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• How can I fix my C++ compiler as it isn't loaded by default?

  - by GNR

  Recently I had installed the Ubuntu flavour of the Linux operating system. I had opened a terminal and just wrote a sample C program to check if it is compiling. When I saved the sample file and compiled with cc a.c, errors comes that the standard library is not loaded (i.e stdio.h). When I went to help pages, it says that the C or C++ compiler doesnt gets loaded by default and we should do it ourselves. So can anyone help me out to fix this problem, i.e to load the C/C++ compiler.

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• How to get the summarized sizes of folders and their subfolders?

  - by Kau-Boy

  Let's say I want to get the size of each folder of a linux file system. When I use ls -la I don't really get the summarized size of the folders. If I use df I get the size of each mounted file system but that also doesn't help me. And with du I get the size of each subfolder and the summary of the whole file system. But I want to have only the summarized size of each folder within the ROOT folder of the file system. Is there any command to achiev that?

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• Issues with hard disk secure erase

  - by John Watson

  I want to completely wipe all the data and both OSes (Ubuntu and Windows 7) from my hard drive. I tried DBAN but it gives me an error and does not run. I am looking for an alternative. After reading some articles online, I came to know that, using a Linux live CD, it can be done using either of following commands. a) sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda b) sudo shred -vfz -n 1 /dev/sda My questions are 1) Which option (a or b) is more secure (wipes everything) and faster? 2) Does either of the options damage the hard drive or anything? I want to use hard drive again i.e. installing Windows and Ubuntu again.

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• Is rsync --delete safe in case of disk failure

  - by enedene

  I have two data hard drives on my Linux server and I use second as a backup for a first drive. I use rsync for that purpose. An example would be: rsync -r -v --delete /media/disk1/ /media/disk2/ What this does is that it copies every file/directory from /media/disk1/ to /media/disk2/ but also deletes any difference. For example, lets say that files A and B but not file C are on disk1, and on disk2 there is no A and B files, but there is C. The result would be that after the command on disk2 I'd have files A and B, but file C would be deleted, just like on disk1. Now, a rather disastrous scenario had crossed my mind; what if disk1 dies, system continues to work since system files are on my system disk, but when rsync tries to backup my data on disk2 from broken disk1, it deletes all the files from disk2 because it can't read anything on disk1. Is this a possible scenario, or is there a protection from it build in rsync?

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• Creating user accounts in Amazon EC2

  - by Tvanover

  I am putting together a test environment using Amazon's EC2 for me and some friends to collaborate on a project. I am not a server guy but I do know my way around a bash prompt and have done some work on ubuntu before. I am using Amazon Linux AMI i386 EBS and have gotten apache and php running. Now I need to create the user accounts my friends and I will use to upload files (sftp) and work on the project (ssh). How should I go about this? Should I just use adduser and configure it like normal? Or should I use the AWS IAM groups?

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• Critical (Unixlike) Distros for Sysadmin Hopefuls to Have Experience With

  - by Interwebs

  Hi All, I'm trying to learn to be a Unix/Linux Sysadmin, and am hoping to get some hands-on experience by setting up a few installs (VMs, old comps, and the like) at home and practicing administering them. I was wondering, in the experience of those on this site, which distros are critical to be comfortable with. Obviously, to a certain extent, they're all similar, but there are substantial enough differences between administering, say, Debian, OpenSolaris, FreeBSD, and CentOS. So, which distros are most important to practice with in your opinion? Which have had most demand/come up most often in actual work situations? Thanks!

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• How do you synchronise huge sparse files (VM disk images) between machines?

  - by chrisdew

  Is there a command, such as rsync, which can synchronise huge, sparse, files from one linux server to another? It is very important that the destination file remains sparse. It may be longer (but not bigger) than the drive which contains it. Only changed blocks should be sent across the wire. I have tried rsync, but got no joy. groups.google.com/group/mailing.unix.rsync/browse_thread/thread/94f39271980513d3 If I write a programme to do this, am I just reinventing the wheel? http://www.finalcog.com/synchronise-block-devices Thanks, Chris.

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• how to google a symbol keyword like "$?"

  - by ZhengZhiren

  i saw a trick in a book: in a linux shell, we can use &? to get the return value of a command. For example,we run a command,if it exit normally, the return value is 0. And then we type $?,we will get 0 in the screen. i want to google this kind of usage, so i have to type these two symbol $? in the search blank.But the search engine just return nothing to me... i have looked at the google help page, but still can't find a solution. so my question is: how can i search with this kind of keyword. or if you can give me some advise of the usage of $? or sort of thing, that will be also appreciated.

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• When HDD becomes full, how to create a symbolic link to the data store on another disk?

  - by Brij Raj Singh

  I have a Linux Ubuntu machine which has an X GB hard disk. There is folder, say, /opt/software/data. The disk /dev/sda1 is almost full and I have attached another disk at /dev/sda2 which is mounted at /hdd2. Is it possible for me to link the folders /opt/software/data with /hdd2/software/data so, that every file get stored in the /hdd2/software/data but may be referred from the /opt/software/data? I can't do a reinstall of the software that creates this data, to change the default location of storage.

