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• Language Niches and Niche Libraries

  - by Roman A. Taycher

  "Everyone Knows" ... ... that c is widely used for low level programs in large part because operating system/device apis are usually in c. ... that Java is widely used for enterprise applications in large part because of enterprise libraries and ide support. ... that ruby is widely used for webapps thanks in large part because of rails and its library ecosytem But lets go into to details what are the specific niches and subniches. Especially with respect to libraries. Where might you embed lua for application scripting versus python. Where would you use Java vs C#. Which languages do different scientists use? Also which languages have libraries for these subniches? Things like bioperl/scipy/Incanter. Please no flamewars about how nice each language or environment is. This is where they used. Also no complaints about marketing/PHBs. (Manually migrated) I asked this question again after it was closed on stackoverflow.com

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• How do I create my own programming language and a compiler for it

  - by Dave

  I am thorough with programming and have come across languages including BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, LISP, LOGO, Java, C++, C, MATLAB, Mathematica, Python, Ruby, Perl, Javascript, Assembly and so on. I can't understand how people create programming languages and devise compilers for it. I also couldn't understand how people create OS like Windows, Mac, UNIX, DOS and so on. The other thing that is mysterious to me is how people create libraries like OpenGL, OpenCL, OpenCV, Cocoa, MFC and so on. The last thing I am unable to figure out is how scientists devise an assembly language and an assembler for a microprocessor. I would really like to learn all of these stuff and I am 15 years old. I always wanted to be a computer scientist some one like Babbage, Turing, Shannon, or Dennis Ritchie. I have already read Aho's Compiler Design and Tanenbaum's OS concepts book and they all only discuss concepts and code in a high level. They don't go into the details and nuances and how to devise a compiler or operating system. I want a concrete understanding so that I can create one myself and not just an understanding of what a thread, semaphore, process, or parsing is. I asked my brother about all this. He is a SB student in EECS at MIT and hasn't got a clue of how to actually create all these stuff in the real world. All he knows is just an understanding of Compiler Design and OS concepts like the ones that you guys have mentioned (ie like Thread, Synchronisation, Concurrency, memory management, Lexical Analysis, Intermediate code generation and so on)

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• First ATMs programming language

  - by revo

  First ATMs performed tasks like a cash dispenser, they were offline machines which worked with punch cards impregnated with Carbon and a 6-digit PIN code. Maximum withdrawal with a card was 10 pounds and each one was a one-time use card - ATM swallowed cards! The first ATM was installed in London in the year 1967, as I looked at time line of programming languages, there were many programming languages made before that decade. I don't know about the hardware neither, but in which programming language it was written? *I didn't find a detailed biography of John Shepherd-Barron (ATM inventor at 70s) Update I found this picture, which is taken from a newspaper back to the year 1972 in Iran. Translated PS : Shows Mr. Rad-lon (if spelled correctly), The manager of Barros (if spelled correctly) International Educational Institute in United Kingdom at the right, and Mr. Jim Sutherland - Expert of Computer Kiosks. In the rest of the text I found on this paper, these kind of ATMs which called "Automated Computer Kiosk" were advertised with this: Mr. Rad-lon (if spelled correctly) puts his card to one specific location of Automated Computer Kiosk and after 10 seconds he withdraws his cash. Two more questions are: 1- How those ATMs were so fast? (withdrawal in 10 seconds in that year) 2- I didn't find any text on Internet which state about "Automated Computer Kiosk", Is it valid or were they being called Computer in that time?

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• Why does there seem to be a lot of fear in choosing the "wrong" language to learn?

  - by Shewbox

  Perhaps its just me, but as a current CS student I have already come across many questions on this site and elsewhere about not just "Which language should I use for x?" but also "Does anyone still use language Y?" My first CS class was taught in Scheme, which, if I'm not mistaken, isn't used widely (at least in comparison to languages like Java, PHP, Python, etc). Many of my classmates balked at the idea of having to learn a language they would never have to use again, but I don't quite understand where so much of this fear of learning less popular languages comes from. No, I may not use Scheme in any job I get, but I certainly don't regret having learned to use it (albeit in a very beginner, not very in-depth manner in that one semester). I am taking a search engines class this semester, which is done in Perl and again I am seeing classmates complaining about the language choice. I can understand having a favorite language and disliking others but why do some get worked up over learning it in the first place? Can you really learn the "wrong" language? Isn't learning something like Scheme or Haskell good mental exercise if nothing else, and useful at least to exposure to different ways of solving problems?

