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• Fluent NHibernate Mapping and Formulas/DatePart

  - by Alessandro Di Lello

  Hi There, i have a very simple table with a Datetime column and i have this mapping in my domain object. MyDate is the name of the datetime column in the DB. public virtual int Day { get; set; } public virtual int Month { get; set; } public virtual int Year { get; set; } public virtual int Hour { get; set; } public virtual int Minutes { get; set; } public virtual int Seconds { get;set; } public virtual int WeekNo { get; set; } Map(x => x.Day).Formula("DATEPART(day, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.Month).Formula("DATEPART(month, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.Year).Formula("DATEPART(year, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.Hour).Formula("DATEPART(hour, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.Minutes).Formula("DATEPART(minute, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.Seconds).Formula("DATEPART(second, Datetime)"); Map(x => x.WeekNo).Formula("DATEPART(week, Datetime)"); This is working all great .... but Week Datepart. I saw with NHProf the sql generating for a select and here's the problem it's generating all the sql correctly but for week datepart.. this is part of the SQL generated: ....Datepart(day, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(month, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(year, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(hour, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(minute, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(second, MyDate) ... ....Datepart(this_.week, MyDate) ... where this_ is the alias for the table that nhibernate uses. so it's treating the week keyword for the datepart stuff as a column or something like that. To clarify there's no column or properties that is called week. some help ? cheers Alessandro

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• Retrieve EF4 POCOs using WCF REST services starter kit

  - by muruge

  I am using WCF REST service (GET method) to retrieve my EF4 POCOs. The service seem to work just fine. When I query the uri in my browser I get the results as expected. In my client application I am trying to use WCF REST Starter Kit's HTTPExtension method - ReadAsDataContract() to convert the result back into my POCO. This works fine when the POCO's navigation property is a single object of related POCO. The problem is when the navigation property is a collection of related POCOs. The ReadAsDataContract() method throws an exception with message "Object reference not set to an instance of an object." Below are my POCOs. [DataContract(Namespace = "", Name = "Trip")] public class Trip { [DataMember(Order = 1)] public virtual int TripID { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 2)] public virtual int RegionID { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 3)] public virtual System.DateTime BookingDate { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 4)] public virtual Region Region { // removed for brevity } } [DataContract(Namespace = "", Name = "Region")] public class Region { [DataMember(Order = 1)] public virtual int RegionID { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 2)] public virtual string RegionCode { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 3)] public virtual FixupCollection<Trip> Trips { // removed for brevity } } [CollectionDataContract(Namespace = "", Name = "{0}s", ItemName = "{0}")] [Serializable] public class FixupCollection<T> : ObservableCollection<T> { protected override void ClearItems() { new List<T>(this).ForEach(t => Remove(t)); } protected override void InsertItem(int index, T item) { if (!this.Contains(item)) { base.InsertItem(index, item); } } } And this is how I am trying retrieve a Region POCO. static void GetRegion() { string uri = "http://localhost:8080/TripService/Regions?id=1"; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(uri); using (HttpResponseMessage response = client.Get(uri)) { Region region; response.EnsureStatusIsSuccessful(); try { region = response.Content.ReadAsDataContract<Region>(); // this line throws exception because Region returns a collection of related trips Console.WriteLine(region.RegionName); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } } Would appreciate any pointers.

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• NHibernate - I have many, but I only want one!

  - by MartinF

  Hello, I have a User which can have many Emails. This is mapped through a List collection (exposed by IEnumerable Emails on the User). For each User one of the Emails will be the Primary one ("Boolean IsPrimary" property on Email). How can I get the primary Email from User without NHibernate loads every email for the User ? I have the following two entities, with a corresponding table for each public class User { public virtual int Id { get; set; } public virtual IEnumerable<Email> Emails { get; set; } // public virtual Email PrimaryEmail { get; set; } - Possible somehow ? } public class Email { public virtual int Id { get; set; } public virtual String Address { get; set; } public virtual Boolean IsPrimary { get; set; } public virtual User User { get; set; } } Can I map a "Email PrimaryEmail" property etc. on the User to the Email which have "IsPrimary=1" set somehow ? Maybe using a Sql Formula ? a View ? a One-To-One relationship ? or another way ? It should be possible to change the primary email to be one of the other emails, so i would like to keep them all in 1 table and just change the IsPrimary property. Using a Sql Formula, is it be possible to keep the "PrimaryEmail" property on the User up-to-date, if I set the IsPrimary property on the current primary email to false, and then afterwards set the PrimaryEmail property to the email which should be the new primary email and set IsPrimary to true ? Will NHibernate track changes on the "old/current" primary Email loaded by the Sql Formula ? What about the 1 level cache and the 2 level cache when using SqlFormula ? I dont know if it could work by using a View ? Then i guess the Email could be mapped like a Component ? Will it work when updating the Email data when loaded from the View ? Is there a better way ? As I have a bi-directional relationship between User and Email I could in many cases of course query the primary Email and then use the "User" property on the Email to get the User (instead of the other way around - going from User to the primary Email) Hope someone can help ?

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• NHibernate Mapping problem

  - by Bernard Larouche

  My database is being driven by my NHibernate mapping files. I have a Category class that looks like the following : public class Category { public Category() : this("") { } public Category(string name) { Name = name; SubCategories = new List<Category>(); Products = new HashSet<Product>(); } public virtual int ID { get; set; } public virtual string Name { get; set; } public virtual string Description { get; set; } public virtual Category Parent { get; set; } public virtual bool IsDefault { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Category> SubCategories { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; } and here is my Mapping file : <property name="Name" column="Name" type="string" not-null="true"/> <property name="IsDefault" column="IsDefault" type="boolean" not-null="true" /> <property name="Description" column="Description" type="string" not-null="true" /> <many-to-one name="Parent" column="ParentID"></many-to-one> <bag name="SubCategories" inverse="true"> <key column="ParentID"></key> <one-to-many class="Category"/> </bag> <set name="Products" table="Categories_Products"> <key column="CategoryId"></key> <many-to-many column="ProductId" class="Product"></many-to-many> </set> when I try to create the database I get the following error : failed: The INSERT statement conflicted with the FOREIGN KEY SAME TABLE constraint "FK9AD976763BF05E2A". The conflict occurred in database "CoderForTraders", table "dbo.Categories", column 'CategoryId'. The statement has been terminated. I looked on the net for some answers but found none. Thanks for your help

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• Any way to speed up this hierarchical query?

