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  • Why do we use to talk about addresses and memory of variable in C?

    - by user2720323
    Why do we use to talk about addresses and memory of variable in C, where in other languages (like in Java, .Net etc) we do not talk about variable address and memory in a program, we will directly use the variables. But in C Language we are listening the word address and memory. How to explain this? I hope C is high level language designed over the assembly language. So C is a thin layer over assembly language (in assembly language we will use memory locations to store a variable and track a variable). But in other languages these addresses and memory related things are wrapped in that specific language, so that we will not listen these words.

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  • What are steps in making an operating system in C ? [duplicate]

    - by ps06756
    This question already has an answer here: Compiler/OS Design - Where to start [closed] 3 answers I am trying to make an my own OS. This is for educational purpose only, so that I get to understand the internals as well as get a good idea of low level programming. I have some prior application development experience in C#/python/C++/C. I am a noob in assembly language(very less experience and knowledge). I understand that in writing an operating system,we can't go without assembly language. Currently, I have just printed a string in assembly language in the boot sector using qemu and BIOS interrupts. What I want is that, can someone specifically point out the steps that I need to follow to make my operating systems run C programs. So that, I can start writing my OS in C. Any other piece of advice to help a newbie, regarding the same is also welcome. Although, I have looked into many os development related tutorials/websites, I can't seem to find this information anywhere.

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  • VS2010 Assembly Load Error

    - by Nate
    I am getting the following error when I try to build an ASP.NET 4 project in Visual Studio 2010: "Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll' or one of its dependencies. Operation is not supported. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131515)". I have verified that the dll does, in fact, exist, and is getting copied to the bin folder correctly. I have also tried removing and then re-adding the reference to the project. The build only fails when I switch the Solution Configuration to "Release". It does not fail when the Solution Configuration is set to "Debug". The only difference between the two configurations (that I know of) is shown in the following Web.config transform, Web.Release.config: <?xml version="1.0"?> <configuration xmlns:xdt="http://schemas.microsoft.com/XML-Document-Transform"> <connectionStrings> <add name="SqlServer" connectionString="" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" xdt:Transform="SetAttributes" xdt:Locator="Match(name)"/> </connectionStrings> <system.web> <compilation xdt:Transform="RemoveAttributes(debug)" /> <customErrors mode="On" xdt:Transform="Replace"> <error statusCode="404" redirect="lost.htm" /> <error statusCode="500" redirect="uhoh.htm" /> </customErrors> </system.web> </configuration> I have tried using Fusion Log Viewer to track down the assembly binding issue, but it looks like it is finding and loading the assembly correctly. Here is the log: *** Assembly Binder Log Entry (6/8/2010 @ 10:01:54 AM) *** The operation was successful. Bind result: hr = 0x0. The operation completed successfully. Assembly manager loaded from: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll Running under executable c:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.0A\bin\NETFX 4.0 Tools\sgen.exe --- A detailed error log follows. === Pre-bind state information === LOG: User = User LOG: Where-ref bind. Location = C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll LOG: Appbase = file:///c:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft SDKs/Windows/v7.0A/bin/NETFX 4.0 Tools/ LOG: Initial PrivatePath = NULL LOG: Dynamic Base = NULL LOG: Cache Base = NULL LOG: AppName = sgen.exe Calling assembly : (Unknown). === LOG: This bind starts in LoadFrom load context. WRN: Native image will not be probed in LoadFrom context. Native image will only be probed in default load context, like with Assembly.Load(). LOG: No application configuration file found. LOG: Using host configuration file: LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config. LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Dev/project/trunk/bin/Elmah.dll. LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll LOG: Entering run-from-source setup phase. LOG: Assembly Name is: Elmah, Version=1.1.11517.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null LOG: Re-apply policy for where-ref bind. LOG: Where-ref bind Codebase does not match what is found in default context. Keep the result in LoadFrom context. LOG: Binding succeeds. Returns assembly from C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll. LOG: Assembly is loaded in LoadFrom load context. I feel like there is a fundamental lack of understanding on my part as to what exactly is going on here. Any explanation/help is much appreciated!

