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• Writing a mini-language with haskell, trouble with "while" statements and blocks { }

  - by Nibirue

  EDIT: problem partially solved, skip to the bottom for update. I'm writing a small language using haskell, and I've made a lot of progress, but I am having trouble implementing statements that use blocks, like "{ ... }". I've implemented support for If statements like so in my parser file: stmt = skip +++ ifstmt +++ assignment +++ whilestmt ifstmt = symbol "if" >> parens expr >>= \c -> stmt >>= \t -> symbol "else" >> stmt >>= \e -> return $ If c t e whilestmt = symbol "while" >> parens expr >>= \c -> symbol "\n" >> symbol "{" >> stmt >>= \t -> symbol "}" >> return $ While c t expr = composite +++ atomic And in the Syntax file: class PP a where pp :: Int -> a -> String instance PP Stmt where pp ind (If c t e) = indent ind ++ "if (" ++ show c ++ ") \n" ++ pp (ind + 2) t ++ indent ind ++ "else\n" ++ pp (ind + 2) e pp ind (While c t) = indent ind ++ "while (" ++ show c ++") \n" ++ "{" ++ pp (ind + 2) t ++ "}" ++ indent ind Something is wrong with the while statement, and I don't understand what. The logic seems correct, but when I run the code I get the following error: EDIT: Fixed the first problem based on the first reply, now it is not recognizing my while statment which I assume comes from this: exec :: Env -> Stmt -> Env exec env (If c t e) = exec env ( if eval env c == BoolLit True then t else e ) exec env (While c t) = exec env ( if eval env c == BoolLit True then t ) The file being read from looks like this: x = 1; c = 0; if (x < 2) c = c + 1; else ; -- SEPARATE FILES FOR EACH x = 1; c = 1; while (x < 10) { c = c * x; x = x + 1; } c I've tried to understand the error report but nothing I've tried solves the problem.

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• Are There Any Other Web Programming Languages That Can Be Used Without A Framework Aside From PHP?

  - by Ygam

  Python needs a framework, so does Java (for the web). I don't know much about Ruby or Coldfusion. But is there another language out there for the web that can stand alone as it is without a need for a framework or without strict adherence to a design pattern (MVC and the likes) aside from PHP? BTW, the statement that Python and Java needs a framework to work with the web came purely from my readings on articles and books; I might be mistaken.

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• Harris Corporation Streamlines Manufacturing Assembly Operations with AutoVue

  - by Pam Petropoulos

  "AutoVue is a critical component to our business process; we can’t live without it.” – Charlie Davies, Principal ECAE Applications Engineer, Harris Corporation. Read how Harris Corporation, an international communications and information technology company in the high tech space, is using AutoVue to streamline their manufacturing assembly operations, enhance design reviews and improve communication of engineering changes. Click here to read the complete story.

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• How to implement SHA-2 in SQL Server 2005 or 2008 with a CLR assembly

  SQL Server 2012 supports SHA-256 and SHA-512 through the HASHBYTES() function, but earlier versions of SQL Server do not. SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 can, however, be implemented in SQL Server 2005 or SQL Server 2008 with the CLR assembly described in this article. Optimize SQL Server performance“With SQL Monitor, we can be proactive in our optimization process, instead of waiting until a customer reports a problem,” John Trumbul, Sr. Software Engineer. Optimize your servers with a free trial.

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• How do I surpress maven assembly plugin skipping files that are already added? Or allow overwrite?

  - by gmale

  Hello, For weeks, I've been wrestling with maven, getting it to deploy our project "properly." I'm almost done but I have one stubborn little problem: When I use the maven assembly plugin with the "directory" goal as in mvn assembly:directory I get LOTS of console output like the following: [INFO] tomcat/conf already added, skipping  [INFO] tomcat/conf/Catalina already added, skipping  [INFO] tomcat/conf/Catalina/localhost already added, skipping  [INFO] tomcat/webapps already added, skipping I've written my own assembly descriptor that basically copies several FileSets into various sub-directories within our deploy directory. Messages like the ones above appear whenever a file from one FileSet is being copied to a location in which another FileSet has already created the basic directory structure (and some "default" files that can be overwritten). So, I'm having a hard time figuring out: How do I either 1) Suppress these messages (but only the "already added" messages) or 2) allow for overwrite?