  - by RenderIn

  I've got a serious performance problem with a hierarchical query that I can't seem to fix. I am modeling several organization charts in my database, each representing a virtual organization within our company. For example, we have several temporary committees that are created from time to time and there may be a Committee Organizer role at the top of this virtual hierarchy, with several people assigned to the Committee Member role beneath the organizer. Some of our virtual organizations have many levels and several branches at each level. I have a single table in which I represent all the role assignments. i.e. a ROLE_ID column and a PARENT_ROLE_ID column which is a foreign key to the ROLE_ID column. For each assignment we also store as a column the location in the company where this person has the assignment. For example, the Committee Organizer would have a company-level/ CEO assignment, while the committee members would have department-level assignments such as ACCOUNTING, MARKETING, etc. So to model the organizer/member relationship for two individuals we would have: ROLE_ID = 4 PARENT_ROLE_ID = NULL EMPLOYEE_NUMBER = 213423 COMPANY_LOCATION = CEO ROLE_ID = 5 PARENT_ROLE_ID = 4 EMPLOYEE_NUMBER = 838221 COMPANY_LOCATION = ACCOUNTING Here's where things get tricky. I have an application that every person in the organization can log in to. When they log in they should be able to view all the virtual organizations in our company. e.g. the committee members should be able to see the committee organizer and vice-versa. However, only the committee organizer should be able to edit the committee members. The difficulty is in determining whether an individual (who can have multiple role assignments) has edit access for each other assignment. While this seems simple in the example, consider a virtual organization in which we have President at the top, 5 departments directly beneath him, 2 subdepartments below each department. We only want people in the Accounting department to be able to edit individuals in the subdepartments belonging to the Accounting department. They should not have edit access to anybody in the Marketing department or its subdepartments. To determine edit access when a user views a virtual organization in our company I run a query that executes two inline views: A) Hierarchically query for all assignments in this virtual organization and using SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH to store the entire path to each user/role/company_location and B) Hierarchically retrieve all the assignments the individual logged in has and using the SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH to store the entire path to each of these assignments. The result of the query is all the records from A) plus a boolean determined by joining with B) which flags whether the logged in user has edit access for each record. Indexes don't seem to be helping... it simply appears that there is too much processing going on to separate all the records and then determine edit access. One issue is that I can't store the SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH and index it... determining whether an individual record has edit access consists of comparing if: test_record_sys_path LIKE individual_record_sys_path || '%' Is a materialized view the answer?

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• Given a trace of packets, how would you group them into flows?

  - by zxcvbnm

  I've tried it these ways so far: 1) Make a hash with the source IP/port and destination IP/port as keys. Each position in the hash is a list of packets. The hash is then saved in a file, with each flow separated by some special characters/line. Problem: Not enough memory for large traces. 2) Make a hash with the same key as above, but only keep in memory the file handles. Each packet is then put into the hash[key] that points to the right file. Problems: Too many flows/files (~200k) and it might run out of memory as well. 3) Hash the source IP/port and destination IP/port, then put the info inside a file. The difference between 2 and 3 is that here the files are opened and closed for each operation, so I don't have to worry about running out of memory because I opened too many at the same time. Problems: WAY too slow, same number of files as 2 so also impractical. 4) Make a hash of the source IP/port pairs and then iterate over the whole trace for each flow. Take the packets that are part of that flow and place them into the output file. Problem: Suppose I have a 60 MB trace that has 200k flows. This way, I would process, say, a 60 MB file 200k times. Maybe removing the packets as I iterate would make it not so painful, but so far I'm not sure this would be a good solution. 5) Split them by IP source/destination and then create a single file for each one, separating the flows by special characters. Still too many files (+50k). Right now I'm using Ruby to do it, which might've been a bad idea, I guess. Currently I've filtered the traces with tshark so that they only have relevant info, so I can't really make them any smaller. I thought about loading everything in memory as described in 1) using C#/Java/C++, but I was wondering if there wouldn't be a better approach here, especially since I might also run out of memory later on even with a more efficient language if I have to use larger traces. In summary, the problem I'm facing is that I either have too many files or that I run out of memory. I've also tried searching for some tool to filter the info, but I don't think there is one. The ones I've found only return some statistics and wouldn't scan for every flow as I need.

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• Few doubts regarding Bitmaps , Images & `using` blocks

  - by imageWorker

  I caught up in this problem. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2559826/garbage-collector-not-doing-its-job-memory-consumption-1-5gb-outofmemory-exc I feel that there is something wrong in my understanding. Please clarify these things. Destructor & IDisposable.Dispose are two methods for freeing resources that are not not under the control of .NET. Which means, everything except memory. right? using blocks are just better way of calling IDisposable.Dispose() method of an object. This is the main code I'm referring to. class someclass { static someMethod(Bitmap img) { Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(img); //statement1 // some code here and return } } here is class I'm using for testing: class someotherClass { public static voide Main() { foreach (string imagePath in imagePathsArray) { using (Bitmap img1 = new Bitmap(imagePath)) { someclass.someMethod(img1); // does some more processing on `img1` } } } } Is there any memory leak with statement1? Question1: If each image size is say 10MB. Then does this bmp object occupy atleast 10MB? What I mean is, will it make completely new copy of entire image? or just refer to it? Question2:should I or should I not put the statement1 in using block? My Argument: We should not. Because using is not for freeing memory but for freeing the resources (file handle in this case). If I use it in using block. It closes file handle here encapsulated by this bmp object. It means we are also closing filehandle for the caller's img1 object. Which is not correct? As of the memory leak. No there is no scope of memory leak here. Because reference bmp is destroyed when this method is returned. Which leaves memory it refered without any pointer. So, its garbage collected. Am I right? Edit: class someclass { static Bitmap someMethod(Bitmap img) { Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(img); //can I use `using` block on this enclosing `return bmp`; ??? // do some processing on bmp here return bmp; } }

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• C++ abstract class template + type-specific subclass = trouble with linker

  - by user333279

  Hi there, The project in question is about different endpoints communicating with each other. An endpoint sends events (beyond the scope of the current problem) and can process incoming events. Each event is represented in a generic object as follows: #pragma interface ... // some includes template<typename T> class Event { public: Event(int senderId, Type type, T payload); // Type is an enum Event(int senderId, Type type, int priority, T payload); virtual ~Event(); virtual int getSenderId(); virtual int getPriority(); virtual T getPayload(); void setPriority(const int priority); protected: const int senderId; const Type type; const T payload; int priority; }; It has its implementing class with #pragma implementation tag. An endpoint is defined as follows: #pragma interface #include "Event.h" template<typename T> class AbstractEndPoint { public: AbstractEndPoint(int id); virtual ~AbstractEndPoint(); virtual int getId(); virtual void processEvent(Event<T> event) = 0; protected: const int id; }; It has its implementing class too, but only the constructor, destructor and getId() are defined. The idea is to create concrete endpoints for each different payload type. Therefore I have different payload objects and specific event classes for each type, e.g. Event<TelegramFormatA>, Event<TelegramFormatB> and ConcreteEndPoint for TelegramFormatA, ConcreteEndPoint for TelegramFormatB respectively. The latter classes are defined as class ConcreteEndPoint : AbstractEndPoint<TelegramFormatA> { ... } I'm using g++ 4.4.3 and ld 2.19. Everything compiles nicely, but the linker complaints about undefined references to type-specific event classes, like Event<TelegramFormatA>::Event(....) . I tried explicit instantiation using template class AbstractEndPoint<TelegramFormatA>; but couldn't get past the aforementioned linker errors. Any ideas would be appreciated.