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• Should sanity be a property of a programmer or a program?

  - by toplel32

  I design and implement languages, that can range from object notations to markup languages. In many cases I have considered restrictions in favor of sanity (common knowledge), like in the case of control characters in identifiers. There are two consequences to consider before doing this: It takes extra computation It narrows liberty I'm interested to learn how developers think of decisions like this. As you may know Microsoft C# is very open on the contrary. If you really want to prefix your integer as Long with 'l' instead of 'L' and so risk other developers of confusing '1' and 'l', no problem. If you want to name your variables in non-latin script so they will contrast with C#'s latin keywords, no problem. Or if you want to distribute a string over multiple lines and so break a series of indentation, no problem. It is cheap to ensure consistency with restrictions and this makes it tempting to implement. But in the case of disallowing non-latin characters (concerning the second example), it means a discredit to Unicode, because one would not take full advantage of its capacity.

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• Do you like languages that let you put the "then" before the "if"?

  - by Matt Hamilton

  I was reading through some C# code of mine today and found this line: if (ProgenyList.ItemContainerGenerator.Status != System.Windows.Controls.Primitives.GeneratorStatus.ContainersGenerated) return; Notice that you can tell without scrolling that it's an "if" statement that works with ItemContainerGenerator.Status, but you can't easily tell that if the "if" clause evaluates to "false" the method will return at that point. Realistically I should have moved the "return" statement to a line by itself, but it got me thinking about languages that allow the "then" part of the statement first. If C# permitted it, the line could look like this: return if (ProgenyList.ItemContainerGenerator.Status != System.Windows.Controls.Primitives.GeneratorStatus.ContainersGenerated); This might be a bit "argumentative", but I'm wondering what people think about this kind of construct. It might serve to make lines like the one above more readable, but it also might be disastrous. Imagine this code: return 3 if (x > y); Logically we can only return if x y, because there's no "else", but part of me looks at that and thinks, "are we still returning if x <= y? If so, what are we returning?" What do you think of the "then before the if" construct? Does it exist in your language of choice? Do you use it often? Would C# benefit from it?

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• Are there equivalents to Ruby's method_missing in other languages?

  - by Justin Ethier

  In Ruby, objects have a handy method called method_missing which allows one to handle method calls for methods that have not even been (explicitly) defined: Invoked by Ruby when obj is sent a message it cannot handle. symbol is the symbol for the method called, and args are any arguments that were passed to it. By default, the interpreter raises an error when this method is called. However, it is possible to override the method to provide more dynamic behavior. The example below creates a class Roman, which responds to methods with names consisting of roman numerals, returning the corresponding integer values. class Roman def romanToInt(str) # ... end def method_missing(methId) str = methId.id2name romanToInt(str) end end r = Roman.new r.iv #=> 4 r.xxiii #=> 23 r.mm #=> 2000 For example, Ruby on Rails uses this to allow calls to methods such as find_by_my_column_name. My question is, what other languages support an equivalent to method_missing, and how do you implement the equivalent in your code?

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• What are the best websites/web applications for specific languages?

  - by JM4

  Browsing around Stackoverflow, I get overwhelmed with the number of "Why should I learn Python/Ruby/PHP/.Net/jQuery..." and the list goes on. Most answers, although good, are usually battles from language A programmer to language B programmer detailing why one piece sucks more than another. People can discuss the theoretical benefits of one over another but in the end, money/glitz talks and the rest walks. I am more interested in the potential opportunity that can come from one language or another over others. A little background, I am a project manager turned novice 'programmer' out of corporate necessity within the small company I currently work with so I have both relatively no set preference or experience, more out of curiosity. While I realize all are not created equal and for similar things, I think it would be interesting to start a list of the best websites / web applications built on specific languages/frameworks just to highlight the possibilities with each and give somebody like me motivation to say "How the heck was that done? Time to buy a book/take a class and learn." Tell me and I will forget, Show me and I will learn, Involve me and I will understand - Teton Lakota

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• When to use Bash, when Python/Perl/Ruby? [closed]

  - by futlib

  What's your rationale for when to write a Bash script and when to use a more powerful scripting language (Python, Perl, Ruby, ...)? I'm finding that very simple scripts are nicer with Bash, but many of those get quite fancy over time, and it never seems like a good idea to rewrite the whole thing. That's why I'm leaning towards always using Python for all scripting. But since Bash seems to be the the lingua franca of Linux scripting, is that something a responsible system administrator would do?