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• Grub hangs intermittently on "Starting Up..."

  - by Griffo

  Hi all, I've had this problem for a while now. My linux server is set to wake-on-lan but occasionally it halts at Grubs "Starting Up..." and goes no further. This is not due to additional hardware being attached such as a flash drive or anything as I never plug anything into it. It may boot perfectly 40 times in a row and then hit this issue. Sometimes it gets the issue a couple of times in quick succession and doesn't happen for ages again. I'm not sure how to diagnose it since it doesn't seem to be reproducible. Any help much appreciated. Thanks

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• Is there any diff tool for XML files?

  - by qedi

  Are there any good (Linux) tools for diffing two XML files? Ideally, I would like to be able configure it to some things strict, or loosen some things, like whitespace, or attribute order. I'll often care that the files are functionally the same, but diff by itself, would be annoying to use, especially if the XML file doesn't have a lot of linebreaks. For example, the following should really be okay to me: <tag att1="one" att2="two"> content </tag> <tag att2="two" att1="one"> content </tag>

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• What is the difference between yum, apt-get, rpm, ./configure && make install

  - by Saif Bechan

  I am new to Linux and am running CentOs. When I want to update or install certain software I came across three ways. Sometimes it's: yum install program rpm -i program.rpm wget program.tar.gz unpack ./configure make make install That last one is a real pain, esp when you come from windows where a program install is usually one click and then a nice guide. Now can someone please explain to me: Why are there so many different ways to do this? Which one do you recommend to use and why? Are there any other ways for installing programs?

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• How do I prevent 'net ads join' from doing DDNS update?

  - by genehack

  I'm using 'net ads join' to add Linux servers to an AD domain. The servers are multi-homed, with a public IP on eth1 and a non-routable private background network on eth0 (in the 172.20 space, used for netboots and installs and stuff -- no routing to the Internet on that network). When I 'net ads join', it appears that a DDNS entry is getting created for the 172.20 interface. How can I prevent this from happening? (FWIW, my powers at the AD level are very limited -- I can join servers and delete server records but that's about it...)

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• How to tell if any MySQL connections has been dropped or timed out?

  - by Continuation

  A client is using PHP to connect to MySQL. The PHP scripts and the MySQL database are located on 2 different Linux servers. He complained that database connections were being dropped or timed out and asked me to take a look. Is there any place in MySQL that can show me what and how many connections have been dropped or timed out? I looked into slow query log and didn't see anything. Any suggestions on how to diagnose this dropped/timed out database connection problem? Thanks EDIT: Slow query log is enabled in my.cnf: log-slow-queries=/var/log/mysql-slow-queries.log And when I do a mysql> show global status; I got: | Slow_queries | 11402347 | So there are a lot of slow queries. But the file /var/log/mysql-slow-queries.log doesn't exist. Why is that?

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• How to login without entering username and password

  - by torbengb

  I'm a newbie running Ubuntu 9.10. I have two users (wife and me), and each user's screensaver is set to lock so that on wakeup, we get to choose which user's desktop to go to. However, Ubuntu requires a password, so this is pretty tedious. I'd like to switch users without entering any password. I know about this trick that works for the boot login, but it doesn't deal with multiple users. Is it possible to set empty passwords for users in Ubuntu, or skip the password in other ways? (I'm expecting real Linux users to suggest that passwordless users must not get any rights and there be an admin user with a strong password. Yes, you're right. But that's not what this question is about. Thanks.)

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• using one disk as cache for others

  - by HugoRune

  Hi Given a PC with several hard drives: Is it possible to use one fast disk as a giant file cache? I.e. automatically copying frequently accessed data to that one disk, and transparently redirecting reads and writes to that disk, so that other drives would only have be accessed occassionally. (writes would have to be forwarded to the other disks after a while of course) Advantages: the other drives could be powered down most of the time; reducing power, heat, noise speed of the other drives would not matter much. cache disk could be solid state. How can I set such a system up? What OS supports these options? Is this possible at all using Windows or Linux?

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• is it possible in this case to get two IPv6 networks to communicate over the IPv4 Internet?

  - by user239167

  I have a setup of a laptop connected to a cellular IPv4 network (3G usb dongle) and PC connected to another IPv4/IPv6 network. Both have been configured to run as IPv6 routers and each has its IPv6 network. The laptop connects to the Internet via the 3G network with IPv4 address (private one and it is mostly changing) on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:444::/64). The PC connects to the Internet via the organization network with both public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64). Both running Linux Ubuntu. Is it possible to get the two IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64 and 2001:db8:444::/64) to communicate over the IPv4 Internet? Is openvpn of any good in this case to get IPv6 traffic over IPv4-IPv4 tunnel? Thanks for helping in advance

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• Why is "chmod -R 777 /" destructive?