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• SecurityException from Activator.CreateInstance(), How to grant permissons to Assembly?

  - by user365164

  I have been loading an assembly via Assembly.LoadFrom(@"path"); and then doing Type t = asm.GetType("Test.Test"); test = Activator.CreateInstance(t, new Object[] { ... }); and it was working fine, but now I moved the dll I am getting the following System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException: Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation. --- System.Security.SecurityException: Request for the permission of type 'System.Security.Permissons.SecurityPermission, etc .. For the sake of brevity it seems the demand was for an PermissionSet that allowed ControlAppDomain and it's not getting it. My question is how can I create this permissionset and pass it to the instance or assembly? I've been googling for hours to no avail.

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• Any reason why NGEN should hang and never complete for a particular assembly?

  - by Lasse V. Karlsen

  I have a class library project for .NET 3.5 built with Visual Studio 2008. If I try to NGEN the core assembly in this solution file, NGEN never completes, or at least not in the time I've bothered to let it run (like overnight). Has anyone else experienced this? And if so, did you solve it? And if you did, how? What steps did you take? If this is a bug in NGEN, how do I post this to Microsoft? I have a connect account, but where do I post a bug-report for this particular product, instead of a .NET class (which I know where to go for.) The class library in question can be found here: http://svn.vkarlsen.no:81/svn/LVK/LVK_3_5/trunk (subversion 1.6 repository) The problematic assembly is the LVK.Core assembly.

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• Intermittent Could not load file or assembly / PolicyExceptions