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• What are the advantages of Ceylon over Java?

  - by Anuj Balan

  Looking for the recent and powerful upcoming programming languages over net, I came across Ceylon. I dropped in at ceylon-lang.org and it says: Ceylon is deeply influenced by Java. You see, we're fans of Java, but we know its limitations inside out. Ceylon keeps the best bits of Java but improves things that in our experience are annoying, tedious, frustrating, difficult to understand, or bugprone. What are the advantages of Ceylon over Java?

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• Are Ruby on Rails / Grails the fastest frameworks for getting sites up quickly?

  - by Jon

  I'm considering using Grails for a new website, but am open to other/new programming languages and frameworks. I have done development using J2EE/JSF2, ASP.NET, and PHP. Is Grails or Ruby on Rails pretty much the best way to get functionality up and running quickly? Some initial thoughts: DJango looks similar to RoR/Grails and I'd consider it GWT is an interesting concept but it doesn't seem like turnaround time is quite as fast Thanks, -Jon

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• Dependently typed language best suited to “real world” programming?

  - by Kim

  Which dependently typed programming languages could be used for real world application development? I will mostly be writing toy applications at first, after that maybe web development or a simple DBMS. These are some points, that I think are important: documentation example programs a good/big standard library an easy to use foreign function interface a community of people using the language for real world tasks tool support

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• F# in 90 Seconds

  - by Ben Griswold

  I mentioned in a previous post that we’ve started a languages club at the office.  In an effort to decide which language we will first concentrate on, I volunteered to give the rundown on F#.  Rather than providing a summary here, I’ve provided my slide deck for your viewing enjoyment.  There’s nothing special here outside of a some pretty cool characters from The 56 Geeks Project by Scott Johnson and collection of information from my prior functional programming presentations.   Download F# in 90 Seconds

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• Java Space on Parleys

  - by Yolande Poirier

  Now available! A great selection of JavaOne 2010 and JVM Language Summit 2010 sessions as well as Oracle Technology Network TechCasts on the new Java Space on Parleys website. Oracle partnered with Stephan Janssen, founder of Parleys to make this happen. Parleys website offers a user friendly experience to view online content. You can download some of the talks to your desktop or watch them on the go on mobile devices. The current selection is a well of expertise from top Java luminaries and Oracle experts. JavaOne 2010 sessions: ·        Best practices for signing code by Sean Mullan   ·        Building software using rich client platforms by Rickard Thulin ·        Developing beyond the component libraries by Ryan Cuprak ·        Java API for keyhole markup language by Florian Bachmann ·        Avoiding common user experience anti-patterns by Burk Hufnagel ·        Accelerating Java workloads via GPUs by Gary Frost JVM Languages Summit 2010 sessions: ·      Mixed language project compilation in Eclipse by Andy Clement  ·      Gathering the threads by John Rose  ·      LINQ: language features for concurrency by Neal Gafter  ·      Improvements in OpenJDK useful for JVM languages by Eric Caspole  ·      Symmetric Multilanguage - VM Architecture by Oleg Pliss  Special interviews with Oracle experts on product innovations: ·      Ludovic Champenois, Java EE architect on Glassfish 3.1 and Java EE. ·      John Jullion-Ceccarelli and Martin Ryzl on NetBeans IDE 6.9 You can chose to listen to a section of talks using the agenda view and search for related content while watching a presentation.  Enjoy the Java content and vote on it! 