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  • Merging free space of hard drive to primary partition

    - by Dibya Ranjan
    I have purchased a new HDD, I tried to format making 1 primary partition, I converted the rest unallocated space to extended partition then to logical drive now I have 3 logical drives. I feel that the size allocated to the primary partition is less so I used shrink option to the 3 logical partitions in diskmgmt but each partition is resulting in one memory block of Free space. Now I want to merge these free spaces to my primary partition.

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  • Drbd Primary/Primary + iSCSI: accessing to different files avoids split brain?

    - by Eddie C.
    I have a question / curiosity about split-brain on a Drbd Primary/Primary configuration. Supposing two nodes (hosts), host1 and host2 configured with Drbd Primary/Primary and two different shares (NFS, CIFS o iSCSI) of a replicated area (saying /drbd) /drbd/file1.data /drbd/file2.data If a pool of client would access only by host1 share reading and wrinting only file1.data and another pool only by host2 share to file2.data, this scenario should avoid split brain situation in case of one node failure or it's just a conjecture? The final purpose is load balance between the two nodes in normal condition and collapsing to one node only in case of failure. Thank you! Eddie

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  • Seamlessly Authenticate with a Secondary Active Directory Server (when primary is down)

    - by LonnieBest
    How do you get workstations to (seamlessly) authenticate with a secondary Active Directory server when the primary one is down? Background: I added a secondary Active Directory server to a company's network, hoping that it would do authentication in the event that the primary Active Directory server was down. Although, the Secondary Active Directory server seems to be replicating correctly, authentication doesn't occur while rebooting the primary Active Directory server. Do I have a misunderstanding regarding the role of a secondary Active Directory server, or are there additional settings I must set to get the workstations to authenticate with it when the primary is down?

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  • trying to setup multiple primary partitions on ubuntu linux [migrated]

    - by JohnMerlino
    I currently have ubuntu desktop installed on a harddrive. I want to partition the harddrive so that I can reserve 30 gigs for ubuntu server and 30 gigs for ubuntu desktop. The drive has 300 gigs available. Right now I am booting from dvd drive and installing ubuntu server. I selected "Guided partitioning" and created a 30 gig primary partition of Ext4 journaling filesystem, set "yes, format it" for format partition and set bootable flag to on. I intend to use this 30 gig partition to hold ubuntu server and allow me to boot from it. Now I have two other partitions. They are both set to "logical", one is currently using 285.8 gigs and is using ext4 (when I try to set bootable flag to true, it gives a warning "You are trying to set the bootable flag on a logical partition. The bootable flag is only useful on the primary partitions"). More alarming it says "No existing file system was detected in this partition". Actually, Im thinking that this is the parittion that is supposed to be holding my current Ubuntu Desktop. And of course I want this to be bootable and be a primary partition, so I could dual boot from this and the server partition. Now the third partition is also set to logical and it is being used as swap area. My question is regarding that second partition. Its supposed to be a primary partition thats holding my existing ubuntu desktop edition. How do I switch it to primary and to make sure that its pointing to my existing desktop installation?

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  • Web Site Performance and Assembly Versioning

