is also difficult to lay new cable, however there is television cable to multiple locations due to there once having been a roof-installed, television antenna. It would be relatively trivial to install the wifi router at the center distribution point, then have the antenna broadcasting/receiving the signal plugged in at each of the old television outlets. I assume that it would not be too difficult to find an adapter for SMA <- F-type connectors. The cable is actually RG-59 rather than RG-6, but I assume that it still has relatively good RF isolation along its length, which is no more than a couple hundred feet in any direction. Does anyone know a problem with the idea? Will a router get confused if there is /too little/ interference between the two antenna? Is that length of cable (~100ft) too long for the signal a router broadcasts? I have seen that it is also possible to use old ~$30/each FiOS cable modems available on eBay to extend a network over television cable. However, that seems like a less elegant solution, and might interfere with upnp and dlna services I'd like to have work on a single network. Thanks if anyone has answers or suggestions before I try this project!

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  • Postfix relay all mail through SES except for one sending domain / address

    - by Kevin
    I'm thinking this is really really super simple, but I can't figure out what I need to do. I don't mess with Postfix much (Just let it run and do its thing) so I've got no idea where to even start with this. We have postfix currently configured to relay all mail out through SES using the code below. We need to modify this so that emails sent from one of our domains (domain.com) DO NOT go through SES. Everything else should continue to flow out through the SES connection. I'm assuming this is like a one line thing but my google skills are not helping me at all. relayhost = email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com:25 smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtp_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd smtp_use_tls = yes smtp_tls_security_level = encrypt smtp_tls_note_starttls_offer = yes smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt smtp_destination_concurrency_limit = 450 Update I have created sender_transport file in /etc/postfix. In it is @domain.com smtp: I then ran this through postmap and placed sender_dependent_default_transport_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sender_transport above the above block of code and restarted postfix, but still all email is going out through SES. Log after sending Oct 22 14:38:48 web postfix/smtp[19446]: 4B19D640002: to=<[email protected]>, relay=email-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com[54.243.47.187]:25, delay=1.4, delays=0.01/0/0.92/0.44, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 Ok 00000141e21b181f-ee6f7c4f-f0f5-4b0f-ba69-2db146a4f988-000000) Oct 22 14:38:48 web postfix/qmgr[19435]: 4B19D640002: removed I don't think this log is what you're looking for, but it's the only thing that is logged when mail goes out, and this is with me running /usr/sbin/postfix -v start manually and not with the init script.

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  • Why are ISP's installing routers on my site when the feed is a form of ethernet already?

    - by Cosmin Prund
    I'm connected to 3 ISP's right now. Two of them already have routers at my site, the third one announced me "they need to install some equipment" when I requested BGP session. I can only assume they need to install a Router, since that connection is now working fine, using the usual /30 net block for the connection, and the "last-mile" solution is not going to change since they only installed it last week and the BGP was in the contract from the beginning. I simply don't understand this: the "feed" is already a form of ethernet. Even those they're using different technologies for the last mile, they're all entering the ISP router using an RJ45 WAN port. I assume the ISP router does something really important that can't be done by the Big Router on the other end of the connection. It must also be something that can hurt them if miss-configured, since they don't trust us (the client) to do the stuff on our router. And I'm not talking cheap throw-away routers here: One of the routers is Cisco 2800. Edit to add network details: I'm connected to 3 ISP's, two over Radio links, one over Fiber Optic. One of the radio links is going to get dropped and the other radio link will be turned into fiber sometime next year. The fiber is 20 Mbit, radio 1 is 40 Mbit and radio 2 is 2 Mbit. I've got a /24 of provider independent address space. I'm not doing out-of-the ordinary stuff with my network, I'm overly connected because my network needs to be "up" all the time.