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• Self referencing a table

  - by mue

  Hello, so I'm new to NHibernate and have a problem. Perhaps somebody can help me here. Given a User-class with many, many properties: public class User { public virtual Int64 Id { get; private set; } public virtual string Firstname { get; set; } public virtual string Lastname { get; set; } public virtual string Username { get; set; } public virtual string Email { get; set; } ... public virtual string Comment { get; set; } public virtual UserInfo LastModifiedBy { get; set; } } Here some DDL for the table: CREATE TABLE USERS ( "ID" BIGINT NOT NULL , "FIRSTNAME" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL , "LASTNAME" VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL , "USERNAME" VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL , "EMAIL" VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL , ... "LASTMODIFIEDBY" BIGINT NOT NULL , ) IN "USERSPACE1" ; Database-table-field 'LASTMODIFIEDBY' holds for auditing purposes the Id from the User who is acting in case of inserts or updates. This would normally be an admin. Because the UI shall display not this Int64 but admins name (pattern like 'Lastname, Firstname') I need to retrieve these values by self referencing table USERS to itself. Next is, that a whole object of type User would be overkill by the amount of unwanted fields. So there is a class UserInfo with much smaller footprint. public class UserInfo { public Int64 Id { get; set; } public string Firstname { get; set; } public string Lastname { get; set; } public string FullnameReverse { get { return string.Format("{0}, {1}", Lastname ?? string.Empty, Firstname ?? string.Empty); } } } So here starts the problem. Actually I have no clue how to accomplish this task. Im not sure if I also must provide a mapping for class UserInfo and not only for class User. I'd like to integrate class UserInfo as Composite-element within the mapping for User-class. But I dont no how to define the mapping between USERS.ID and USERS.LASTMODIFIEDBY table-fields. Hopefully I decribes my problem clear enough to get some hints. Thanks alot!

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• How to give properties to c++ classes (interfaces)

  - by caas

  Hello, I have built several classes (A, B, C...) which perform operations on the same BaseClass. Example: struct BaseClass { int method1(); int method2(); int method3(); } struct A { int methodA(BaseClass& bc) { return bc.method1(); } } struct B { int methodB(BaseClass& bc) { return bc.method2()+bc.method1(); } } struct C { int methodC(BaseClass& bc) { return bc.method3()+bc.method2(); } } But as you can see, each class A, B, C... only uses a subset of the available methods of the BaseClass and I'd like to split the BaseClass into several chunks such that it is clear what it used and what is not. For example a solution could be to use multiple inheritance: // A uses only method1() struct InterfaceA { virtual int method1() = 0; } struct A { int methodA(InterfaceA&); } // B uses method1() and method2() struct InterfaceB { virtual int method1() = 0; virtual int method2() = 0; } struct B { int methodB(InterfaceB&); } // C uses method2() and method3() struct InterfaceC { virtual int method2() = 0; virtual int method3() = 0; } struct C { int methodC(InterfaceC&); } The problem is that each time I add a new type of operation, I need to change the implementation of BaseClass. For example: // D uses method1() and method3() struct InterfaceD { virtual int method1() = 0; virtual int method3() = 0; } struct D { int methodD(InterfaceD&); } struct BaseClass : public A, B, C // here I need to add class D { ... } Do you know a clean way I can do this? Thanks for your help edit: I forgot to mention that it can also be done with templates. But I don't like this solution either because the required interface does not appear explicitly in the code. You have to try to compile the code to verify that all required methods are implemented correctly. Plus, it would require to instantiate different versions of the classes (one for each BaseClass type template parameter) and this is not always possible nor desired.

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• lxc containers hangs after upgrade to 13.10

