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  • How were some language communities (eg, Ruby and Python) able to prevent fragmentation while others (eg, Lisp or ML) were not?

    - by chrisaycock
    The term "Lisp" (or "Lisp-like") is an umbrella for lots of different languages, such as Common Lisp, Scheme, and Arc. There is similar fragmentation is other language communities, like in ML. However, Ruby and Python have both managed to avoid this fate, where innovation occurred more on the implementation (like PyPy or YARV) instead of making changes to the language itself. Did the Ruby and Python communities do something special to prevent language fragmentation?

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  • Are closures with side-effects considered "functional style"?

    - by Giorgio
    Many modern programming languages support some concept of closure, i.e. of a piece of code (a block or a function) that Can be treated as a value, and therefore stored in a variable, passed around to different parts of the code, be defined in one part of a program and invoked in a totally different part of the same program. Can capture variables from the context in which it is defined, and access them when it is later invoked (possibly in a totally different context). Here is an example of a closure written in Scala: def filterList(xs: List[Int], lowerBound: Int): List[Int] = xs.filter(x => x >= lowerBound) The function literal x => x >= lowerBound contains the free variable lowerBound, which is closed (bound) by the argument of the function filterList that has the same name. The closure is passed to the library method filter, which can invoke it repeatedly as a normal function. I have been reading a lot of questions and answers on this site and, as far as I understand, the term closure is often automatically associated with functional programming and functional programming style. The definition of function programming on wikipedia reads: In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. and further on [...] in functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function [...]. Eliminating side effects can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key motivations for the development of functional programming. On the other hand, many closure constructs provided by programming languages allow a closure to capture non-local variables and change them when the closure is invoked, thus producing a side effect on the environment in which they were defined. In this case, closures implement the first idea of functional programming (functions are first-class entities that can be moved around like other values) but neglect the second idea (avoiding side-effects). Is this use of closures with side effects considered functional style or are closures considered a more general construct that can be used both for a functional and a non-functional programming style? Is there any literature on this topic? IMPORTANT NOTE I am not questioning the usefulness of side-effects or of having closures with side effects. Also, I am not interested in a discussion about the advantages / disadvantages of closures with or without side effects. I am only interested to know if using such closures is still considered functional style by the proponent of functional programming or if, on the contrary, their use is discouraged when using a functional style.

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  • What is the actual problem with a prototype based design?

    - by WindScar
    I feel like anything that can be developed using OO/functional languages can be generally made 'better' using a prototype based language, because they appaer to have the best of them all: high order functions, flexibility to simulate any OO structure, productivity (low verbosity) and scalability because of concurrency. But it seems like they are avoided for the creation of executable applications and of bigger projects in general. Why that?

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  • Why can't `main` return a double or String rather than int or void?

    - by sunny
    In many languages such as C, C++, and Java, the main method/function has a return type of void or int, but not double or String. What might be the reasons behind that? I know a little bit that we can't do that because main is called by runtime library and it expects some syntax like int main() or int main(int,char**) so we have to stick to that. So my question is: why does main have the type signature that it has, and not a different one?

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  • Why is verbosity bad for a programming language?

    - by frowing
    I have seen many people around complaining about verbosity in programming languages. I find that, within some bounds, the more verbose a programming language is, the better it is to understand. I think that verbosity also reinforces writing clearer APIs for that particular language. The only disadvantage I can think of is that it makes you type more, but I mean, most people use IDEs that do all that work for you. so, What are possible downsides to a verbose programming language?

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  • What's your approach to reading and comprehending technical books? [on hold]

    - by Carl Edwards
    I've taken it upon myself to learn a couple of new programming languages and frameworks and aside from sheer practice I usually start by learning from an O'Reilly book or other technical "bibles". While most have been very helpful I'd like to know the steps or methods others use to best comprehend what's taught. Not to say that I'm struggling through the readings, it would be extremely helpful to know how a seasoned professional approaches new or existing material to build upon his or her foundation of knowledge.