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  • Formula-based Excel page headers

    - by Jake Krohn
    I'm using the "Rows to repeat at top" function in Excel's "Page Setup" dialog to ensure that a multi-row header block appears on every printed page of my worksheet. However, I'd like to be able to change certain bits of the header based on the content of the current page. I would simply like to display the value of one cell in the first row that is printed on the page. If this is my header: Section: xx And the data looks like this (columns are Section and Name): 1 Foo 1 Bar 2 Baz I want the "xx" in the header to be "1". If, further down on the next page, the value in the Section column is "3", I want that printed in the header of the next page. I originally thought that using the "OFFSET" function might help, e.g. ="Section: "&OFFSET(A2, 1, 0) But it only shows the offset from the original placement of the header, thus only working on page 1. The end document is a PDF, so right now I'm able to go back in with the "TouchUp Text Tool" in Acrobat and add the numbers page by page. But it gets to be a tedious process with 70+ page reports. Anyone have any better ideas that don't require me mucking up the original Excel document with inserted headers every N lines? This is Excel 2008 for Mac, if it makes a difference.

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  • Can't mount Linux usb disk. It just create /dev/sg device but no /dev/sd

    - by MTilsted
    I have a Corsair R60 ssd disk which is a disk with both sata and usb connectors. But the usb thing seems to be a bit non-standard, or maybe its just my fedora linux. When I insert the disk using a usb cabel to a running Fedora 14 linux system, a device called /dev/sg3 is added but that is all. No new /dev/sd* device is created so I can't mount the disk. If I look at cat /proc/scsi/sg/device_strs I get ATA Hitachi HTS54321 FB2O HL-DT-ST DVDRAM GSA-T50N RP05 Seagate Desktop 0130 Corsair CSSD-R60GB2 So the disk is there. (The last entry) but my linux will for some reason not see it as a usb hard disk. When I insert other usb disks they work fine. It is only this specific disk which causes problems. I have tried on 3 different computers with the same result. A hint to the problem may be that if I add the disk to a windows system(With usb) the disk is called "A fixed disk" and not a portable disk as expected. The disk works fine with linux If i connect it with the sata cabel, but I would really like to have it working with usb too. (To mount it on computers without sata). Added: I did try to mount /dev/sg3 but mount say that its not a block device. (File say Its a character special device). Added output from dmesg: [ 97.454073] usb 7-1: USB disconnect, address 2 [ 105.913055] hub 2-0:1.0: unable to enumerate USB device on port 3 [ 107.048054] usb 2-3: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 5 [ 107.162900] usb 2-3: New USB device found, idVendor=1b1c, idProduct=1ab8 [ 107.162903] usb 2-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=5 [ 107.162906] usb 2-3: Product: CSSD-R60GB2 [ 107.162908] usb 2-3: Manufacturer: Corsair [ 107.162910] usb 2-3: SerialNumber: 10111441000000990069 [ 107.167651] scsi7 : usb-storage 2-3:1.0 [ 108.195543] scsi 7:0:0:0: Direct-Access Corsair CSSD-R60GB2 PQ: 1 ANSI: 0 [ 108.197732] scsi 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0

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  • What's going on with traceroute?

    - by Kevin
    The following is what happens when I run traceroute from a certain location: # traceroute google.com traceroute to google.com (74.125.227.39), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 gateway.local.enactpc.com (10.0.0.1) 0.138 ms 0.101 ms 0.084 ms 2 * * * 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * 10 * * * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 * * * 14 * * * 15 * * * 16 * * * 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 * * * 20 * * * 21 * * * 22 * * * 23 * * * 24 * * * 25 * * * 26 * * * 27 * * * 28 * * * 29 * * * 30 * * * Absolutely nothing of interest... Now, originally I thought this was just a fact of the location's network set up. (I assume they block pings or something...) However, watch what happens when I use nmap to run a traceroute... # nmap -sP --traceroute google.com Starting Nmap 5.21 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2012-09-25 22:18 CDT Nmap scan report for google.com (74.125.227.40) Host is up (0.034s latency). Hostname google.com resolves to 11 IPs. Only scanned 74.125.227.40 rDNS record for 74.125.227.40: dfw06s06-in-f8.1e100.net TRACEROUTE (using proto 1/icmp) HOP RTT ADDRESS 1 0.19 ms gateway.local.enactpc.com (10.0.0.1) 2 1.93 ms 99-20-92-1.lightspeed.austtx.sbcglobal.net (99.20.92.1) 3 25.61 ms 99-20-92-2.lightspeed.austtx.sbcglobal.net (99.20.92.2) 4 ... 6 7 23.68 ms 12.83.68.137 8 31.30 ms gar23.dlstx.ip.att.net (12.122.85.73) 9 ... 10 31.82 ms 72.14.233.65 11 32.27 ms 209.85.250.77 12 32.98 ms dfw06s06-in-f8.1e100.net (74.125.227.40) Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 3.29 seconds When using nmap I get A LOT more results than with traceroute, why? Note, I checked, and the difference in target IP addresses is not related...