  - by doug123

  I have 3 lxc containers. They were all working fine on 12.10 and I upgraded the containers with do-release-upgrade on the containers to 13.04 and 13.10 and that worked great. Then I upgraded the host to 13.04 and then 13.10 and now the 3 containers hang with this: >lxc-start -n as1 -l DEBUG -o $(tty) lxc-start 1383145786.513 INFO lxc_start_ui - using rcfile /var/lib/lxc/as1/config lxc-start 1383145786.513 WARN lxc_log - lxc_log_init called with log already initialized lxc-start 1383145786.513 INFO lxc_apparmor - aa_enabled set to 1 lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/2' (5/6) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/13' (7/8) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/14' (9/10) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/15' (11/12) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/17' (13/14) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/18' (15/16) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/19' (17/18) lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_conf - allocated pty '/dev/pts/20' (19/20) lxc-start 1383145786.514 INFO lxc_conf - tty's configured lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_start - sigchild handler set lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_console - opening /dev/tty for console peer lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_console - using '/dev/tty' as console lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_console - 6242 got SIGWINCH fd 25 lxc-start 1383145786.514 DEBUG lxc_console - set winsz dstfd:22 cols:177 rows:53 lxc-start 1383145786.514 INFO lxc_start - 'as1' is initialized lxc-start 1383145786.522 DEBUG lxc_start - Not dropping cap_sys_boot or watching utmp lxc-start 1383145786.524 DEBUG lxc_conf - mac address of host interface 'vethB4L35W' changed to private fe:7c:96:a0:ae:29 lxc-start 1383145786.525 DEBUG lxc_conf - instanciated veth 'vethB4L35W/vethVC61K2', index is '26' lxc-start 1383145786.529 DEBUG lxc_cgroup - cgroup 'memory.limit_in_bytes' set to '20G' lxc-start 1383145786.529 DEBUG lxc_cgroup - cgroup 'cpuset.cpus' set to '12-23' lxc-start 1383145786.529 INFO lxc_cgroup - cgroup has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.555 DEBUG lxc_conf - move 'eth0' to '6249' lxc-start 1383145786.555 INFO lxc_conf - 'as1' hostname has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.575 DEBUG lxc_conf - 'eth0' has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - network has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .44 42 252:0 / / rw,relatime - ext4 /dev/mapper/limitorderbook1-root rw,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .52 44 0:5 / /dev rw,relatime - devtmpfs udev rw,size=32961632k,nr_inodes=8240408,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /dev. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .61 52 0:11 / /dev/pts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime - devpts devpts rw,mode=600,ptmxmode=000 . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /dev/pts. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .68 44 0:15 / /run rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime - tmpfs tmpfs rw,size=6594456k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .69 68 0:18 / /run/lock rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=5120k . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/lock. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .72 68 0:19 / /run/shm rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime - tmpfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/shm. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .73 68 0:21 / /run/user rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=102400k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/user. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .76 44 0:14 / /sys rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - sysfs sysfs rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .77 76 0:16 / /sys/fs/cgroup rw,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=4k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .78 77 0:20 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpuset,clone_children . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .79 77 0:23 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpu . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .80 77 0:24 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpuacct . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .81 77 0:25 / /sys/fs/cgroup/memory rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,memory . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/memory. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .82 77 0:26 / /sys/fs/cgroup/devices rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,devices . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/devices. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .83 77 0:27 / /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,freezer . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .84 77 0:28 / /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,blkio . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .85 77 0:29 / /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,perf_event . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .94 77 0:30 / /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,hugetlb . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .95 77 0:31 / /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - cgroup systemd rw,name=systemd . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .96 76 0:17 / /sys/fs/fuse/connections rw,relatime - fusectl none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/fuse/connections. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .98 76 0:6 / /sys/kernel/debug rw,relatime - debugfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/kernel/debug. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .101 76 0:10 / /sys/kernel/security rw,relatime - securityfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/kernel/security. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .102 76 0:22 / /sys/fs/pstore rw,relatime - pstore none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/pstore. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .103 44 0:3 / /proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - proc proc rw . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /proc. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .104 44 9:2 / /data rw,relatime - ext4 /dev/md2 rw,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /data. lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .105 44 8:1 / /boot rw,relatime - ext2 /dev/sda1 rw,errors=continue . lxc-start 1383145786.575 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /boot. lxc-start 1383145786.576 DEBUG lxc_conf - mounted '/data/srv/lxc/as1' on '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc' lxc-start 1383145786.576 DEBUG lxc_conf - mounted 'none' on '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc//dev/pts', type 'devpts' lxc-start 1383145786.576 DEBUG lxc_conf - mounted 'none' on '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc//proc', type 'proc' lxc-start 1383145786.576 DEBUG lxc_conf - mounted 'none' on '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc//sys', type 'sysfs' lxc-start 1383145786.576 DEBUG lxc_conf - mounted 'none' on '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc//run', type 'tmpfs' lxc-start 1383145786.576 INFO lxc_conf - mount points have been setup lxc-start 1383145786.577 INFO lxc_conf - console has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.577 INFO lxc_conf - 8 tty(s) has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.577 INFO lxc_conf - rootfs path is ./data/srv/lxc/as1., mount is ./usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc. lxc-start 1383145786.577 INFO lxc_apparmor - I am 1, /proc/self points to 1 lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - created '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc/lxc_putold' directory lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - mountpoint for old rootfs is '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc/lxc_putold' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - pivot_root syscall to '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc' successful lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/dev/pts' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/run/lock' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/run/shm' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/run/user' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/memory' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/devices' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/blkio' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/fuse/connections' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/kernel/debug' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/kernel/security' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/pstore' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/proc' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/data' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/boot' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/dev' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/run' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys/fs/cgroup' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold/sys' lxc-start 1383145786.577 DEBUG lxc_conf - umounted '/lxc_putold' lxc-start 1383145786.577 INFO lxc_conf - created new pts instance lxc-start 1383145786.578 DEBUG lxc_conf - drop capability 'sys_boot' (22) lxc-start 1383145786.578 DEBUG lxc_conf - capabilities have been setup lxc-start 1383145786.578 NOTICE lxc_conf - 'as1' is setup. lxc-start 1383145786.578 DEBUG lxc_cgroup - cgroup 'memory.limit_in_bytes' set to '20G' lxc-start 1383145786.578 DEBUG lxc_cgroup - cgroup 'cpuset.cpus' set to '12-23' lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_cgroup - cgroup has been setup lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_apparmor - setting up apparmor lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_apparmor - changed apparmor profile to lxc-container-default lxc-start 1383145786.578 NOTICE lxc_start - exec'ing '/sbin/init' lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .15 20 0:14 / /sys rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - sysfs sysfs rw . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .16 20 0:3 / /proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - proc proc rw . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /proc. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .17 20 0:5 / /dev rw,relatime - devtmpfs udev rw,size=32961632k,nr_inodes=8240408,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /dev. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .18 17 0:11 / /dev/pts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime - devpts devpts rw,mode=600,ptmxmode=000 . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /dev/pts. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .19 20 0:15 / /run rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime - tmpfs tmpfs rw,size=6594456k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .20 1 252:0 / / rw,relatime - ext4 /dev/mapper/limitorderbook1-root rw,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .22 15 0:16 / /sys/fs/cgroup rw,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=4k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .23 15 0:17 / /sys/fs/fuse/connections rw,relatime - fusectl none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/fuse/connections. lxc-start 1383145786.578 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .24 15 0:6 / /sys/kernel/debug rw,relatime - debugfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/kernel/debug. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .25 15 0:10 / /sys/kernel/security rw,relatime - securityfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/kernel/security. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .26 19 0:18 / /run/lock rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=5120k . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/lock. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .27 19 0:19 / /run/shm rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime - tmpfs none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/shm. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .28 22 0:20 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpuset,clone_children . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .29 19 0:21 / /run/user rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - tmpfs none rw,size=102400k,mode=755 . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /run/user. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .30 15 0:22 / /sys/fs/pstore rw,relatime - pstore none rw . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/pstore. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .31 22 0:23 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpu . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .32 22 0:24 / /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,cpuacct . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .33 22 0:25 / /sys/fs/cgroup/memory rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,memory . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/memory. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .34 22 0:26 / /sys/fs/cgroup/devices rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,devices . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/devices. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .35 22 0:27 / /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,freezer . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .36 22 0:28 / /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,blkio . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .37 22 0:29 / /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,perf_event . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .38 22 0:30 / /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb rw,relatime - cgroup cgroup rw,hugetlb . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .39 20 9:2 / /data rw,relatime - ext4 /dev/md2 rw,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /data. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .40 20 8:1 / /boot rw,relatime - ext2 /dev/sda1 rw,errors=continue . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /boot. lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - looking at .41 22 0:31 / /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime - cgroup systemd rw,name=systemd . lxc-start 1383145786.579 INFO lxc_conf - now p is . /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd. lxc-start 1383145786.579 NOTICE lxc_start - '/sbin/init' started with pid '6249' lxc-start 1383145786.579 WARN lxc_start - invalid pid for SIGCHLD <4>init: ureadahead main process (7) terminated with status 5 <4>init: console-font main process (94) terminated with status 1 And it will just sit there like that for hours at least. The container becomes pingable but I can't ssh and if I try lxc-console -n as1 I get a blank screen. If I do lxc-stop -n as1 or ^C in the window where it has hung I get: ^CTERM environment variable not set. <4>init: plymouth-upstart-bridge main process (192) terminated with status 1 <4>init: hwclock-save main process (187) terminated with status 70 * Asking all remaining processes to terminate... ...done. * All processes ended within 1 seconds... ...done. * Deactivating swap... ...fail! mount: cannot mount block device /dev/md2 read-only * Will now restart But after 20 minutes it hasn't restarted. Any ideas why these containers are hanging?

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• CLSF & CLK 2013 Trip Report by Jeff Liu