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• As a web designer, which language should I learn first for my feature career? (PHP or JavaScript) [closed]

  - by kdevs3

  Possible Duplicates: Best Programming Language for Web Development How can I choose a web development language? What language will you choose if you are going to build something big? What is the right option of programming languages and tools for building our website? What is the easiest web programing language at....? Well, I'm more of a basic web designer. I know the easy stuff pretty well. (Ya know, html, css) But I've been trying to take it to the next step and I'm contemplating about what I should learn that will help me out the most in my future web design/programming career, should it be JavaScript or maybe I should try to learn a back end programming language such as PHP. Lately, I have been hearing about a lot how JavaScript is so great and useful now, because of libraries such as jQuery and what possibility's it can bring by using Node.js and other frameworks. I've only learned the most basic of JavaScript and used some jQuery (mostly plugins) so i wouldn't know at all of what it can actually do. Would JS being so popular as it is now and useful, be a reason to stick with JavaScript and only learn it that for now? Or as a web designer, how important would it be to learn how to make a web application/website operate and functional, and know how to work with servers, etc? (Such as getting forms to work and sending data to the server and back) I've took a look at frameworks such as Code Igniter before, and looks really simple to get started with if I try to learn PHP, But I'm not sure how important it is for my career and what I would gain out of it. I'm asking because I can't decide what I should learn first. When I select it, I really want to take my time and learn the language. I don't want to spend time on learning multiple languages at the same time, so I need to pick wisely. I'm trying to turn the right direction so my career can hopefully be successful in the feature. (If money/gaining a job asked if its important, then its a yeah, it is a bit) I'm hoping I can get opinions and suggestions on this question, thanks for giving me your thoughts also.

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• Programming and Ubiquitous Language (DDD) in a non-English domain

  - by Sandor Drieënhuizen

  I know there are some questions already here that are closely related to this subject but none of them take Ubiquitous Language as the starting point so I think that justifies this question. For those who don't know: Ubiquitous Language is the concept of defining a (both spoken and written) language that is equally used across developers and domain experts to avoid inconsistencies and miscommunication due to translation problems and misunderstanding. You will see the same terminology show up in code, conversations between any team member, functional specs and whatnot. So, what I was wondering about is how to deal with Ubiquitous Language in non-English domains. Personally, I strongly favor writing programming code in English completely, including comments but ofcourse excluding constants and resources. However, in a non-English domain, I'm forced to make a decision either to: Write code reflecting the Ubiquitous Language in the natural language of the domain. Translate the Ubiquitous Language to English and stop communicating in the natural language of the domain. Define a table that defines how the Ubiquitous Language translates to English. Here are some of my thoughts based on these options: 1) I have a strong aversion against mixed-language code, that is coding using type/member/variable names etc. that are non-English. Most programming languages 'breathe' English to a large extent and most of the technical literature, design pattern names etc. are in English as well. Therefore, in most cases there's just no way of writing code entirely in a non-English language so you end up with mixed languages anyway. 2) This will force the domain experts to start thinking and talking in the English equivalent of the UL, something that will probably not come naturally to them and therefore hinders communication significantly. 3) In this case, the developers communicate with the domain experts in their native language while the developers communicate with each other in English and most importantly, they write code using the English translation of the UL. I'm sure I don't want to go for the first option and I think option 3 is much better than option 2. What do you think? Am I missing other options? UPDATE Today, about year later, having dealt with this issue on a daily basis, I have to say that option 3 has worked out pretty well for me. It wasn't as tedious as I initially feared and translating in real time while talking to the client wasn't a problem either. I also found the following advantages to be true, based on my experience. Translating the UL makes you pay more attention to defining the UL and even the domain itself, especially when you don't know how to translate a term and you have to start looking through dictionaries etc. This has even caused me to reconsider domain modeling decisions a few times. It helps you make your knowledge of the English language more profound. Obviously, your code is much more pleasant to look at instead of being a mind boggling obscenity.

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• Does syntax really matter in a programming language?

  - by Saif al Harthi

  One of my professors says "the Syntax is the UI of a programming language", languages like ruby have great readability & its growing but we see alot of programmers productive with C\C++, so as programmers does it really matter that the syntax should be acceptable? I would love to know your opinion on that. Disclaimer: I'm not trying to start an argument I thought this is a good topic of discussion. Update : this turns out to be a good topic i'm glad you are all participating it , there will be more good questions to come

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• How are Implicit-Heap dynamic Storage Binding and Dynamic type binding similar?

  - by Appy

  "Concepts of Programming languages" by Robert Sebesta says - Implicit Heap-Dynamic Storage Binding: Implicit Heap-Dynamic variables are bound to heap storage only when they are assigned values. It is similar to dynamic type binding. Can anyone explain the similarity with suitable examples. I understand the meaning of both the phrases, but I am an amateur when it comes to in-depth details.