    - by capgpilk
    I originally wanted to write this post in one, but there is quite a large amount of information which can be broken down into different areas, so I am going to publish it in three posts. Minification and Concatination of JavaScript and CSS Files – this post Versioning Combined Files Using Subversion – published shortly Versioning Combined Files Using Mercurial – published shortly Website Performance There are many ways to improve web site performance, two areas are reducing the amount of data that is served up from the web server and reducing the number of files that are requested. Here I will outline the process of minimizing and concatenating your javascript and css files automatically at build time of your visual studio web site/ application. To edit the project file in Visual Studio, you need to first unload it by right clicking the project in Solution Explorer. I prefer to do this in a third party tool such as Notepad++ and save it there forcing VS to reload it each time I make a change as the whole process in Visual Studio can be a bit tedious. Now you have the project file, you will notice that it is an MSBuild project file. I am going to use a fantastic utility from Microsoft called Ajax Minifier. This tool minifies both javascript and css. 1. Import the tasks for AjaxMin choosing the location you installed to. I keep all third party utilities in a Tools directory within my solution structure and source control. This way I know I can get the entire solution from source control without worrying about what other tools I need to get the project to build locally. 1: <Import Project="..\Tools\MicrosoftAjaxMinifier\AjaxMin.tasks" /> 2. Now create ItemGroups for all your js and css files like this. Separating out your non minified files and minified files. This can go in the AfterBuild container. 1: <Target Name="AfterBuild"> 2:  3: <!-- Javascript files that need minimizing --> 4: <ItemGroup> 5: <JSMin Include="Scripts\jqModal.js" /> 6: <JSMin Include="Scripts\jquery.jcarousel.js" /> 7: <JSMin Include="Scripts\shadowbox.js" /> 8: </ItemGroup> 9: <!-- CSS files that need minimizing --> 10: <ItemGroup> 11: <CSSMin Include="Content\Site.css" /> 12: <CSSMin Include="Content\themes\base\jquery-ui.css" /> 13: <CSSMin Include="Content\shadowbox.css" /> 14: </ItemGroup>   1: <!-- Javascript files to combine --> 2: <ItemGroup> 3: <JSCat Include="Scripts\jqModal.min.js" /> 4: <JSCat Include="Scripts\jquery.jcarousel.min.js" /> 5: <JSCat Include="Scripts\shadowbox.min.js" /> 6: </ItemGroup> 7: <!-- CSS files to combine --> 8: <ItemGroup> 9: <CSSCat Include="Content\Site.min.css" /> 10: <CSSCat Include="Content\themes\base\jquery-ui.min.css" /> 11: <CSSCat Include="Content\shadowbox.min.css" /> 12: </ItemGroup>   3. Call AjaxMin to do the crunching. 1: <Message Text="Minimizing JS and CSS Files..." Importance="High" /> 2: <AjaxMin JsSourceFiles="@(JSMin)" JsSourceExtensionPattern="\.js$" 3: JsTargetExtension=".min.js" JsEvalTreatment="MakeImmediateSafe" 4: CssSourceFiles="@(CSSMin)" CssSourceExtensionPattern="\.css$" 5: CssTargetExtension=".min.css" /> This will create the *.min.css and *.min.js files in the same directory the original files were. 4. Now concatenate the minified files into one for javascript and another for css. Here we write out the files with a default file name. In later posts I will cover versioning these files the same as your project assembly again to help performance. 1: <Message Text="Concat JS Files..." Importance="High" /> 2: <ReadLinesFromFile File="%(JSCat.Identity)"> 3: <Output TaskParameter="Lines" ItemName="JSLinesSite" /> 4: </ReadLinesFromFile> 5: <WriteLinestoFile File="Scripts\site-script.combined.min.js" Lines="@(JSLinesSite)" 6: Overwrite="true" /> 7: <Message Text="Concat CSS Files..." Importance="High" /> 8: <ReadLinesFromFile File="%(CSSCat.Identity)"> 9: <Output TaskParameter="Lines" ItemName="CSSLinesSite" /> 10: </ReadLinesFromFile> 11: <WriteLinestoFile File="Content\site-style.combined.min.css" Lines="@(CSSLinesSite)" 12: Overwrite="true" /> 5. Save the project file, if you have Visual Studio open it will ask you to reload the project. You can now run a build and these minified and combined files will be created automatically. 6. Finally reference these minified combined files in your web page. In the next two posts I will cover versioning these files to match your assembly.

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  • Why does my App.Config codebase not help .NET locate my assembly?