  - by jamesmorris

  This is a contributed post from Jeff Liu, lead XFS developer for the Oracle mainline Linux kernel team. Recently, I attended both the China Linux Storage and Filesystem workshop (CLSF), and the China Linux Kernel conference (CLK), which were held in Shanghai. Here are the highlights for both events. CLSF - 17th October XFS update (led by Jeff Liu) XFS keeps rapid progress with a lot of changes, especially focused on the infrastructure/performance improvements as well as  new feature development.  This can be reflected with a sample statistics among XFS/Ext4+JBD2/Btrfs via: # git diff --stat --minimal -C -M v3.7..v3.12-rc4 -- fs/xfs|fs/ext4+fs/jbd2|fs/btrfs XFS: 141 files changed, 27598 insertions(+), 19113 deletions(-) Ext4+JBD2: 39 files changed, 10487 insertions(+), 5454 deletions(-) Btrfs: 70 files changed, 19875 insertions(+), 8130 deletions(-) What made up those changes in XFS? Self-describing metadata(CRC32c). This is a new feature and it contributed about 70% code changes, it can be enabled via `mkfs.xfs -m crc=1 /dev/xxx` for v5 superblock. Transaction log space reservation improvements. With this change, we can calculate the log space reservation at mount time rather than runtime to reduce the the CPU overhead. User namespace support. So both XFS and USERNS can be enabled on kernel configuration begin from Linux 3.10. Thanks Dwight Engen's efforts for this thing. Split project/group quota inodes. Originally, project quota can not be enabled with group quota at the same time because they were share the same quota file inode, now it works but only for v5 super block. i.e, CRC enabled. CONFIG_XFS_WARN, an new lightweight runtime debugger which can be deployed in production environment. Readahead log object recovery, this change can speed up the log replay progress significantly. Speculative preallocation inode tracking, clearing and throttling. The main purpose is to deal with inodes with post-EOF space due to speculative preallocation, support improved quota management to free up a significant amount of unwritten space when at or near EDQUOT. It support backgroup scanning which occurs on a longish interval(5 mins by default, tunable), and on-demand scanning/trimming via ioctl(2). Bitter arguments ensued from this session, especially for the comparison between Ext4 and Btrfs in different areas, I have to spent a whole morning of the 1st day answering those questions. We basically agreed on XFS is the best choice in Linux nowadays because: Stable, XFS has a good record in stability in the past 10 years. Fengguang Wu who lead the 0-day kernel test project also said that he has observed less error than other filesystems in the past 1+ years, I own it to the XFS upstream code reviewer, they always performing serious code review as well as testing. Good performance for large/small files, XFS does not works very well for small files has already been an old story for years. Best choice (maybe) for distributed PB filesystems. e.g, Ceph recommends delopy OSD daemon on XFS because Ext4 has limited xattr size. Best choice for large storage (>16TB). Ext4 does not support a single file more than around 15.95TB. Scalability, any objection to XFS is best in this point? :) XFS is better to deal with transaction concurrency than Ext4, why? The maximum size of the log in XFS is 2038MB compare to 128MB in Ext4. Misc. Ext4 is widely used and it has been proved fast/stable in various loads and scenarios, XFS just need more customers, and Btrfs is still on the road to be a manhood. Ceph Introduction (Led by Li Wang) This a hot topic.  Li gave us a nice introduction about the design as well as their current works. Actually, Ceph client has been included in Linux kernel since 2.6.34 and supported by Openstack since Folsom but it seems that it has not yet been widely deployment in production environment. Their major work is focus on the inline data support to separate the metadata and data storage, reduce the file access time, i.e, a file access need communication twice, fetch the metadata from MDS and then get data from OSD, and also, the small file access is limited by the network latency. The solution is, for the small files they would like to store the data at metadata so that when accessing a small file, the metadata server can push both metadata and data to the client at the same time. In this way, they can reduce the overhead of calculating the data offset and save the communication to OSD. For this feature, they have only run some small scale testing but really saw noticeable improvements. Test environment: Intel 2 CPU 12 Core, 64GB RAM, Ubuntu 12.04, Ceph 0.56.6 with 200GB SATA disk, 15 OSD, 1 MDS, 1 MON. The sequence read performance for 1K size files improved about 50%. I have asked Li and Zheng Yan (the core developer of Ceph, who also worked on Btrfs) whether Ceph is really stable and can be deployed at production environment for large scale PB level storage, but they can not give a positive answer, looks Ceph even does not spread over Dreamhost (subject to confirmation). From Li, they only deployed Ceph for a small scale storage(32 nodes) although they'd like to try 6000 nodes in the future. Improve Linux swap for Flash storage (led by Shaohua Li) Because of high density, low power and low price, flash storage (SSD) is a good candidate to partially replace DRAM. A quick answer for this is using SSD as swap. But Linux swap is designed for slow hard disk storage, so there are a lot of challenges to efficiently use SSD for swap. SWAPOUT swap_map scan swap_map is the in-memory data structure to track swap disk usage, but it is a slow linear scan. It will become a bottleneck while finding many adjacent pages in the use of SSD. Shaohua Li have changed it to a cluster(128K) list, resulting in O(1) algorithm. However, this apporoach needs restrictive cluster alignment and only enabled for SSD. IO pattern In most cases, the swap io is in interleaved pattern because of mutiple reclaimers or a free cluster is shared by all reclaimers. Even though block layer can merge interleaved IO to some extent, but we cannot count on it completely. Hence the per-cpu cluster is added base on the previous change, it can help reclaimer do sequential IO and the block layer will be easier to merge IO. TLB flush: If we're reclaiming one active page, we should first move the page from active lru list to inactive lru list, and then reclaim the page from inactive lru to swap it out. During the process, we need to clear PTE twice: first is 'A'(ACCESS) bit, second is 'P'(PRESENT) bit. Processors need to send lots of ipi which make the TLB flush really expensive. Some works have been done to improve this, including rework smp_call_functiom_many() or remove the first TLB flush in x86, but there still have some arguments here and only parts of works have been pushed to mainline. SWAPIN: Page fault does iodepth=1 sync io, but it's a little waste if only issue a page size's IO. The obvious solution is doing swap readahead. But the current in-kernel swap readahead is arbitary(always 8 pages), and it always doesn't perform well for both random and sequential access workload. Shaohua introduced a new flag for madvise(MADV_WILLNEED) to do swap prefetch, so the changes happen in