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  • Ubuntu 9.04: Ripping CDs with grip?

    - by chris
    I tried to rip a CD tonight, and couldn't figure out how to configure grip - /dev/cdrom doesn't seem to be the mount point for music CDs any more. How can I configure grip to find CDs? Update: /etc/fstab has /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 But there's nothing visible in /media/cdrom0 (or /media/cdrom, which is a symlink to cdrom0) There's an icon on the desktop labeled "Audio Disk" and opening it shows the .wav files on the CD. The location is cdda://sr0/, but grip doesn't like that either. Trying to manually mount /dev/sr0, I get $ sudo mount -t auto /dev/sr0 foo/ mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only mount: you must specify the filesystem type Update 2: Tried to change the media handling preferences (From a file browser, Edit-Preferences, Media, CD Audio) to "Do Nothing". CD Still doesn't mount. Update 3: With an audio CD in the drive: $ ls -l /dev/ | grep cd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrom1 -> sr0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrw1 -> sr0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 2009-09-15 22:13 pktcdvd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 scd0 -> sr0 crw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 21, 2 2009-09-15 22:13 sg2 brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 2009-09-15 22:13 sr0

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  • Using wildcard domains to serve images without http blocking

    - by iopener
    I read that browsers sometimes block waiting for multiple images from the same host, and I'm trying to do everything I can to speed up page load times. One caveat: I need to serve files over HTTPS. Any opinions about whether this is feasible: Setup a wildcard cert for *.domain.com. Whenever I need an image, generate an number based on a hash mod 5 of the filename, and append it to an 'img' subdomain (eg img1.domain.com, img4.domain.com, img3.domain.com, etc.); the hash will make any filename always use the same subdomain, and therefore the browser should be able to cache the images Configure a dynamic virtualhost record to point all img#. subdomains to /var/www/img I am looking for feedback about this plan. My concerns are: Will I get warnings when my page has https:// links to multiple subdomains? Is the dynamic virtualhost record I'm talking about even possible? Considering the amount of processing this would require, is it likely to even produce any kind of overall benefit? I'm probably averaging a half-dozen images per page, with only half being changed on each page refresh. Thanks in advance for you feedback.

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  • How to minimize the risk of employees spreading critical information?

    - by Industrial
    Hi everyone, What's common sense when it comes to minimising the risk of employees spreading critical information to rivalling companies? As of today, it's clear that not even the US government and military can be sure that their data stays safely within their doors. Thereby I understand that my question probably instead should be written as "What is common sense to make it harder for employees to spread business critical information?" If anyone would want to spread information, they will find a way. That's the way life work and always has. If we make the scenario a bit more realistic by narrowing our workforce by assuming we only have regular John Does onboard and not Linux-loving sysadmins , what should be good precautions to at least make it harder for the employees to send business-critical information to the competition? As far as I can tell, there's a few obvious solutions that clearly has both pros and cons: Block services such as Dropbox and similar, preventing anyone to send gigabytes of data through the wire. Ensure that only files below a set size can be sent as email (?) Setup VLANs between departments to make it harder for kleptomaniacs and curious people to snoop around. Plug all removable media units - CD/DVD, Floppy drives and USB Make sure that no configurations to hardware can be made (?) Monitor network traffic for non-linear events (how?) What is realistic to do in a real world? How does big companies handle this? Sure, we can take the former employer to court and sue, but by then the damage has already been caused... Thanks a lot