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  • Developing Web Portal

    - by Ya Basha
    I'm php, Ruby on Rails and HTML5 developer I need some advises and suggestions for a web portal project that I will build from scratch. This is my first time to build a web portal, Which developing scripting language you prefer and why? and how I should start planing my project as it will contains many modules. I'm excited to start building this project and I want to build it in the right way with planing, if you know some web resources that help me decide and plan my project please give them to me. Best Regards,

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  • Best language or tool for automating tedious manual tasks

    - by Jon Hopkins
    We all have tasks that come up from time to time that we think we'd be better off scripting or automating than doing manually. Obviously some tools or languages are better for this than others - no-one (in their right mind) is doing a one off job of cross referencing a bunch of text lists their PM has just given them in assembler for instance. What one tool or language would you recommend for the sort of general quick and dirty jobs you get asked to do where time (rather than elegance) is of the essence? Background: I'm a former programmer, now development manager PM, looking to learn a new language for fun. If I'm going to learn something for fun I'd like it to be useful and this sort of use case is the most likely to come up.

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  • Why is JavaScript not used for classical application development (compiled software)?

    - by Jose Faeti
    During my years of web development with JavaScript, I come to the conclusion that it's an incredible powerful language, and you can do amazing things with it. It offers a rich set of features, like: Dynamic typing First-class functions Nested functions Closures Functions as methods Functions as Object constructors Prototype-based Objects-based (almost everything is an object) Regex Array and Object literals It seems to me that almost everything can be achieved with this kind of language, you can also emulate OO programming, since it provides great freedom and many different coding styles. With more software-oriented custom functionalities (I/O, FileSystem, Input devices, etc.) I think it will be great to develop applications with. Though, as far as I know, it's only used in web development or in existing softwares as a scripting language only. Only recently, maybe thanks to the V8 Engine, it's been used more for other kind of tasks (see node.js for example). Why until now it's only be relegated only to web development? What is keeping it away from software development?

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  • Best language or tool for automating tedious manual tasks [closed]

    - by Jon Hopkins
    We all have tasks that come up from time to time that we think we'd be better off scripting or automating than doing manually. Obviously some tools or languages are better for this than others - no-one (in their right mind) is doing a one off job of cross referencing a bunch of text lists their PM has just given them in assembler for instance. What one tool or language would you recommend for the sort of general quick and dirty jobs you get asked to do where time (rather than elegance) is of the essence? Background: I'm a former programmer, now development manager PM, looking to learn a new language for fun. If I'm going to learn something for fun I'd like it to be useful and this sort of use case is the most likely to come up.

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  • Terra lang and Lua

    - by msalese
    I was reading on terralang site about terra language as "a new low-level system programming language that is designed to interoperate seamlessly with the Lua programming language..." Zach DeVito (the main author) write about the use of terra : A scripting-language with high-performance extensions..... An embedded JIT-compiler for building languages..... A stand-alone low-level language.... But (may be my fault) I don't understand if terra is: a luaJit competitor a better system to interface with c library something better than luaJit using llvm Can someone help me to better understand what is going on terralang project ? Thanks

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  • Is it normal to feel bad when someone insults a programming language? [closed]

    - by iammilind
    Few examples before the question: "A language is just a tool; Better to worry only about the concept." "C++ is just an object oriented language." "Java is more about the libraries and less about programming." "C# is just a Microsoft's version of Java with some extra things from C++." "Python is a scripting language used mainly for testing purpose." ... All these statements are made knowingly or unknowingly from my colleagues/friends and I often get to hear them. I feel bad when someone brings down any programming language. I don't know how to respond. Is there any one liner to enlighten those people?

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  • Is there an imperative language with a Haskell-like type system?