userspace API and leave the in-kernel readahead unchanged(but I think some improvement can also be done here). SWAP discard As we know, discard is important for SSD write throughout, but the current swap discard implementation is synchronous. He changed it to async discard which allow discard and write run in the same time. Meanwhile, the unit of discard is also optimized to cluster. Misc: lock contention For many concurrent swapout and swapin , the lock contention such as anon_vma or swap_lock is high, so he changed the swap_lock to a per-swap lock. But there still have some lock contention in very high speed SSD because of swapcache address_space lock. Zproject (led by Bob Liu) Bob gave us a very nice introduction about the current memory compression status. Now there are 3 projects(zswap/zram/zcache) which all aim at smooth swap IO storm and promote performance, but they all have their own pros and cons. ZSWAP It is implemented based on frontswap API and it uses a dynamic allocater named Zbud to allocate free pages. Zbud means pairs of zpages are "buddied" and it can only store at most two compressed pages in one page frame, so the max compress ratio is 50%. Each page frame is lru-linked and can do shink in memory pressure. If the compressed memory pool reach its limitation, shink or reclaim happens. It decompress the page frame into two new allocated pages and then write them to real swap device, but it can fail when allocating the two pages. ZRAM Acts as a compressed ramdisk and used as swap device, and it use zsmalloc as its allocator which has high density but may have fragmentation issues. Besides, page reclaim is hard since it will need more pages to uncompress and free just one page. ZRAM is preferred by embedded system which may not have any real swap device. Now both ZRAM and ZSWAP are in driver/staging tree, and in the mm community there are some disscussions of merging ZRAM into ZSWAP or viceversa, but no agreement yet. ZCACHE Handles file page compression but it is removed out of staging recently. From industry (led by Tang Jie, LSI) An LSI engineer introduced several new produces to us. The first is raid5/6 cards that it use full stripe writes to improve performance. The 2nd one he introduced is SandForce flash controller, who can understand data file types (data entropy) to reduce write amplification (WA) for nearly all writes. It's called DuraWrite and typical WA is 0.5. What's more, if enable its Dynamic Logical Capacity function module, the controller can do data compression which is transparent to upper layer. LSI testing shows that with this virtual capacity enables 1x TB drive can support up to 2x TB capacity, but the application must monitor free flash space to maintain optimal performance and to guard against free flash space exhaustion. He said the most useful application is for datebase. Another thing I think it's worth to mention is that a NV-DRAM memory in NMR/Raptor which is directly exposed to host system. Applications can directly access the NV-DRAM via a memory address - using standard system call mmap(). He said that it is very useful for database logging now. This kind of NVM produces are beginning to appear in recent years, and it is said that Samsung is building a research center in China for related produces. IMHO, NVM will bring an effect to current os layer especially on file system, e.g. its journaling may need to redesign to fully utilize these nonvolatile memory. OCFS2 (led by Canquan Shen) Without a doubt, HuaWei is the biggest contributor to OCFS2 in the past two years. They have posted 46 upstream patches and 39 patches have been merged. Their current project is based on 32/64 nodes cluster, but they also tried 128 nodes at the experimental stage. The major work they are working is to support ATS (atomic test and set), it can be works with DLM at the same time. Looks this idea is inspired by the vmware VMFS locking, i.e, http://blogs.vmware.com/vsphere/2012/05/vmfs-locking-uncovered.html CLK - 18th October 2013 Improving Linux Development with Better Tools (Andi Kleen) This talk focused on how to find/solve bugs along with the Linux complexity growing. Generally, we can do this with the following kind of tools: Static code checkers tools. e.g, sparse, smatch, coccinelle, clang checker, checkpatch, gcc -W/LTO, stanse. This can help check a lot of things, simple mistakes, complex problems, but the challenges are: some are very slow, false positives, may need a concentrated effort to get false positives down. Especially, no static checker I found can follow indirect calls (“OO in C”, common in kernel): struct foo_ops { int (*do_foo)(struct foo *obj); } foo->do_foo(foo); Dynamic runtime checkers, e.g, thread checkers, kmemcheck, lockdep. Ideally all kernel code would come with a test suite, then someone could run all the dynamic checkers. Fuzzers/test suites. e.g, Trinity is a great tool, it finds many bugs, but needs manual model for each syscall. Modern fuzzers around using automatic feedback, but notfor kernel yet: http://taviso.decsystem.org/making_software_dumber.pdf Debuggers/Tracers to understand code, e.g, ftrace, can dump on events/oops/custom triggers, but still too much overhead in many cases to run always during debug. Tools to read/understand source, e.g, grep/cscope work great for many cases, but do not understand indirect pointers (OO in C model used in kernel), give us all “do_foo” instances: struct foo_ops { int (*do_foo)(struct foo *obj); } = { .do_foo = my_foo }; foo>do_foo(foo); That would be great to have a cscope like tool that understands this based on types/initializers XFS: The High Performance Enterprise File System (Jeff Liu) [slides] I gave a talk for introducing the disk layout, unique features, as well as the recent changes.   The slides include some charts to reflect the performances between XFS/Btrfs/Ext4 for small files. About a dozen users raised their hands when I asking who has experienced with XFS. I remembered that when I asked the same question in LinuxCon/Japan, only 3 people raised their hands, but they are Chris Mason, Ric Wheeler, and another attendee. The attendee questions were mainly focused on stability, and comparison with other file systems. Linux Containers (Feng Gao) The speaker introduced us that the purpose for those kind of namespaces, include mount/UTS/IPC/Network/Pid/User, as well as the system API/ABI. For the userspace tools, He mainly focus on the Libvirt LXC rather than us(LXC). Libvirt LXC is another userspace container management tool, implemented as one type of libvirt driver, it can manage containers, create namespace, create private filesystem layout for container, Create devices for container and setup resources controller via cgroup. In this talk, Feng also mentioned another two possible new namespaces in the future, the 1st is the audit, but not sure if it should be assigned to user namespace or not. Another is about syslog, but the question is do we really need it? In-memory Compression (Bob Liu) Same as CLSF, a nice introduction that I have already mentioned above. Misc There were some other talks related to ACPI based memory hotplug, smart wake-affinity in scheduler etc., but my head is not big enough to record all those things. -- Jeff Liu