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  • Bad performance with Linux software RAID5 and LUKS encryption

    - by Philipp Wendler
    I have set up a Linux software RAID5 on three hard drives and want to encrypt it with cryptsetup/LUKS. My tests showed that the encryption leads to a massive performance decrease that I cannot explain. The RAID5 is able to write 187 MB/s [1] without encryption. With encryption on top of it, write speed is down to about 40 MB/s. The RAID has a chunk size of 512K and a write intent bitmap. I used -c aes-xts-plain -s 512 --align-payload=2048 as the parameters for cryptsetup luksFormat, so the payload should be aligned to 2048 blocks of 512 bytes (i.e., 1MB). cryptsetup luksDump shows a payload offset of 4096. So I think the alignment is correct and fits to the RAID chunk size. The CPU is not the bottleneck, as it has hardware support for AES (aesni_intel). If I write on another drive (an SSD with LVM) that is also encrypted, I do have a write speed of 150 MB/s. top shows that the CPU usage is indeed very low, only the RAID5 xor takes 14%. I also tried putting a filesystem (ext4) directly on the unencrypted RAID so see if the layering is problem. The filesystem decreases the performance a little bit as expected, but by far not that much (write speed varying, but 100 MB/s). Summary: Disks + RAID5: good Disks + RAID5 + ext4: good Disks + RAID5 + encryption: bad SSD + encryption + LVM + ext4: good The read performance is not affected by the encryption, it is 207 MB/s without and 205 MB/s with encryption (also showing that CPU power is not the problem). What can I do to improve the write performance of the encrypted RAID? [1] All speed measurements were done with several runs of dd if=/dev/zero of=DEV bs=100M count=100 (i.e., writing 10G in blocks of 100M). Edit: If this helps: I'm using Ubuntu 11.04 64bit with Linux 2.6.38. Edit2: The performance stays approximately the same if I pass a block size of 4KB, 1MB or 10MB to dd.

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  • Large, high performance object or key/value store for HTTP serving on Linux

    - by Tommy
    I have a service that serves images to end users at a very high rate using plain HTTP. The images vary between 4 and 64kbytes, and there are 1.300.000.000 of them in total. The dataset is about 30TiB in size and changes (new objects, updates, deletes) make out less than 1% of the requests. The number of requests pr. second vary from 240 to 9000 and is dispersed pretty much all over, with few objects being especially "hot". As of now, these images are files on a ext3 filesystem distributed read only across a large amount of mid range servers. This poses several problems: Using a fileysystem is very inefficient since the metadata size is large, the inode/dentry cache is volatile on linux and some daemons tend to stat()/readdir() it's way through the directory structure, which in my case becomes very expensive. Updating the dataset is very time consuming and requires remounting between set A and B. The only reasonable handling is operating on the block device for backup, copying, etc. What I would like is a deamon that: speaks HTTP (get, put, delete and perhaps update) stores data it in an efficient structure. The index should remain in memory, and considering the amount of objects, the overhead must be small. The software should be able to handle massive connections with slow (if any) time needed to ramp up. Index should be read in memory at startup. Statistics would be nice, but not mandatory. I have experimented a bit with riak, redis, mongodb, kyoto and varnish with persistent storage, but I haven't had the chance to dig in really deep yet.

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  • Redirect from folder containing website

    - by Sam
    I have a website reached from this url: http://www.mysite.com/cms/index.php being served from this directory: public_html/cms/index.php In public_html I have this .htaccess RewriteRule (.*) cms/$1 [L] Which lets me get to the site like this: http://www.mysite.com/index.php But now if I reference the 'old' address, I'd like to redirect to the rewritten address with a permanent redirect code. for example: http://www.mysite.com/cms/?q=node/1 is redirected to... http://www.mysite.com/?q=node/1 How can I make this happen? EDIT: Also in the .htaccess file supplied with Drupal(cms), this is written. I've tried enabling it, but it doesn't seem to have any effect. # Modify the RewriteBase if you are using Drupal in a subdirectory or in a # VirtualDocumentRoot and the rewrite rules are not working properly. # For example if your site is at http://example.com/drupal uncomment and # modify the following line: # RewriteBase /drupal EDIT: Including more of my .htaccess file - seems relevant. # Block access to "hidden" directories whose names begin with a period. RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F] #Strip cms folder from url RewriteRule (.*) cms/$1 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico RewriteRule ^ index.php [L] # Rules to correctly serve gzip compressed CSS and JS files. # Requires both mod_rewrite and mod_headers to be enabled. <IfModule mod_headers.c> # Serve gzip compressed CSS files if they exist and the client accepts gzip. RewriteCond %{HTTP:Accept-encoding} gzip RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}\.gz -s RewriteRule ^(.*)\.css $1\.css\.gz [QSA] # Serve gzip compressed JS files if they exist and the client accepts gzip. RewriteCond %{HTTP:Accept-encoding} gzip RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}\.gz -s RewriteRule ^(.*)\.js $1\.js\.gz [QSA] # Serve correct content types, and prevent mod_deflate double gzip. RewriteRule \.css\.gz$ - [T=text/css,E=no-gzip:1] RewriteRule \.js\.gz$ - [T=text/javascript,E=no-gzip:1] <FilesMatch "(\.js\.gz|\.css\.gz)$"> # Serve correct encoding type. Header append Content-Encoding gzip # Force proxies to cache gzipped & non-gzipped css/js files separately. Header append Vary Accept-Encoding </FilesMatch>

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  • Windows thinks outgoing connections are incoming connections?

    - by Slayer537
    I have a rather weird issue.. I'm trying to configure Windows Firewall to block all outgoing connections to a certain app, but allow all incoming. This app is used to transfer files across a network. The reason for this type of setup is to only allow certain users (IP Address) access to the files I have, but to still allow others to see what's available. Since Windows Firewall defaults to allowing all outgoing connections, I made a rule to deny all outgoing connections that were not in the IP ranges I specified. For the incoming connections, I'd like to leave it at allow all, but at the moment it is set to only allow the connections that also have outgoing permissions set. If I blanket say allow all incoming connections, I observe that unauthorized IP Address are able to actually download files, even though their IP was blocked in the outgoing connections. To shed a little more visibility on this, I used NetLimiter to see what was going on. NetLimiter showed me that the connection was an incoming connection. Shouldn't this be an outgoing connection, as I am uploading files to them, not the other way around? Is there a way to make the connection type be correct and show up as outgoing instead of incoming?

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  • On linux, what does it mean when a directory has size 0 instead of 4096?

    - by kdt
    Here's a strange thing I haven't seen before -- a directory whose size is reported by ls as 0 instead of 4096, and I can't create any files within it. # ls -ld lib home drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Feb 7 03:10 home <-- it has zero size dr-xr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Feb 4 09:28 lib # touch home/foo touch: cannot touch `home/foo': No such file or directory <-- and I can't create files in it # rm home rm: cannot remove `home': Is a directory <-- look, it really is a dir So what does it mean for a directory to have size 0 instead of 4096? Filesystem is ext4 on fedora core 14. The output of mount is: /dev/mapper/vg_dev-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/vda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw) Output of du -s /home: 0 /home Output of stat /home: File: `/home' Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 1024 directory Device: 15h/21d Inode: 34913 Links: 2 Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2011-02-07 03:45:46.188995765 -0800 Modify: 2011-02-07 03:11:59.980995019 -0800 Change: 2011-02-06 07:58:45.874995002 -0800

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