    - by pkolodziej
    I have the following client application and its corresponding config file: namespace Chapter9 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ExecuteAssembly("AssemblyPrivate.exe"); } } } <configuration> <runtime> <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"> <dependentAssembly> <codeBase href="file://C:\Users\djpiter\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\70536\AssemblyPrivate\bin\Debug\AssemblyPrivate.exe"/> </dependentAssembly> </assemblyBinding> </runtime> </configuration> The AssemblyPrivate.exe does not have a public key, nor is it located in the GAC. As far as I know, the runtime should parse the app.config file before looking for an assembly in the client app directory. The unhandled exception (wrapped for readability) is: Unhandled Exception: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\Users\djpiter\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\70536\Chapter9\bin\Debug\AssemblyPrivate.exe' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified. Why it is not working? I need to use dynamic binding (not static). Kind Regards, PK

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  • How can I create an Assembly program WITHOUT using libraries?

    - by Newbie
    Hello. I've literally only just started looking to learn Assembly language. I'm using the NASM assembler on Windows Vista. Usually, when I begin to learn a new language, I'll copy someone else's Hello World code and try to understand it line-by-line. However, I'm finding it suprisingy difficult to find a Hello World program that doesn't reference other libraries! You see, there's no point trying to understand each line of the code if it is closely linked with a whole library of additional code! One of the reasons I want to learn Assembly is so that I can have near complete control over the programs I write. I don't want to be depending on any libraries. And so my question is this: Can anyone give me NASM-compatible Assembly code to a completely stand-alone Hello World program that can output to the Windows Vista console? Alternatively, I appreciate that a library may be required to tell the pogram WHERE to print the output (ie. the Windows console). Other than that, I can't see why any libraries should be required. Am I overlooking anything?

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  • Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ListObject vs Microsoft.Office.Tools.Excel.ListObject

    - by Kavita A
    I need to access the Selected Event of all the listobjects in all the worksheets of my workbook but when I access worksheet.listobject, that object apparently belongs to Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ListObject and so doesn't have any events where as the table list object belongs to Microsoft.Office.Tools.Excel.ListObject. And I read that Microsoft.Office.Tools.Excel.ListObject.InnerObject = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.ListObject but i don't know how to use it. Pls Help Thanks, Kavita

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  • Interop type cannot be embedded

    - by Jan
    I am creating an web application on the .net 4.0 framework (beta2 ) in C#. When I try to use a assembly called "ActiveHomeScriptLib", I get the following error: Interop type 'ActiveHomeScriptLib.ActiveHomeClass' cannot be embedded. Use the applicable interface instead. When I change the framework to version 3.5, I don't have any errors. What is an Interop Type and why does this only occur when I use the 4.0 framework.

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  • Confusion of the "stack" in Assembly-level programming

    - by Bigyellow Bastion
    What is the "stack" exactly? I've read articles, tried comprehending it through my understanding, experience, and educated guessing of programming and computers, but I'm a bit perplexed here. The "stack" is a region in RAM? Or is it some other space I'm uncertain of here? The processor pushes bits through registers on to the stack in RAM, or do I have it wrong here? Also, the processor moves the bits from the RAM to the register to "process" it, such as maybe a compare, arithmetic, etc. But what actually can help understand, in some visual or verbal description or both, of how to implement the idea of a "stack" here? Is the stack actually the same in terminology with a "machine stack" meaning it's in RAM? I'm sorry, I don't want to solicit debate or arguments, but I really could use some help here if anyone can straighten things out. TO ADD: I know what a software stack is. I know about LIFO, FIFO, etc. I just want to gain a better understanding of the Assembly-level stack, what it is, where it is, how exactly it works, etc. Thanks for reading!