  - by Mark S. Rasmussen

  Intermittently we'll get errors like these from our .NET 3.5 web applications: Exception: System.Configuration.ConfigurationErrorsException: Could not load file or assembly 'itextsharp, Version=4.1.2.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8354ae6d2174ddca' or one of its dependencies. Failed to grant permission to execute. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131418) (C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config line 59) ---> System.IO.FileLoadException: Could not load file or assembly 'itextsharp, Version=4.1.2.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8354ae6d2174ddca' or one of its dependencies. Failed to grant permission to execute. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131418) File name: 'itextsharp, Version=4.1.2.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8354ae6d2174ddca' ---> System.Security.Policy.PolicyException: Execution permission cannot be acquired. at System.Security.SecurityManager.ResolvePolicy(Evidence evidence, PermissionSet reqdPset, PermissionSet optPset, PermissionSet denyPset, PermissionSet& denied, Boolean checkExecutionPermission) at System.Security.SecurityManager.ResolvePolicy(Evidence evidence, PermissionSet reqdPset, PermissionSet optPset, PermissionSet denyPset, PermissionSet& denied, Int32& securitySpecialFlags, Boolean checkExecutionPermission) at System.Reflection.Assembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString) at System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) --- End of inner exception stack trace --- at System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) at System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAllAssembliesFromAppDomainBinDirectory() at System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssembly(AssemblyInfo ai) at System.Web.Configuration.AssemblyInfo.get_AssemblyInternal() at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetReferencedAssemblies(CompilationSection compConfig) at System.Web.Compilation.WebDirectoryBatchCompiler..ctor(VirtualDirectory vdir) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.BatchCompileWebDirectoryInternal(VirtualDirectory vdir, Boolean ignoreErrors) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.CompileWebFile(VirtualPath virtualPath) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetVPathBuildResultInternal(VirtualPath virtualPath, Boolean noBuild, Boolean allowCrossApp, Boolean allowBuildInPrecompile) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetVPathBuildResultWithNoAssert(HttpContext context, VirtualPath virtualPath, Boolean noBuild, Boolean allowCrossApp, Boolean allowBuildInPrecompile) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetVirtualPathObjectFactory(VirtualPath virtualPath, HttpContext context, Boolean allowCrossApp, Boolean noAssert) at System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetCompiledType(String virtualPath) at System.Web.Script.Services.WebServiceData.GetWebServiceData(HttpContext context, String virtualPath, Boolean failIfNoData, Boolean pageMethods, Boolean inlineScript) at System.Web.Script.Services.RestHandler.CreateHandler(HttpContext context) at System.Web.Script.Services.ScriptHandlerFactory.GetHandler(HttpContext context, String requestType, String url, String pathTranslated) at System.Web.HttpApplication.MaterializeHandlerExecutionStep.System.Web.HttpApplication.IExecutionStep.Execute() at System.Web.HttpApplication.ExecuteStep(IExecutionStep step, Boolean& completedSynchronously) Inner exception: System.IO.FileLoadException: Could not load file or assembly 'itextsharp, Version=4.1.2.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8354ae6d2174ddca' or one of its dependencies. Failed to grant permission to execute. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131418) File name: 'itextsharp, Version=4.1.2.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8354ae6d2174ddca' ---> System.Security.Policy.PolicyException: Execution permission cannot be acquired. at System.Security.SecurityManager.ResolvePolicy(Evidence evidence, PermissionSet reqdPset, PermissionSet optPset, PermissionSet denyPset, PermissionSet& denied, Boolean checkExecutionPermission) at System.Security.SecurityManager.ResolvePolicy(Evidence evidence, PermissionSet reqdPset, PermissionSet optPset, PermissionSet denyPset, PermissionSet& denied, Int32& securitySpecialFlags, Boolean checkExecutionPermission) at System.Reflection.Assembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) at System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString) at System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) web.config line 59 being: <add assembly="*"/> When these occur, the sites will YSOD untill we recycle the application pool. The sites may run for days/weeks before this occurs, or it might happen twice within the hour. I have not been able to pinpoint this to any specific request/function in our system. In this case it points to itextsharp, but it randomly points to any assembly referenced by our application, both internal and external. Running caspol verifies that the DLL has full trust permissions: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727>caspol -rsg D:\...\bin\itextsharp.dll Microsoft (R) .NET Framework CasPol 2.0.50727.3053 Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Level = Enterprise Code Groups: 1. All code: FullTrust Level = Machine Code Groups: 1. All code: Nothing 1.1. Zone - MyComputer: FullTrust Level = User Code Groups: 1. All code: FullTrust Success Our application is running on three servers, two of them are on Server 2008 Web x64 while the third is running Server 2008 R2 Web x64, all have .NET 3.5 installed, no .NET 4.0 installations. The problem only occurs on the first two that are running 2008 non R2. Running depends.exe on all three servers gives equal results for the nonR2 servers: My DLL is shown as x86 (compiled as AnyCPU, running in x64 w3wp), all other modules show as x64. Missing IESHIMS.DLL and LINKINFO.DLL - both of these seem to be red herrings according to Google. The third server shows the same, except it does not miss LINKINFO.DLL All servers are running IIS7 (7.5 for the R2 one) under a custom domain account that has been granted the necessary permissions: aspnet_regiis -ga [user] Load user profile is set to false on all three servers. I've tried setting this to true on one of the faulting servers, according to: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1846816/iis7-failed-to-grant-minimum-permission-requests By running processmonitor I can see that it's now using the C:\Users\TEMP\AppData\Local\Temp directory for various temp files - the other ones are not using any such directory. So far I'll let it run in this way to see if this changes anything. I'm in doubt however given that the third server is not exhibiting the problems, yet still has "Load user profile" set to the same value, false. I've also tried running Fuslogvw on all three servers, logging binding failures to disk. All three servers report the same binding errors for VJSharpCodeProvider and CppCodeProvider, but these seem to be normal as well and can be solved by not defining the DEBUG and TRACE constants during build. We're running about 500 websites on each server (identical, load balanced), of which 50 are under moderate load, the problem has arisen both under heavy load as well as under minimal load however. Right now I'm waiting for the errors to happen again so I can hopefully see a pattern and determine whether "Load user profile" alleviates the issue. Any suggestions in the meantime would be very welcome! Also, I don't understand how the lack of "Load user profile" would cause an issue like this? And even further, how it would seemingly work on R2 but not on plain 2008? Thanks!