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• Why should main() be short?

  - by Stargazer712

  I've been programming for over 9 years, and according to the advice of my first programming teacher, I always keep my main() function extremely short. At first I had no idea why. I just obeyed without understanding, much to the delight of my professors. After gaining experience, I realized that if I designed my code correctly, having a short main() function just sortof happened. Writing modularized code and following the single responsibility principle allowed my code to be designed in "bunches", and main() served as nothing more than a catalyst to get the program running. Fast forward to a few weeks ago, I was looking at Python's souce code, and I found the main() function: /* Minimal main program -- everything is loaded from the library */ ... int main(int argc, char **argv) { ... return Py_Main(argc, argv); } Yay Python. Short main() function == Good code. Programming teachers were right. Wanting to look deeper, I took a look at Py_Main. In its entirety, it is defined as follows: /* Main program */ int Py_Main(int argc, char **argv) { int c; int sts; char *command = NULL; char *filename = NULL; char *module = NULL; FILE *fp = stdin; char *p; int unbuffered = 0; int skipfirstline = 0; int stdin_is_interactive = 0; int help = 0; int version = 0; int saw_unbuffered_flag = 0; PyCompilerFlags cf; cf.cf_flags = 0; orig_argc = argc; /* For Py_GetArgcArgv() */ orig_argv = argv; #ifdef RISCOS Py_RISCOSWimpFlag = 0; #endif PySys_ResetWarnOptions(); while ((c = _PyOS_GetOpt(argc, argv, PROGRAM_OPTS)) != EOF) { if (c == 'c') { /* -c is the last option; following arguments that look like options are left for the command to interpret. */ command = (char *)malloc(strlen(_PyOS_optarg) + 2); if (command == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy -c argument"); strcpy(command, _PyOS_optarg); strcat(command, "\n"); break; } if (c == 'm') { /* -m is the last option; following arguments that look like options are left for the module to interpret. */ module = (char *)malloc(strlen(_PyOS_optarg) + 2); if (module == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy -m argument"); strcpy(module, _PyOS_optarg); break; } switch (c) { case 'b': Py_BytesWarningFlag++; break; case 'd': Py_DebugFlag++; break; case '3': Py_Py3kWarningFlag++; if (!Py_DivisionWarningFlag) Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 1; break; case 'Q': if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "old") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 0; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "warn") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 1; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "warnall") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 2; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "new") == 0) { /* This only affects __main__ */ cf.cf_flags |= CO_FUTURE_DIVISION; /* And this tells the eval loop to treat BINARY_DIVIDE as BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE */ _Py_QnewFlag = 1; break; } fprintf(stderr, "-Q option should be `-Qold', " "`-Qwarn', `-Qwarnall', or `-Qnew' only\n"); return usage(2, argv[0]); /* NOTREACHED */ case 'i': Py_InspectFlag++; Py_InteractiveFlag++; break; /* case 'J': reserved for Jython */ case 'O': Py_OptimizeFlag++; break; case 'B': Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag++; break; case 's': Py_NoUserSiteDirectory++; break; case 'S': Py_NoSiteFlag++; break; case 'E': Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag++; break; case 't': Py_TabcheckFlag++; break; case 'u': unbuffered++; saw_unbuffered_flag = 1; break; case 'v': Py_VerboseFlag++; break; #ifdef RISCOS case 'w': Py_RISCOSWimpFlag = 1; break; #endif case 'x': skipfirstline = 1; break; /* case 'X': reserved for implementation-specific arguments */ case 'U': Py_UnicodeFlag++; break; case 'h': case '?': help++; break; case 'V': version++; break; case 'W': PySys_AddWarnOption(_PyOS_optarg); break; /* This space reserved for other options */ default: return usage(2, argv[0]); /*NOTREACHED*/ } } if (help) return usage(0, argv[0]); if (version) { fprintf(stderr, "Python %s\n", PY_VERSION); return 0; } if (Py_Py3kWarningFlag && !Py_TabcheckFlag) /* -3 implies -t (but not -tt) */ Py_TabcheckFlag = 1; if (!Py_InspectFlag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONINSPECT")) && *p != '\0') Py_InspectFlag = 1; if (!saw_unbuffered_flag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONUNBUFFERED")) && *p != '\0') unbuffered = 1; if (!Py_NoUserSiteDirectory && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONNOUSERSITE")) && *p != '\0') Py_NoUserSiteDirectory = 1; if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONWARNINGS")) && *p != '\0') { char *buf, *warning; buf = (char *)malloc(strlen(p) + 1); if (buf == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy PYTHONWARNINGS"); strcpy(buf, p); for (warning = strtok(buf, ","); warning != NULL; warning = strtok(NULL, ",")) PySys_AddWarnOption(warning); free(buf); } if (command == NULL && module == NULL && _PyOS_optind < argc && strcmp(argv[_PyOS_optind], "-") != 0) { #ifdef __VMS filename = decc$translate_vms(argv[_PyOS_optind]); if (filename == (char *)0 || filename == (char *)-1) filename = argv[_PyOS_optind]; #else filename = argv[_PyOS_optind]; #endif } stdin_is_interactive = Py_FdIsInteractive(stdin, (char *)0); if (unbuffered) { #if defined(MS_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__) _setmode(fileno(stdin), O_BINARY); _setmode(fileno(stdout), O_BINARY); #endif #ifdef HAVE_SETVBUF setvbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stderr, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); #else /* !HAVE_SETVBUF */ setbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL); setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL); setbuf(stderr, (char *)NULL); #endif /* !HAVE_SETVBUF */ } else if (Py_InteractiveFlag) { #ifdef MS_WINDOWS /* Doesn't have to have line-buffered -- use unbuffered */ /* Any set[v]buf(stdin, ...) screws up Tkinter :-( */ setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); #else /* !MS_WINDOWS */ #ifdef HAVE_SETVBUF setvbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); #endif /* HAVE_SETVBUF */ #endif /* !MS_WINDOWS */ /* Leave stderr alone - it should be unbuffered anyway. */ } #ifdef __VMS else { setvbuf (stdout, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); } #endif /* __VMS */ #ifdef __APPLE__ /* On MacOS X, when the Python interpreter is embedded in an application bundle, it gets executed by a bootstrapping script that does os.execve() with an argv[0] that's different from the actual Python executable. This is needed to keep the Finder happy, or rather, to work around Apple's overly strict requirements of the process name. However, we still need a usable sys.executable, so the actual executable path is passed in an environment variable. See Lib/plat-mac/bundlebuiler.py for details about the bootstrap script. */ if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONEXECUTABLE")) && *p != '\0') Py_SetProgramName(p); else Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); #else Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); #endif Py_Initialize(); if (Py_VerboseFlag || (command == NULL && filename == NULL && module == NULL && stdin_is_interactive)) { fprintf(stderr, "Python %s on %s\n", Py_GetVersion(), Py_GetPlatform()); if (!Py_NoSiteFlag) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", COPYRIGHT); } if (command != NULL) { /* Backup _PyOS_optind and force sys.argv[0] = '-c' */ _PyOS_optind--; argv[_PyOS_optind] = "-c"; } if (module != NULL) { /* Backup _PyOS_optind and force sys.argv[0] = '-c' so that PySys_SetArgv correctly sets sys.path[0] to '' rather than looking for a file called "-m". See tracker issue #8202 for details. */ _PyOS_optind--; argv[_PyOS_optind] = "-c"; } PySys_SetArgv(argc-_PyOS_optind, argv+_PyOS_optind); if ((Py_InspectFlag || (command == NULL && filename == NULL && module == NULL)) && isatty(fileno(stdin))) { PyObject *v; v = PyImport_ImportModule("readline"); if (v == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); else Py_DECREF(v); } if (command) { sts = PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(command, &cf) != 0; free(command); } else if (module) { sts = RunModule(module, 1); free(module); } else { if (filename == NULL && stdin_is_interactive) { Py_InspectFlag = 0; /* do exit on SystemExit */ RunStartupFile(&cf); } /* XXX */ sts = -1; /* keep track of whether we've already run __main__ */ if (filename != NULL) { sts = RunMainFromImporter(filename); } if (sts==-1 && filename!=NULL) { if ((fp = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open file '%s': [Errno %d] %s\n", argv[0], filename, errno, strerror(errno)); return 2; } else if (skipfirstline) { int ch; /* Push back first newline so line numbers remain the same */ while ((ch = getc(fp)) != EOF) { if (ch == '\n') { (void)ungetc(ch, fp); break; } } } { /* XXX: does this work on Win/Win64? (see posix_fstat) */ struct stat sb; if (fstat(fileno(fp), &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: '%s' is a directory, cannot continue\n", argv[0], filename); fclose(fp); return 1; } } } if (sts==-1) { /* call pending calls like signal handlers (SIGINT) */ if (Py_MakePendingCalls() == -1) { PyErr_Print(); sts = 1; } else { sts = PyRun_AnyFileExFlags( fp, filename == NULL ? "<stdin>" : filename, filename != NULL, &cf) != 0; } } } /* Check this environment variable at the end, to give programs the * opportunity to set it from Python. */ if (!Py_InspectFlag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONINSPECT")) && *p != '\0') { Py_InspectFlag = 1; } if (Py_InspectFlag && stdin_is_interactive && (filename != NULL || command != NULL || module != NULL)) { Py_InspectFlag = 0; /* XXX */ sts = PyRun_AnyFileFlags(stdin, "<stdin>", &cf) != 0; } Py_Finalize(); #ifdef RISCOS if (Py_RISCOSWimpFlag) fprintf(stderr, "\x0cq\x0c"); /* make frontend quit */ #endif #ifdef __INSURE__ /* Insure++ is a memory analysis tool that aids in discovering * memory leaks and other memory problems. On Python exit, the * interned string dictionary is flagged as being in use at exit * (which it is). Under normal circumstances, this is fine because * the memory will be automatically reclaimed by the system. Under * memory debugging, it's a huge source of useless noise, so we * trade off slower shutdown for less distraction in the memory * reports. -baw */ _Py_ReleaseInternedStrings(); #endif /* __INSURE__ */ return sts; } Good God Almighty...it is big enough to sink the Titanic. It seems as though Python did the "Intro to Programming 101" trick and just moved all of main()'s code to a different function called it something very similar to "main". Here's my question: Is this code terribly written, or are there other reasons reasons to have a short main function? As it stands right now, I see absolutely no difference between doing this and just moving the code in Py_Main() back into main(). Am I wrong in thinking this?

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• Why should main() be short?