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  • Structure of a .NET Assembly

    - by Om Talsania
    Assembly is the smallest unit of deployment in .NET Framework.When you compile your C# code, it will get converted into a managed module. A managed module is a standard EXE or DLL. This managed module will have the IL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code and the metadata. Apart from this it will also have header information.The following table describes parts of a managed module.PartDescriptionPE HeaderPE32 Header for 32-bit PE32+ Header for 64-bit This is a standard Windows PE header which indicates the type of the file, i.e. whether it is an EXE or a DLL. It also contains the timestamp of the file creation date and time. It also contains some other fields which might be needed for an unmanaged PE (Portable Executable), but not important for a managed one. For managed PE, the next header i.e. CLR header is more importantCLR HeaderContains the version of the CLR required, some flags, token of the entry point method (Main), size and location of the metadata, resources, strong name, etc.MetadataThere can be many metadata tables. They can be categorized into 2 major categories.1. Tables that describe the types and members defined in your code2. Tables that describe the types and members referenced by your codeIL CodeMSIL representation of the C# code. At runtime, the CLR converts it into native instructions

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  • Why is Ubuntu unmounting my primary hard drive?

    - by Twisol
    I'm running Ubuntu 10.10 on my laptop (an Asus G73j), dual-booting Windows 7 if that matters. After using the computer for couple of hours or so, I get a popup complaining that a file was unmounted, then my GNOME desktop panels disappear. I can't save any unsaved work (the file browser shows "Filesystem" as totally empty), and other programs break in odd ways (like Chrome can't browse to any new pages, but keeps current ones going... at least I still have Pandora to listen to when this happens!). I've tried looking in the system logs to no avail; I'm assuming that it can't write any errors to the logs because, of course, the logs are on the primary hard drives. This started happening maybe a few days ago. Yesterday I upgraded from 10.4, but I believe it was happening before then. Any advice for figuring this out? EDIT: It just happened again, and I heard a small little clicky sound from the hard drive about five seconds before things went south. I'm thinking I should start backing up ASAP. In response to a comment, here's the dmesg output: http://askubuntu.pastebin.com/uYGshBay Also, the SMART status says the disk has a few bad sectors, and the detailed data says there are 14. It says it passed the self-assessment though. Lastly, this doesn't seem to be happening when I'm on Windows. I recently re-enabled ureadahead (which I disabled ages ago because it was causing Ubuntu to hang at the startup logo), could that be the source of the problem? I've disabled it again to see.

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  • NDepend query methods/types in framework assembly being used by other assemblies/types

    - by icelava
    I am trying to determine which types or methods in a base framework assembly are being used by other assemblies in the application system. I cannot seem to find a straight-cut query to do that. What i have to do is first determine which assemblies are directly using the framework assembly, then manually list them in a second query SELECT TYPES FROM ASSEMBLIES "IBM.Data.DB2" WHERE IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:FirstDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:SecondDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:ThirdDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:FourthDirectUsedByAssebmly" Is there a better/faster way to query for this? Additionally, the query results are focused on the matched types only. The Dependency graph or matrix exported only shows details of those. I do not know how to render a graph that shows those types or methods plus show the dependent types/methods from other assemblies that are consuming them?

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  • The maven assembly plugin is not using the finalName for installing with attach=true?

    - by Roland Wiesemann
    I have configured following assembly: <build> <plugins> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.2-beta-5</version> <executions> <execution> <id>${project.name}-test-assembly</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>single</goal> </goals> <configuration> <appendAssemblyId>false</appendAssemblyId> <finalName>${project.name}-test</finalName> <filters> <filter>src/assemble/test/distribution.properties</filter> </filters> <descriptors> <descriptor>src/assemble/distribution.xml</descriptor> </descriptors> <attach>true</attach> </configuration> </execution> <execution> <id>${project.name}-prod-assembly</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>single</goal> </goals> <configuration> <appendAssemblyId>false</appendAssemblyId> <finalName>${project.name}-prod</finalName> <filters> <filter>src/assemble/prod/distribution.properties</filter> </filters> <descriptors> <descriptor>src/assemble/distribution.xml</descriptor> </descriptors> <attach>true</attach> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> This produced two zip-files: distribution-prod.zip distribution-test.zip My expectation for the property attach=true is, that the two zip-files are installed with the name as given in property finalName. But the result is, only one file is installed (attached) to the artifact. The maven protocol is: distrib-0.1-SNAPSHOT.zip distrib-0.1-SNAPSHOT.zip The plugin is using the artifact-id instead of property finalName! Is this a bug? The last installation is overwriting the first one. What can i do to install this two files with different names? Thanks for your investigation. Roland