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• Avoiding circular project/assembly references in Visual Studio with statically typed dependency conf

  - by svnpttrssn

  First, I want to say that I am not interested in debating about any non-helpful "answers" to my question, with suggestions to putting everything in one assembly, i.e. there is no need for anyone to provide webpages such as the page titled with "Separate Assemblies != Loose Coupling". Now, my question is if it somehow (maybe with some Visual Studio configuration to allow for circular project dependencies?) is possible to use one project/assembly (I am here calling it the "ServiceLocator" assembly) for retrieving concrete implementation classes, (e.g. with StructureMap) which can be referred to from other projects, while it of course is also necessary for the the ServiceLocator itself to refer to other projects with the interfaces and the implementations ? Visual Studio project example, illustrating the kind of dependency structure I am talking about: http://img10.imageshack.us/img10/8838/testingdependencyinject.png Please note in the above picture, the problem is how to let the classes in "ApplicationLayerServiceImplementations" retrieve and instantiate classes that implement the interfaces in "DomainLayerServiceInterfaces". The goal is here to not refer directly to the classes in "DomainLayerServiceImplementations", but rather to try using the project "ServiceLocator" to retrieve such classes, but then the circular dependency problem occurrs... For example, a "UserInterfaceLayer" project/assembly might contain this kind of code: ContainerBootstrapper.BootstrapStructureMap(); // located in "ServiceLocator" project/assembly MyDomainLayerInterface myDomainLayerInterface = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<MyDomainLayerInterface>(); // refering to project/assembly "DomainLayerServiceInterfaces" myDomainLayerInterface.MyDomainLayerMethod(); MyApplicationLayerInterface myApplicationLayerInterface = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<MyApplicationLayerInterface>(); // refering to project/assembly "ApplicationLayerServiceInterfaces" myApplicationLayerInterface.MyApplicationLayerMethod(); The above code do not refer to the implementation projects/assemblies ApplicationLayerServiceImplementations and DomainLayerServiceImplementations, which contain this kind of code: public class MyApplicationLayerImplementation : MyApplicationLayerInterface and public class MyDomainLayerImplementation : MyDomainLayerInterface The "ServiceLocator" project/assembly might contain this code: using ApplicationLayerServiceImplementations; using ApplicationLayerServiceInterfaces; using DomainLayerServiceImplementations; using DomainLayerServiceInterfaces; using StructureMap; namespace ServiceLocator { public static class ContainerBootstrapper { public static void BootstrapStructureMap() { ObjectFactory.Initialize(x => { // The two interfaces and the two implementations below are located in four different Visual Studio projects x.ForRequestedType<MyDomainLayerInterface>().TheDefaultIsConcreteType<MyDomainLayerImplementation>(); x.ForRequestedType<MyApplicationLayerInterface>().TheDefaultIsConcreteType<MyApplicationLayerImplementation>(); }); } } } So far, no problem, but the problem occurs when I want to let the class "MyApplicationLayerImplementation" in the project/assembly "ApplicationLayerServiceImplementations" use the "ServiceLocator" project/assembly for retrieving an implementation of "MyDomainLayerInterface". When I try to do that, i.e. add a reference from "MyApplicationLayerImplementation" to "ServiceLocator", then Visual Studio complains about circular dependencies between projects. Is there any nice solution to this problem, which does not imply using refactoring-unfriendly string based xml-configuration which breaks whenever an interface or class or its namespace is renamed ? / Sven

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• Multi Module Project - Assembly plugin

  - by user209947

  I am using Maven 2.0.9 to build a multi module project. I have defined the assembly plugin in my parent pom. I can get my assemblies built using mvn install assembly:assembly This command runs the tests twice, once during install phase and another during assembly. I tried assembly:single but it throws an error. Any help to get my assemblies built without running the tests twice is much appreciated.

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• Yii urlManager language in URL