    - by Graham Kaemmer
    I've tried to learn Haskell a few times over the last few years, and, maybe because I know mainly scripting languages, the functional-ness of it has always bothered me (monads seem like a huge mess for doing lots of I/O). However, I think it's type system is perfect. Reading through a guide to Haskell's types and typeclasses (like this), I don't really see a reason why they would require a functional language, and furthermore, they seem like they would be perfect for an industry-grade object-oriented language (like Java). This all begs the question: has anyone ever taken Haskell's typing system and made a imperative, OOP language with it? If so, I want to use it.

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  • Ruby vs Lua as scripting language for C++

    - by bl00dshooter
    I am currently building a game server (not an engine), and I want it to be extendable, like a plugin system. The solution I found is to use a scripting language. So far, so good. I'm not sure if I should use Ruby or Lua. Lua is easier to embed, but Ruby has a larger library, and better syntax (in my opinion). The problem is, there is no easy way I found to use Ruby as scripting language with C++, whereas it's very easy with Lua. Toughs about this? Suggestions for using Ruby as scripting language (I tried SWIG, but it isn't nearly as neat as using Lua)? Thanks.

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  • (PHP vs Python vs Perl) vs Ruby [closed]

    - by Dr.Kameleon
    OK, here's what : I've programmed in over 20 different languages and now, because of a large project I'm currently working on for Mac OS X (in Objective-C/Cocoa), I need to make a final decision on which language to use for my background scripting + plugin functionality. Definitely, one factor that'll ultimately influence my decision is which one I'm most familiar with, which is PHP (one of the ugliest languages around, which I however adore... lol), then Python / Perl (the "proven values"... )... and then Ruby (which, to me, is almost confusing and I've only played with it for some time.) Now, here's my considerations : (As previously mentioned) Being familiar with it (anyway, if X is better in my case, I really don't mind studying it from scratch...) Speed Good interaction with the Shell + ease of integration with my Cocoa application Btw, some of the reasons that made me wonder if Ruby would be a good choice is : The hype around it (although, I still don't get why; but that's probably just me...) My major competitor (we're actually talking about the same type of software here) is using Ruby for its backend scripting almost exclusively (ok, along with some BASH). Isn't Ruby considered slower e.g. than Perl? Why did he choose that? Simply, a matter of personal taste? So... your thoughts?

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  • How to present a stable data model in a public API that allows internal data structures to be changed without breaking the public view of the data?

    - by Max Palmer
    I am in the process of developing an application that allows users to write C# scripts. These scripts allow users to call selected methods and to access and manipulate data in a document. This works well, however, in the development version, scripts access the document's (internal) data structures directly. This means that if we were to change the internal data model/structure, there is a good chance that someone's script will no longer compile. We obviously want to prevent this breaking change from happening, but still want to allow the user to write sensible C# code (whilst not restricting how we develop our internal data model as a result). We therefore need to decouple our scripting API and its data structures from our internal methods and data structures. We've a few ideas as to how we might allow the user to access a what is effectively a stable public version of the document's internal data*, but I wanted to throw the question out there to someone who might have some real experience of this problem. NB our internal document's data structure is quite complex and it could be quite difficult to wrap. We know we want to expose as little as possible in our public API, especially as once it's out there, it's out there for good. Can anyone help? How do scripting languages / APIs decouple their public API and data structures from their internal data structures? Is there no real alternative to having to write a complex interaction layer? If we need to do this, what's a good approach or pattern for wrapping complex data structures that include nested objects, including collections? I've looked at the API facade pattern, which looks like it's trying to address these kinds of issues, but are there alternatives? *One idea is to build a data facade that is kept stable across versions of our application. The facade exposes a set of facade data objects that are used in the script code. These maintain backwards compatibility and wrap access to our internal document's data model.

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  • Why is there still so much offer for Perl programmers?

    - by user491444
    A quick search on monster.com on different scripting languages resulted on Perl having much more job opportunities than Python and Ruby (in Europe, I didn't check for the rest of the world), and since I'm just a newbie programmer I was wondering why is this? I've read everywhere that Python and Ruby are much better languages, and much more organized. Having coded in python and php myself, Perl's code seems so alien to me. Anyways, sorry for my poor English, it's my second language, and this is not a critique on the Perl language, I was just wondering whether it's a good idea to learn it at this point or not.

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  • unit testing variable state explicit tests in dynamically typed languages

    - by kris welsh
    I have heard that a desirable quality of unit tests is that they test for each scenario independently. I realised whilst writing tests today that when you compare a variable with another value in a statement like: assertEquals("foo", otherObject.stringFoo); You are really testing three things: The variable you are testing exists and is within scope. The variable you are testing is the expected type. The variable you are testing's value is what you expect it to be. Which to me raises the question of whether you should test for each of these implicitly so that a test fail would occur on the specific line that tests for that problem: assertTrue(stringFoo); assertTrue(stringFoo.typeOf() == "String"); assertEquals("foo", otherObject.stringFoo); For example if the variable was an integer instead of a string the test case failure would be on line 2 which would give you more feedback on what went wrong. Should you test for this kind of thing explicitly or am i overthinking this?

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  • nano syntax highlighting not working for all languages

    - by Dejan
    I have a funny situation where I am unable to add custom highlighting definitions to my nano text editor. The funny thing is that the predefined work like a charm and can be edited. But I have created a new one for js with $ sudo touch js.nanorc $ sudo nano js.nanorc my current js.nanorc looks like this: syntax "JavaScript" "\.js$" color blue "\<[-+]?([1-9][0-9]*|0[0-7]*|0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)([uU][lL]?|[lL][uU]?)?\>" color blue "\<[-+]?([0-9]+\.[0-9]*|[0-9]*\.[0-9]+)([EePp][+-]?[0-9]+)?[fFlL]?" color blue "\<[-+]?([0-9]+[EePp][+-]?[0-9]+)[fFlL]?" color brightblue "[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*[[:space:]]*[(]" color black "[(]" color cyan "\<(break|case|catch|continue|default|delete|do|else|finally)\>" color cyan "\<(for|function|get|if|in|instanceof|new|return|set|switch)\>" color cyan "\<(switch|this|throw|try|typeof|var|void|while|with)\>" color cyan "\<(null|undefined|NaN)\>" color brightcyan "\<(true|false)\>" color green "\<(Array|Boolean|Date|Enumerator|Error|Function|Math)\>" color green "\<(Number|Object|RegExp|String)\>" color red "[-+/*=<>!~%?:&|]" color magenta "/[^*]([^/]|(\\/))*[^\\]/[gim]*" color yellow ""(\\.|[^"])*"|'(\\.|[^'])*'" color magenta "\\[0-7][0-7]?[0-7]?|\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+|\\[bfnrt'"\?\\]" color brightblack "(^|[[:space:]])//.*" color brightblack start="/\*" end="\*/" color brightwhite,cyan "TODO:?" color ,green "[[:space:]]+$" color ,red " +" If anyone can see the problem then please tel me

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  • Applying languages / locale selectively: is it possible?

    - by Aron Rotteveel
    I am a Dutch user and prefer the my local date & time format, system wide. I have no trouble speaking or understanding English and find it very useful to have the rest of my system configured in English to make my life easier when I need to Google a term, for example. Is it possible to apply the a local date/time/currency/etc. format to the system, while maintaining English menu & dialog captions? EDIT: output from locale and posted screens of current settings: LANG=en_US.utf8 LANGUAGE=en LC_CTYPE="en_US.utf8" LC_NUMERIC="en_US.utf8" LC_TIME="en_US.utf8" LC_COLLATE="en_US.utf8" LC_MONETARY="en_US.utf8" LC_MESSAGES="en_US.utf8" LC_PAPER="en_US.utf8" LC_NAME="en_US.utf8" LC_ADDRESS="en_US.utf8" LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.utf8" LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.utf8" LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.utf8" LC_ALL=

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  • How does the GPL work in regards to languages like Dart which compile to other languages?

    - by Peter-W
    Google's Dart language is not supported by any Web Browsers other than a special build of Chromium known as Dartium. To use Dart for production code you need to run it through a Dart-JavaScript compiler/translator and then use the outputted JavaScript in your web application. Because JavaScript is an interpreted language everyone who receives the "binary"(Aka, the .js file) has also received the source code. Now, the GNU General Public License v3.0 states that: "The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it." Which would imply that the original Dart code in addition to the JavaScript code must also be provided to the end user. Does this mean that any web applications written in Dart must also provide the original Dart code to all visitors of their website even though a copy of the source code has already been provided in a human readable/writable/modifiable form?

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  • Dynamic vs Statically typed languages for websites

    - by Bradford
    Wanted to hear what others thought about this statement: I’ll contrast that with building a website. When rendering web pages, often you have very many components interacting on a web page. You have buttons over here and little widgets over there and there are dozens of them on a webpage, as well as possibly dozens or hundreds of web pages on your website that are all dynamic. With a system with a really large surface area like that, using a statically typed language is actually quite inflexible. I would find it painful probably to program in Scala and render a web page with it, when I want to interactively push around buttons and what-not. If the whole system has to be coherent, like the whole system has to type check just to be able to move a button around, I think that can be really inflexible. Source: http://www.infoq.com/interviews/kallen-scala-twitter

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  • [XSL-FO] Characters from other than English languages

    - by Lukasz Kurylo
    My client have departments in Europe Central and East, so there is highly possibility that in the generated pdfs there will be at least in the people names and/or surnames some specific characters for the country language.   With the XSL-FO we can use some out-of-the box fonts, e.g. the default is Times. We can change it for specific block of text or the entire document to other like Helvetica or Arial. All will be good to the moment that we use only an english alphabet. If we want to add e.g. some characters from polish or bulgarian language, in the *.fo file:         <fo:block >                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">english: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">yellow</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">polish: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">zólty</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">russian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">??????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">bulgarian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">english: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">yellow</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">polish: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold"  font-family="Arial">zólty</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">russian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold" font-family="Arial">??????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>       <fo:block>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold">bulgarian: </fo:inline>                 <fo:inline font-weight="bold" font-family="Arial">????</fo:inline>       </fo:block>   The result can be diffrent from the expected depending on the selected font, e.g:                 As you can see Timer nor Arial work in this case.   The problem here is not related to XSL-FO, but rather to the renderer we are using. I have lost a lot of time to find a solution for the using by me XSL-FO –> PDF rendered to acquire these characters in my generated files. Fortunatelly all what have to be done it is to embed the font (or part of it) in the file(s) during rendering.   The renderer that I’m using it is an open source FO.NET.   For this one, the code to generate a pdf file looks that:   var fonet =  Fonet.FonetDriver.Make(); fonet.Render("source.fo", "result.pdf");   To emded the font in the pdf, we need to set the appropriate option to the driver:   fonet.Options = new Fonet.Render.Pdf.PdfRendererOptions() {       FontType = Fonet.Render.Pdf.FontType.Embed }; Right now, the pdf we get should look like this:               As you can see, the result for the Arial font looks exactly how it should, because this font has a characters included not only for the english language like the default Times, which we shouls avoid if we not generating a english-only documents.   This is worth to notice that in this situation the generated pdf file is quite large, it has more than 400 kb in size. This is of course because of embedding the entire font in it to make the document portable to systems, where the used font is not present. Instead on embedding the entire font, we can only embed the subset of used characters by changing the options to:   fonet.Options = new Fonet.Render.Pdf.PdfRendererOptions() {       FontType = Fonet.Render.Pdf.FontType.Subset };   Right now, this specific pdf is only 12 kb in size.

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