  - by samwise

  This is a Canonical Question about File Permission and Why 777 is "destructive". I'm not asking how to fix this problem, as there are a ton of references of that already on Server Fault (reinstall OS). Why does it do anything destructive at all? If you've ever ran this command you pretty much immediately destroy your operating system. I'm not clear why removing restrictions has any impact on existing processes. For example, if I don't have read access to something and after a quick mistype in the terminal suddenly I now have access well... why does that cause Linux to break?

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• My computer gets hosted when using 3G

  - by WeaklyTyped

  I recently activated 3G(UMTS) connection on my cellular network. I use Nokia S60 phone as a modem while connecting from Scientific Linux 6. While I am able to access net pretty well, the problem is my computer gets hosted. By using ip-address in a web-browser, anyone can access my localhost (running apache), this never happens with my wireline (ADSL) connection. Furthermore, even the Shell prompt changes from: [mach2@localhost ~]$ to [[email protected] ~]$ where XX.XX.XX.XX is the IP of the 3G connection. The very thought of putting my machine 'in the wild' is disconcerting. How can I rectify the situation without disabling services like apache, sshd and others?

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• Manually forcing TCP connection to retry

  - by Vi.

  I have a TCP connection (SSH session to some computer for example) Network suddenly goes down and drops all packets (disconnected cable, out of range). TCP resends packets again and again, retrying with increasing delays. I see the problem and plug the cable back (or restore network somehow). TCP connection finally successfully resends some packet and continues. The problem is that I need to wait for a some timeout on point 5. I want to use my opened SSH session now and not wait for 5-10 seconds until it finds out that connection is working again. How to force all TCP connections to resend data without delays in GNU/Linux?

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• Deactivate GPU and use IGP

  - by squelos

  I am having some trouble with my Sony Vaio SVE1511W1e laptop. It has an ATI Radeon and the i5 has an IGP (i5 2450m). I don't often use my GPU, and the IGP would be just enough for most usage I do. Therefore, in order to improve the battery life, I wish to deactivate the GPU and use only the IGP. The problem is that my BIOS doesnt allow me to do so. But I believe it is possible to deactivate the GPU 'programatically'. I'm running Debian Wheezy on the 3.2.0.4 AMD64 kernel. The first problem I'm running into is that when I run lspci, my IGP doesnt show up. Could this be because im lacking a kernel module? (I chose a targeted installation). What are the solutions to deactivating a GPU and using an IGP on a Linux System such as debian?

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• how to setup a ssh acount with no terminal but port forwarding?

  - by admalledd

  I am trying to set up a new user account I can give to friends so they can SSH into my forward computer, and only allow forwarding of certain ports. I do not want my friends to have a shell, or be able to change what ports to where they are allowed to forward. example session: joe(friend) connects using PuTTY (that I have pre-set, he isn't good with computers) to example.com(my Internet facing computer) forwarding ports 8080,1990,25565 to him(with what ever end ports he wants, preferably they stay the same numbers) example ssh command to do similar (but he can still change the ports on my computer!) ssh -N [email protected] -p443 -L8080:192.168.1.2:8080 -L1990:127.0.0.1:1990 -L25565:127.0.0.1:25565 then, same story with other friend smith(same ports, same user even) except he is using linux, so cant use putty. is it possible to also leave default SSH functinality for all other users but this one? I found this when I was searching google, but alas, I did not quite understand what was being suggested, and I don't think they covered restricting port forwarding

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• Operating Systems supported by the Intel SR1435VP2 Server Platform?

  - by Xspence

  I recently had two Intel SR1435VP2 Servers (with SE7320VP2 server boards) donated to me from a colleague. Google hasn't yielded much more than user manuals when searching for OS-compatibility answers. I have worked with flavors of Linux such as Ubuntu and Debian, but Intel only documents that they have tested proprietary operating systems such as SuSE, Solaris and Red Hat as documented on their driver downloads page. Has anyone worked with these machines before, and if so, do you know if the SR1435VP2/E7320 chipset supports OS's such as CentOS, Debian or Ubuntu? If you need more information or clarification, let me know. This is all new for me. Thanks in advance.

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• How can I use rsync with a FAT file system?

  - by Kim

  I would like to write a simple backup script that saves some data to a FAT drive. Should I reformat the drive and use a better file system or is it possible to use rsync with FAT? If so, what problems might I run into? Would performance be a lot worse? EDIT: This is on linux, didn't even know there was a rsync for windows. The sources are various file systems (it's a mess), and the destination is currently formatted with FAT32. Thank you for your answers, I'll probably go for a reformat, since I'm not completely sure about the file sizes we'll have.

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• Modify PATH variable for X11 during log-in

  - by user1028435

  I am working on some lab computers (read: no administrative rights) that, if I log in, I need to change the PATH variable as X11 starts. The reason is that I need to change the PATH variable at this time, as opposed to later, is that the Print Screen command seems to "bind" during login (forgive my bad explanation of this). Currently, I have a .bashrc script as a workaround: #!/bin/bash export PATH=/home/username/bin:$PATH I can make it work by starting a new X, but I was wondering if it is possible to change upon login. cat /etc/redhat-release tells me my distribution is: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client release 5.8 (Tikanga)

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