  - by TaMeR

  I am trying to add a language to the url with following syntax: http://www.example.com/en/site/page/view/about What I have so far works with short urls like: http://www.example.com/en/site/contact but not with long once as in my first example Here is what I have so far: /config/main.php 'urlManager'=>array( 'class'=>'application.components.MyCUrlManager', 'urlFormat'=>'path', 'showScriptName'=>false, 'rules'=>array( '<language:\w+>/<controller:\w+>/<id:\d+>'=>'<controller>/view', '<language:\w+>/<controller:\w+>/<action:\w+>/<id:\d+>'=>'<controller>/<action>', '<language:\w+>/<controller:\w+>/<action:\w+>'=>'<controller>/<action>', ), ), <?php // components/MyCUrlManager.php class MyCUrlManager extends CUrlManager { public function createUrl($route,$params=array(),$ampersand='&') { if(isset($_POST['_lang'])){ Yii::app()->language = $_POST['_lang']; }elseif (!isset($route['language']) && $controller != 'srbac'){ $route['language']=Yii::app()->language; }else{ Yii::app()->language = $route['language']; } return parent::createUrl($route, $params, $ampersand); } } ?> class Controller extends CController: { /// ..... function init() { parent::init(); if (isset($_POST['_lang'])) { Yii::app()->setLanguage($_POST['_lang']); Yii::app()->session['_lang'] = Yii::app()->language; }elseif (isset(Yii::app()->session['_lang'])) { Yii::app()->setLanguage(Yii::app()->session['_lang']); } } } class LangBox extends CWidget { public function run() { $currentLang = Yii::app()->language; require_once 'Zend/Locale.php'; $locale = new Zend_Locale(); //$siteLanguages = $this->getLang(); $siteLanguages = array('en','de','tr'); foreach($siteLanguages as $value){ $list[$value] = $locale->getTranslation($value, 'Language', $value); } asort($list); $this->render('langBox', array('currentLang' => $currentLang, 'list'=>$list)); } }

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• Oracle VM and JRockit Virtual Edition: Oracle Introduces Java Virtualization Solution for Oracle(R)

  - by adam.hawley

  Since the beginning, we've been talking to customers about how our approach to virtualization is different and more powerful than any other company because Oracle has the "full-stack" of software (and even hardware these days!) to work with to create more comprehensive, more powerful solutions. Having the virtualization layer, two enterprise class operating systems in Solaris and Enterprise Linux, and the leading enterprise software in nearly every layer of the data center stack, allows us to not just do virtualization for virtualization's sake but rather to provide complete virtualization solutions focused on making enterprise software easier to deploy, easier to manage, and easier to support through integration up and down the stack. Today, we announced the availability of a significant demonstration of that capability by announcing a WebLogic Suite option that permits the Oracle WebLogic Server 11g to run on a Java JVM (JRockit Virtual Edition) that itself runs directly on the Oracle VM Server for x86 / x64 without needing any operating system. Why would you want that? Better performance and better consolidation density, not to mention great security due to a lower "attack surface area". Oracle also announced the Oracle Virtual Assembly Builder product. Oracle Virtual Assembly Builder provides a framework for automatically capturing the configuration of existing software components and packaging them as self-contained building blocks known as appliances. So you know that complex application you've tweaked on your physical servers (or on other virtual environments for that matter)?  Virtual Assembly Builder will allow the automated collection of all the configuration data for the various application components that make up that multi-tier application and then use the information to create and package each component as a virtual machine so that the application can be deployed in your Oracle VM virtualization environment quickly and easily and just as it was configured it in your original environment. A slick, drag-and-drop GUI also serves as a powerful, intuitive interface for viewing and editing your assembly as needed.No one else can do complete virtualization solutions the way Oracle can and I think these offerings show what's possible when you have the right resources for elegantly solving the larger problems in the data center rather than just having to make-do with tools that are only operating at one layer of the stack. For more information, read the press release including the links to more information on various Oracle websites.

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• Best resource for serious Commodore 64 programming.

  - by postfuturist

  What is the best resource for serious Commodore 64 programming? Assume that serious programming on the Commodore 64 is not done in BASIC V2 that ships with the Commodore 64. I feel like most of the knowledge is tied up in old books and not available on the internet. All that I have found online are either very beginner style introductions to Commodore 64 programming (Hello world), or arcane demo-coder hacks to take advantage of strange parts of the hardware. I haven't found a well-explained list of opcodes, memory locations for system calls, and general mid-level examples and tips. Main portals I have found: lemon64 C-64 Scene Database c64web Actually hosted on a Commodore 64! Tools I have found: cc65 A C compiler that can target Commodore 64.

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• ASP-style tags for Perl web development?

  - by Alex R

  I feel like I'm traveling 10 years back in time by asking this, but... Are there any modules, patches, or any "new" version of Perl (released in the last 10 years) to enable writing web-oriented Perl scripts using ASP-style tags? e.g. from ASP/JSP some html <% some code %> more HTML e.g. from PHP some html <? some code ?> more HTML Please don't worry about "why" I'm asking this... It's related to programming language research.

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• Conditional Move on the PowerPC

  - by Mark Probst

  Is there a conditional-move-equivalent on the PowerPC (32 or 64) instruction set? It can obviously be emulated using a conditional branch, but I want something that outperforms that.