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• Analyzing a programming language

  - by Matt Fenwick

  In SICP, the authors state (Section 1.1) that there are three basic "mechanisms" of programming languages: primitive expressions, which represent the simplest entities the language is concerned with means of combination, by which compound elements are built from simpler ones means of abstraction, by which compound elements can be named and manipulated as units How can I analyze a mainstream programming language (Java, for example) in terms of these elements or mechanisms?

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• How representative is Ohloh?

  - by gerrit

  My colleague recently pointed me to Ohloh, a website providing statistics on FOSS based on versioning repositories. It's quite a fun procrastination tool, e.g. to compare programming languages by active projects: Which makes me wonder: how representative is such a comparison? Can we draw conclusions from this such as "Javascript is the most used programming language in FOSS, followed closely by Python, Java and C++"? Or are there some big caveats to take into account?

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• Finding a new programming language for web development?

  - by Xeoncross

  I'm wondering if there are any un-biased resources that give good, specific overviews of programming languages and their intended goals. I would like to learn a new language, but visiting the sites of each language isn't working. Each one talks about how great it is without much mention of it's weaknesses or specific goals. Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. Python is a programming language that lets you work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. Having been a PHP developer for years, Vic Cherubini sums up my plight well: I knew PHP well, had my own framework, and could work quickly to get something up and running. I programmed like this throughout the MVC revolution. I got better and better jobs (read: better paying, better title) as a PHP developer, but all along the way realizing that the code I wrote on my own time was great, and the code I worked with at work was horrible. Like, worse than horrible. Atrocious. OS Commerce level bad. Having side projects kept me sane, because the code I worked with at work made me miserable. This is why I'm retiring from PHP for my side projects and new programming ventures. I'm spent with PHP. Exhausted, if you will. I've reached a level where I think I'm at the top with it as a language and if I don't move on to a new language soon, I'll be done completely with programming and I do not want that. Languages I've looked at include JavaScript (for node.js), Ruby, Python, & Erlang. I've even thought about Scala or C++. The problem is figuring out which ones are built to handle my needs the best. So where can I go to skip the hype and get real information about the maturity of a platform, the size of the community, and the strengths & weaknesses of that language. If I know these then picking a language to continue my web development should be easy.

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• Which language is best for OpenGL?

  - by Neurofluxation

  Well, this is silly - I've had to post a question about programming on a site other than stackoverflow... Worst thing they have ever done.. I have the following list of languages: C++ C# VB.Net D Delphi Euphoria GLUT Java Power Basic Python REALbasic Visual Basic I would like to know what people think is the: *a) Best (most efficient) language to work with OpenGL* and b) What is the easiest language to work with OpenGL Thanks in advance guys n gals!

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• Code Line Delimiter [closed]

  - by John Isaiah Carmona

  Possible Duplicate: Why are statements in many programming languages terminated by semicolons? I just found out that R Programming Language, which is somewhat belong to the C family (I'm not sure about this but it uses {} instead of begin end), uses a new line as a delimiter for a new line of code instead of the semi-colon ;. Why is some programming language designed to use a new line instead of a symbol like semi-colon which I think will make the code more readable? Phyton total = item_one + \ item_two + \ item_three C total = item_one + item_two + item_three;

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• Need help starting with DSL for charts/graphs

  - by Rex M

  I am unaware of any established work into Domain Specific Languages for describing charts / graphs. I am looking for specific answers of "yes, something like that exists (here)". To help be clear, in case I am possibly using the wrong verbiage to describe it, to me a DSL for charts would most certainly include: A grammar for describing the shape of an expected data set A grammar for describing a pipeline of behaviors that render an output Abstract / high-level enough to be mappable to most tool-specific grammars, such as Excel, Highchart, matplotlib, etc.

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• Is diversifying my programming knowledge good?

  - by the_great_monkey

  I have skills in so many programming languages, such as Java, C++, C, Obj-C, Scala, Haskell, and Matlab. However I don't know/like web programming at all. I also get bored very quickly. Thus I haven't work with any Java projects that's bigger than say 20-30 java files. I'm finishing off my degree and I want to work as a developer, particularly in mobile area. Do I have enough skills to be recruited by good companies?

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