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  • Are their any suggestions for this new assembly language?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Greetings! Last semester in college, my teacher in the Computer Languages class taught us the esoteric language named Whitespace. In the interest of learning the language better with a very busy schedule (midterms), I wrote an interpreter and assembler in Python. An assembly language was designed to facilitate writing programs easily, and a sample program was written with the given assembly mnemonics. Now that it is summer, a new project has begun with the objective being to rewrite the interpreter and assembler for Whitespace 0.3, with further developments coming afterwards. Since there is so much extra time than before to work on its design, you are presented here with an outline that provides a revised set of mnemonics for the assembly language. This post is marked as a wiki for their discussion. Have you ever had any experience with assembly languages in the past? Were there some instructions that you thought should have been renamed to something different? Did you find yourself thinking outside the box and with a different paradigm than in which the mnemonics were named? If you can answer yes to any of those questions, you are most welcome here. Subjective answers are appreciated! Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. save Store load Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller exit End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Question: How would you redesign, rewrite, or rename the previous mnemonics and for what reasons?

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  • Are there any suggestions for these new assembly mnemonics?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Greetings! Last semester in college, my teacher in the Computer Languages class taught us the esoteric language named Whitespace. In the interest of learning the language better with a very busy schedule (midterms), I wrote an interpreter and assembler in Python. An assembly language was designed to facilitate writing programs easily, and a sample program was written with the given assembly mnemonics. Now that it is summer, a new project has begun with the objective being to rewrite the interpreter and assembler for Whitespace 0.3, with further developments coming afterwards. Since there is so much extra time than before to work on its design, you are presented here with an outline that provides a revised set of mnemonics for the assembly language. This post is marked as a wiki for their discussion. Have you ever had any experience with assembly languages in the past? Were there some instructions that you thought should have been renamed to something different? Did you find yourself thinking outside the box and with a different paradigm than in which the mnemonics were named? If you can answer yes to any of those questions, you are most welcome here. Subjective answers are appreciated! Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. save Store load Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller halt End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Question: How would you redesign, rewrite, or rename the previous mnemonics and for what reasons?

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  • Do I need to force the GAC to reload an assembly? Is this possible?

    - by Ben McCormack
    I've added types to my .NET classes that I'm using for COM interop. To get it to work with my VB6 application, I unregistered the DLL and re-registered it (using regasm). I then uninstalled and reinstalled it to the GAC (using gacutil). The types are showing up in the VB6 object explorer, but when I run the application in the VB6 IDE, it breaks on the line that instantiates the new types with the error: Automation Errror - The System cannot find the file specified. I thought this odd since I had already updated the GAC, so I uninstalled the dll from the GAC and got the exact same error, which seems to indicate that the older version of the dll is already in memory and needs to be "reloaded" so that the newer DLL is in memory. Is this possible, and if so, what do I need to do?

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  • Assembly.CodeBase: when is it no file-URI?

    - by Marc Wittke
    Assembly.Location gives a plain path to the assembly. Unfortunately this is empty when running in a shadowed environment, such as unit test or ASP.NET. Hovever, the Codebase property is available and provides a URI that can be used instead. In which cases it returns no URI starting with file:///? Or in other words: what are the cases in which this won't work or will return unusable results? Assembly assembly = GetType().Assembly; Uri codeBaseUri = new Uri(assembly.CodeBase); string path = codeBaseUri.LocalPath;

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  • Hiding an internal interface in a "friend" assembly