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• Design a GUI browser to view a tree

  - by iamrohitbanga

  I have a large tree. I want to be able to visualize it using a GUI tool. I want the ability to pan and zoom the tree image so that i can focus on part of the tree. Is there an existing tool to achieve this? If not i would like to write a small tool for myself to be able to do this. what is the simplest way of doing this? what computer language should i use? the image should look something like http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Binary_tree.png I should be able to zoom and pan the image.

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• Interesting or unique types encountered?

  - by user318904

  What is the most strange or unique type you have seen in a programming language? I was thinking the other day about a "random variable", ie whenever it is evaluated it yields a random value from some domain. It would require some runtime trickery. Also I bet there can be some interesting mapping of regular expressions into a type system. It does not necessarily have to be a built in or primitive type, but some random class that implements a domain specific type won't really be interesting just unique.

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• Add Keyboard Input Language to Ubuntu

  - by Matthew Guay

  Want to type in multiple languages in Ubuntu?  Here we’ll show you how you can easily add and switch between multiple keyboard layouts in Ubuntu. Add a Keyboard Language To add a keyboard language, open the System menu, select Preferences, and then select Keyboard. In the Keyboard Preferences dialog, select the Layouts tab, and click Add.   You can select a country and then choose an language and keyboard variant.  Note that some countries, such as the United States, may show several languages.  Once you’ve made your selection, you can preview it on the sample keyboard displayed below the menu. Alternately, on the second tab, select a language and then choose a variant.  Click Add when you’ve made your selection. Now you’ll notice that there are two languages listed in the Keyboard Preferences, and they’re both ready to use immediately.  You can add more if you wish, or close the dialog. Switch Between Languages When you have multiple input languages installed, you’ll notice a new icon in your system tray on the top right.  It will show the abbreviation of the country and/or language name that is currently selected.  Click the icon to change the language. Right-click the dialog to view available languages (listed under Groups), open the Keyboard Preferences dialog again, or show the current layout. If you select Show Current Layout you’ll see a window with the keyboard preview we saw previously when setting the keyboard layout.  You can even print this layout preview out to help you remember a layout if you wish. Change Keyboard Shortcuts to Switch Languages By default, you can switch input languages in Ubuntu from the keyboard by pressing both Alt keys together.  Many users are already used to the default Alt+Switch combination to switch input languages in Windows, and we can add that in Ubuntu.  Open the keyboard preferences dialog, select the Layout tab, and click Options. Click the plus sign beside Key(s) to change layout, and select Alt+Shift.  Click Close, and you can now use this familiar shortcut to switch input languages. The layout options dialog offers many more neat keyboard shortcuts and options.  One especially neat option was the option to use a keyboard led to show when we’re using the alternate keyboard layout.  We selected the ScrollLock light since it’s hardly used today, and now it lights up when we’re using our other input language.   Conclusion Whether you regularly type in multiple languages or only need to enter an occasional character from an alternate keyboard layout, Ubuntu’s keyboard settings make it easy to make your keyboard work the way you want.  And since you can even preview and print a keyboard layout, you can even remember an alternate keyboard’s layout if it’s not printed on your keyboard. Windows users, you’re not left behind, either.  Check out our tutorial on how to Add keyboard languages to XP, Vista, and Windows 7. Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Add keyboard languages to XP, Vista, and Windows 7Assign a Hotkey to Open a Terminal Window in UbuntuWhat is ctfmon.exe And Why Is It Running?Keyboard Shortcuts for VMware WorkstationInput Director Controls Multiple Windows Machines with One Keyboard and Mouse TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips VMware Workstation 7 Acronis Online Backup DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro MELTUP – "The Beginning Of US Currency Crisis And Hyperinflation" Enable or Disable the Task Manager Using TaskMgrED Explorer++ is a Worthy Windows Explorer Alternative Error Goblin Explains Windows Error Codes Twelve must-have Google Chrome plugins Cool Looking Skins for Windows Media Player 12

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• Supernova Programming Language

  Supernova is a modern scripting language for MS-Windows released as Freeware

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• Learning to implement dynamically typed language compiler

  - by TriArc

  I'm interested in learning how to create a compiler for a dynamically typed language. Most compiler books, college courses and articles/tutorials I've come across are specifically for statically typed languages. I've thought of a few ways to do it, but I'd like to know how it's usually done. I know type inferencing is a pretty common strategy, but what about others? Where can I find out more about how to create a dynamically typed language? Edit 1: I meant dynamically typed. Sorry about the confusion. I've written toy compilers for statically typed languages and written some interpreters for dynamically typed languages. Now, I'm interested in learning more about creating compilers for a dynamically typed language. I'm specifically experimenting with LLVM and since I need to specify the type of every method and argument, I'm thinking of ways to implement a dynamically typed language on something like LLVM.