  - by Stargazer712

  I've been programming for over 9 years, and according to the advice of my first programming teacher, I always keep my main() function extremely short. At first I had no idea why. I just obeyed without understanding, much to the delight of my professors. After gaining experience, I realized that if I designed my code correctly, having a short main() function just sortof happened. Writing modularized code and following the single responsibility principle allowed my code to be designed in "bunches", and main() served as nothing more than a catalyst to get the program running. Fast forward to a few weeks ago, I was looking at Python's souce code, and I found the main() function: /* Minimal main program -- everything is loaded from the library */ ... int main(int argc, char **argv) { ... return Py_Main(argc, argv); } Yay python. Short main() function == Good code. Programming teachers were right. Wanting to look deeper, I took a look at Py_Main. In its entirety, it is defined as follows: /* Main program */ int Py_Main(int argc, char **argv) { int c; int sts; char *command = NULL; char *filename = NULL; char *module = NULL; FILE *fp = stdin; char *p; int unbuffered = 0; int skipfirstline = 0; int stdin_is_interactive = 0; int help = 0; int version = 0; int saw_unbuffered_flag = 0; PyCompilerFlags cf; cf.cf_flags = 0; orig_argc = argc; /* For Py_GetArgcArgv() */ orig_argv = argv; #ifdef RISCOS Py_RISCOSWimpFlag = 0; #endif PySys_ResetWarnOptions(); while ((c = _PyOS_GetOpt(argc, argv, PROGRAM_OPTS)) != EOF) { if (c == 'c') { /* -c is the last option; following arguments that look like options are left for the command to interpret. */ command = (char *)malloc(strlen(_PyOS_optarg) + 2); if (command == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy -c argument"); strcpy(command, _PyOS_optarg); strcat(command, "\n"); break; } if (c == 'm') { /* -m is the last option; following arguments that look like options are left for the module to interpret. */ module = (char *)malloc(strlen(_PyOS_optarg) + 2); if (module == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy -m argument"); strcpy(module, _PyOS_optarg); break; } switch (c) { case 'b': Py_BytesWarningFlag++; break; case 'd': Py_DebugFlag++; break; case '3': Py_Py3kWarningFlag++; if (!Py_DivisionWarningFlag) Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 1; break; case 'Q': if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "old") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 0; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "warn") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 1; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "warnall") == 0) { Py_DivisionWarningFlag = 2; break; } if (strcmp(_PyOS_optarg, "new") == 0) { /* This only affects __main__ */ cf.cf_flags |= CO_FUTURE_DIVISION; /* And this tells the eval loop to treat BINARY_DIVIDE as BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE */ _Py_QnewFlag = 1; break; } fprintf(stderr, "-Q option should be `-Qold', " "`-Qwarn', `-Qwarnall', or `-Qnew' only\n"); return usage(2, argv[0]); /* NOTREACHED */ case 'i': Py_InspectFlag++; Py_InteractiveFlag++; break; /* case 'J': reserved for Jython */ case 'O': Py_OptimizeFlag++; break; case 'B': Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag++; break; case 's': Py_NoUserSiteDirectory++; break; case 'S': Py_NoSiteFlag++; break; case 'E': Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag++; break; case 't': Py_TabcheckFlag++; break; case 'u': unbuffered++; saw_unbuffered_flag = 1; break; case 'v': Py_VerboseFlag++; break; #ifdef RISCOS case 'w': Py_RISCOSWimpFlag = 1; break; #endif case 'x': skipfirstline = 1; break; /* case 'X': reserved for implementation-specific arguments */ case 'U': Py_UnicodeFlag++; break; case 'h': case '?': help++; break; case 'V': version++; break; case 'W': PySys_AddWarnOption(_PyOS_optarg); break; /* This space reserved for other options */ default: return usage(2, argv[0]); /*NOTREACHED*/ } } if (help) return usage(0, argv[0]); if (version) { fprintf(stderr, "Python %s\n", PY_VERSION); return 0; } if (Py_Py3kWarningFlag && !Py_TabcheckFlag) /* -3 implies -t (but not -tt) */ Py_TabcheckFlag = 1; if (!Py_InspectFlag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONINSPECT")) && *p != '\0') Py_InspectFlag = 1; if (!saw_unbuffered_flag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONUNBUFFERED")) && *p != '\0') unbuffered = 1; if (!Py_NoUserSiteDirectory && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONNOUSERSITE")) && *p != '\0') Py_NoUserSiteDirectory = 1; if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONWARNINGS")) && *p != '\0') { char *buf, *warning; buf = (char *)malloc(strlen(p) + 1); if (buf == NULL) Py_FatalError( "not enough memory to copy PYTHONWARNINGS"); strcpy(buf, p); for (warning = strtok(buf, ","); warning != NULL; warning = strtok(NULL, ",")) PySys_AddWarnOption(warning); free(buf); } if (command == NULL && module == NULL && _PyOS_optind < argc && strcmp(argv[_PyOS_optind], "-") != 0) { #ifdef __VMS filename = decc$translate_vms(argv[_PyOS_optind]); if (filename == (char *)0 || filename == (char *)-1) filename = argv[_PyOS_optind]; #else filename = argv[_PyOS_optind]; #endif } stdin_is_interactive = Py_FdIsInteractive(stdin, (char *)0); if (unbuffered) { #if defined(MS_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__) _setmode(fileno(stdin), O_BINARY); _setmode(fileno(stdout), O_BINARY); #endif #ifdef HAVE_SETVBUF setvbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stderr, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); #else /* !HAVE_SETVBUF */ setbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL); setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL); setbuf(stderr, (char *)NULL); #endif /* !HAVE_SETVBUF */ } else if (Py_InteractiveFlag) { #ifdef MS_WINDOWS /* Doesn't have to have line-buffered -- use unbuffered */ /* Any set[v]buf(stdin, ...) screws up Tkinter :-( */ setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ); #else /* !MS_WINDOWS */ #ifdef HAVE_SETVBUF setvbuf(stdin, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); setvbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); #endif /* HAVE_SETVBUF */ #endif /* !MS_WINDOWS */ /* Leave stderr alone - it should be unbuffered anyway. */ } #ifdef __VMS else { setvbuf (stdout, (char *)NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ); } #endif /* __VMS */ #ifdef __APPLE__ /* On MacOS X, when the Python interpreter is embedded in an application bundle, it gets executed by a bootstrapping script that does os.execve() with an argv[0] that's different from the actual Python executable. This is needed to keep the Finder happy, or rather, to work around Apple's overly strict requirements of the process name. However, we still need a usable sys.executable, so the actual executable path is passed in an environment variable. See Lib/plat-mac/bundlebuiler.py for details about the bootstrap script. */ if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONEXECUTABLE")) && *p != '\0') Py_SetProgramName(p); else Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); #else Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]); #endif Py_Initialize(); if (Py_VerboseFlag || (command == NULL && filename == NULL && module == NULL && stdin_is_interactive)) { fprintf(stderr, "Python %s on %s\n", Py_GetVersion(), Py_GetPlatform()); if (!Py_NoSiteFlag) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", COPYRIGHT); } if (command != NULL) { /* Backup _PyOS_optind and force sys.argv[0] = '-c' */ _PyOS_optind--; argv[_PyOS_optind] = "-c"; } if (module != NULL) { /* Backup _PyOS_optind and force sys.argv[0] = '-c' so that PySys_SetArgv correctly sets sys.path[0] to '' rather than looking for a file called "-m". See tracker issue #8202 for details. */ _PyOS_optind--; argv[_PyOS_optind] = "-c"; } PySys_SetArgv(argc-_PyOS_optind, argv+_PyOS_optind); if ((Py_InspectFlag || (command == NULL && filename == NULL && module == NULL)) && isatty(fileno(stdin))) { PyObject *v; v = PyImport_ImportModule("readline"); if (v == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); else Py_DECREF(v); } if (command) { sts = PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(command, &cf) != 0; free(command); } else if (module) { sts = RunModule(module, 1); free(module); } else { if (filename == NULL && stdin_is_interactive) { Py_InspectFlag = 0; /* do exit on SystemExit */ RunStartupFile(&cf); } /* XXX */ sts = -1; /* keep track of whether we've already run __main__ */ if (filename != NULL) { sts = RunMainFromImporter(filename); } if (sts==-1 && filename!=NULL) { if ((fp = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open file '%s': [Errno %d] %s\n", argv[0], filename, errno, strerror(errno)); return 2; } else if (skipfirstline) { int ch; /* