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  • Python: What's a correct and good way to implement __hash__()?

    - by random-name
    What's a correct and good way to implement hash()? I am talking about the function that returns a hashcode that is then used to insert objects into hashtables aka dictionaries. As hash() returns an integer and is used for "binning" objects into hashtables I assume that the values of the returned integer should be uniformly distributed for common data (to minimize collisions). What's a good practice to get such values? Are collisions a problem? In my case I have a small class which acts as a container class holding some ints, some floats and a string.

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  • Building up an array in numpy/scipy by iteration in Python?

    - by user248237
    Often, I am building an array by iterating through some data, e.g.: my_array = [] for n in range(1000): # do operation, get value my_array.append(value) # cast to array my_array = array(my_array) I find that I have to first build a list and then cast it (using "array") to an array. Is there a way around these? all these casting calls clutter the code... how can I iteratively build up "my_array", with it being an array from the start? thanks.

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  • Extracting data from a text file to use in a python script?

    - by Rob
    Basically, I have a file like this: Url/Host: www.example.com Login: user Password: password How can I use RegEx to separate the details to place them into variables? Sorry if this is a terrible question, I can just never grasp RegEx. So another question would be, can you provide the RegEx, but kind of explain what each part of it is for?

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  • Python - 2 Questions: Editing a variable in a function and changing the order of if else statements

    - by Eric
    First of all, I should explain what I'm trying to do first. I'm creating a dungeon crawler-like game, and I'm trying to program the movement of computer characters/monsters in the map. The map is basically a Cartesian coordinate grid. The locations of characters are represented by tuples of the x and y values, (x,y). The game works by turns, and in a turn a character can only move up, down, left or right 1 space. I'm creating a very simple movement system where the character will simply make decisions to move on a turn by turn basis. Essentially a 'forgetful' movement system. A basic flow chart of what I'm intending to do: Find direction towards destination Make a priority list of movements to be done using the direction eg.('r','u','d','l') means it would try to move right first, then up, then down, then left. Try each of the possibilities following the priority order. If the first movement fails (blocked by obstacle etc.), then it would successively try the movements until the first one that is successful, then it would stop. At step 3, the way I'm trying to do it is like this: def move(direction,location): try: -snip- # Tries to move, raises the exception Movementerror if cannot move in the direction return 1 # Indicates movement successful except Movementerror: return 0 # Indicates movement unsuccessful (thus character has not moved yet) prioritylist = ('r','u','d','l') if move('r',location): pass elif move('u',location): pass elif move('d',location): pass elif move('l',location): pass else: pass In the if/else block, the program would try the first movement on the priority on the priority list. At the move function, the character would try to move. If the character is not blocked and does move, it returns 1, leading to the pass where it would stop. If the character is blocked, it returns 0, then it tries the next movement. However, this results in 2 problems: How do I edit a variable passed into a function inside the function itself, while returning if the edit is successful? I have been told that you can't edit a variable inside a function as it won't really change the value of the variable, it just makes the variable inside the function refer to something else while the original variable remain unchanged. So, the solution is to return the value and then assign the variable to the returned value. However, I want it to return another value indicating if this edit is successful, so I want to edit this variable inside the function itself. How do I do so? How do I change the order of the if/else statements to follow the order of the priority list? It needs to be able to change during runtime as the priority list can change resulting in a different order of movement to try.

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  • How do I send this email in Python, opening files and stuff?

    - by alex
    msg = EmailMessage(subject, body, from_email, [to_email]) msg.content_subtype = "html" msg.send() This is how I send an email in Django. But what if I want to open a text file and take into account all its line breaks and tabs. I want to take the body of the text file (with line breaks \n) and email it as text of the "body".

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  • Why subtract a value from itself (x - x) in Python?

    - by endolith
    In NumPy functions, there are often initial lines that do checking of variable types, forcing them to be certain types, etc. Can someone explain the point of these lines? What does subtracting a value from itself do? t,w = asarray(t), asarray(duty) w = asarray(w + (t-t)) t = asarray(t + (w-w))

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  • How to assure applying order of function decorators in Python?

    - by Satoru.Logic
    Some decorators should only be used in the outermost layer. A decorator that augments the original function and add a configure parameter is one example. from functools import wraps def special_case(f): @wraps(f) def _(a, b, config_x=False): if config_x: print "Special case here" return return f(a, b) How can I avoid decorators like this getting decorated by another decorator? EDIT It is really disgusting to let everyone trying to apply a new decorator worry about the application order. So, is it possible to avoid this kind of situation? Is it possible to add a config option without introducing a new parameter?

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  • How do I do this in Python (File Manipulation)?

    - by ThinkCode
    I have a bunch of HTML files in HTML folder. Those HTML files have unicode characters which I solved by using filter(lambda x: x in string.printable, line). Now how do I write the changes back to the original file? What is the best way of doing it? Each HTML file is of 30 kb in size. 1 import os, string 2 3 for file in os.listdir("HTML/"): 4 print file 5 myfile = open('HTML/' + file) 6 fileList = myfile.readlines() 9 for line in fileList: 10 #print line 11 line = filter(lambda x: x in string.printable, line) 12 myfile.close()

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  • Feedback on implementation of function which compares integer signs in Python.

    - by John Magistr
    Hi all. I've made a small function which, given a tuple, compares if all elements in this tuple is of the same sign. E.g., tuple = [-1, -4, -6, -8] is good, while [-1, -4, 12, -8] is bad. I am not sure I've made the smartest implementation, so I know this is the place to ask. def check_consistent_categories(queryset): try: first_item = queryset[0].amount if first_item < 0: for item in queryset: if item > 0: return False return True else: for item in queryset: if item < 0: return False return True except: return False

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  • Why is this writing part of the text to a new line? (Python)

    - by whatsherface
    I'm adding some new bits to one of the lines in a text file and then writing it along with the rest of the lines in the file to a new file. Referring to the if statement, I that to be all on the same line: x = 13.55553e9 y = 14.55553e9 z = 15.55553e9 infname = 'afilename' outfname = 'anotherone' oldfile = open(infname) lnum=1 for line in oldfile: if (lnum==18): line = "{0:.2e}".format(x)+' '+line+' '+"{0:.2e}".format(y)+' '+ {0:.2e}".format(z) newfile = open(outfname,'w') newfile.write(line) lnum=lnum+1 oldfile.close() newfile.close() but y and z are being written on the line below the rest of it. What am I missing here?

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  • mysqldb python escaping ? or %s?

    - by asldkncvas
    Dear Everyone, I am currently using mysqldb. What is the correct way to escape strings in mysqldb arguments? Note that E = lambda x: x.encode('utf-8') 1) so my connection is set with charset='utf8'. These are the errors I am getting for these arguments: w1, w2 = u'??', u'??' 1) self.cur.execute("SELECT dist FROM distance WHERE w1=? AND w2=?", (E(w1), E(w2))) ret = self.cur.execute("SELECT dist FROM distance WHERE w1=? AND w2=?", (E(w1), E(w2)) ) File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 158, in execute TypeError: not all arguments converted during string formatting 2) self.cur.execute("SELECT dist FROM distance WHERE w1=%s AND w2=%s", (E(w1), E(w2))) This works fine, but when w1 or w2 has \ inside, then the escaping obviously failed. I personally know that %s is not a good method to pass in arguemnts due to injection attacks etc.

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  • Python . How to get rid of '\r' in string?

    - by draconisthe0ry
    I have an excel file that I converted to a text file with a list of numbers. test = 'filelocation.txt' in_file = open(test,'r') for line in in_file: print line 1.026106236 1.660274766 2.686381002 4.346655769 7.033036771 1.137969254 a = [] for line in in_file: a.append(line) print a '1.026106236\r1.660274766\r2.686381002\r4.346655769\r7.033036771\r1.137969254' I wanted to assign each value (in each line) to an individual element in the list. Instead it is creating one element separated by \r . i'm not sure what \r is but why is putting these into the code ? I think I know a way to get rid of the \r from the string but i want to fix the problem from the source

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  • "Meld requires pygtk 2.8.0 or higher."

    - by Lynx
    I got this error after installing Meld on a new Karmic installation: ~$ meld No module named pygtk Meld requires pygtk 2.8.0 or higher. I installed the latest version of python-gtk with aptitude but I'm not sure what version is actually installed. My python version is 2.6. This is weird because I have another machine that runs Karmic and Meld without a problem. Any ideas?

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