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• Mashups and the Enterprise Mashup Markup Language

  Data Formats - Languages - Social Sciences - Markup language - Graphics

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• Game-oriented programming language features/objectives/paradigm?

  - by Klaim

  What are the features and language objectives (general problems to solves) or paradigms that a fictive programming language targetted at games (any kind of game) would require? For example, obviously we would have at least Performance (in speed and memory) (because a lot of games simply require that), but it have a price in the languages we currently use. Expressivity might be a common feature that is required for all languages. I guess some concepts from not-usually-used-for-games paradigms, like actor-based languages, or language-based message passing, might be useful too. So I ask you what would be ideal for games. (maybe one day someone will take those answers and build a language over it? :D ) Please set 1 feature/objective/paradigm per answer. Note: maybe that question don't make sense to you. In this case please explain why in an answer. It's a good thing to have answers to this question that might pop in your head sometimes.

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• Python as a first language?

  - by user64085

  I have just started working in Information Security World. I want to learn the Python language for creating my own automated tool for Fuzzing, SQL-Injection etc. My question is I don't know much about C language (only basic knowledge) but I want to learn directly Python Language so is it good? I have seen there is lots of difference between Python and C (obviously) and for Information Security field Python = GOD so I want to know learning Python need any experience on C language? If not so can I start learning Python directly?

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• Learning the GO programming language and its prospects [closed]

  - by SHOUBHIK BOSE

  Possible Duplicate: What are the chances of Google's Go becoming a mainstream language? Recently I've started experimenting with The GO programming language by Google. Its a programmer-friendly language having the simplicity of Python. I was wondering whether companies other than Google would also start using Go for development, and if they do , what would be the prospects of being a Go programmer?

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• Programming Language, Turing Completeness and Turing Machine

  - by Amumu

  A programming language is said to be Turing Completeness if it can successfully simulate a universal TM. Let's take functional programming language for example. In functional programming, function has highest priority over anything. You can pass functions around like any primitives or objects. This is called first class function. In functional programming, your function does not produce side effect i.e. output strings onto screen, change the state of variables outside of its scope. Each function has a copy of its own objects if the objects are passed from the outside, and the copied objects are returned once the function finishes its job. Each function written purely in functional style is completely independent to anything outside of it. Thus, the complexity of the overall system is reduced. This is referred as referential transparency. In functional programming, each function can have its local variables kept its values even after the function exits. This is done by the garbage collector. The value can be reused the next time the function is called again. This is called memoization. A function usually should solve only one thing. It should model only one algorithm to answer a problem. Do you think that a function in a functional language with above properties simulate a Turing Machines? Functions (= algorithms = Turing Machines) are able to be passed around as input and returned as output. TM also accepts and simulate other TMs Memoization models the set of states of a Turing Machine. The memorized variables can be used to determine states of a TM (i.e. which lines to execute, what behavior should it take in a give state ...). Also, you can use memoization to simulate your internal tape storage. In language like C/C++, when a function exits, you lose all of its internal data (unless you store it elsewhere outside of its scope). The set of symbols are the set of all strings in a programming language, which is the higher level and human-readable version of machine code (opcode) Start state is the beginning of the function. However, with memoization, start state can be determined by memoization or if you want, switch/if-else statement in imperative programming language. But then, you can't Final accepting state when the function returns a value, or rejects if an exception happens. Thus, the function (= algorithm = TM) is decidable. Otherwise, it's undecidable. I'm not sure about this. What do you think? Is my thinking true on all of this? The reason I bring function in functional programming because I think it's closer to the idea of TM. What experience with other programming languages do you have which make you feel the idea of TM and the ideas of Computer Science in general? Can you specify how you think?

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