    - by dmo
    I have two assemblies: A and B. A has InternalsVisibleTo set for B. I would like to make calls from A to get information that can only be known by a type defined in B in a way that keeps things internal. I can do this using an internal interface defined in A and implemented explicitly in B. Assembly A internal interface IHasData { Data GetData(); } class ClassA { DoSomething(IHasData); } Assembly B public abstract class ClassB : IHasData { Data IHasData.GetData() { /** do something internal **/ } } The trouble comes when someone references assembly B and derives from ClassB - they get the error: "The type 'AssemblyA.IHasData' is defined in an assembly that is not referenced" even though that type should be invisible to them. If I look at the public type definition I see what I expect - ClassB with no interfaces implemented. Why do I get this error? All of the implementation is in assembly B. I could use IHasData internally in ClassB and that wouldn't require assembly A to be referenced. Can someone help me understand what is going on?

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  • foreign key constraints on primary key columns - issues ?

    - by zzzeek
    What are the pros/cons from a performance/indexing/data management perspective of creating a one-to-one relationship between tables using the primary key on the child as foreign key, versus a pure surrogate primary key on the child? The first approach seems to reduce redundancy and nicely constrains the one-to-one implicitly, while the second approach seems to be favored by DBAs, even though it creates a second index: create table parent ( id integer primary key, data varchar(50) ) create table child ( id integer primary key references parent(id), data varchar(50) ) pure surrogate key: create table parent ( id integer primary key, data varchar(50) ) create table child ( id integer primary key, parent_id integer unique references parent(id), data varchar(50) ) the platforms of interest here are Postgresql, Microsoft SQL Server.

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  • How to create an entity with a composite primary key containing a generated value.

    - by David
    Using Hibernate + annotations, I'm trying to do the following: Two entities, Entity1 and Entity2. Entity1 contains a simple generated value primary key. Entity2 primary key is composed by a simple generated value + the id of entity one (with a many to one relationship) Unfortunately, I can't make it work. Here is an excerpt of the code: @Entity public class Entity1 { @Id @GeneratedValue private Long id; private String name; ... } @Entity public class Entity2 { @EmbeddedId private Entity2PK pk = new Entity2PK(); private String miscData; ... } @Embeddable public class Entity2PK implements Serializable { @GeneratedValue private Long id; @ManyToOne private Entity1 entity; } void test() { Entity1 e1 = new Entity1(); e1.setName("nameE1"); Entity2 e2 = new Entity2(); e2.setEntity1(e1); e2.setMiscData("test"); Transaction transaction = session.getTransaction(); try { transaction.begin(); session.save(e1); session.save(e2); transaction.commit(); } catch (Exception e) { transaction.rollback(); } finally { session.close(); } } When I run the test method I get the following errors: Hibernate: insert into Entity1 (id, name) values (null, ?) Hibernate: call identity() Hibernate: insert into Entity2 (miscData, entity_id, id) values (?, ?, ?) 07-Jun-2010 10:51:11 org.hibernate.util.JDBCExceptionReporter logExceptions WARNING: SQL Error: 0, SQLState: null 07-Jun-2010 10:51:11 org.hibernate.util.JDBCExceptionReporter logExceptions SEVERE: failed batch 07-Jun-2010 10:51:11 org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener performExecutions SEVERE: Could not synchronize database state with session org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Could not execute JDBC batch update at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException(SQLStateConverter.java:103) at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.java:91) at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelper.java:43) at org.hibernate.jdbc.AbstractBatcher.executeBatch(AbstractBatcher.java:254) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:266) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:167) at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:298) at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:27) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1001) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:339) at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:106) at test.App.main(App.java:32) Caused by: java.sql.BatchUpdateException: failed batch at org.hsqldb.jdbc.jdbcStatement.executeBatch(Unknown Source) at org.hsqldb.jdbc.jdbcPreparedStatement.executeBatch(Unknown Source) at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.doExecuteBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:48) at org.hibernate.jdbc.AbstractBatcher.executeBatch(AbstractBatcher.java:247) ... 8 more Note that I use HSQLDB. Any ideas about what is wrong ?

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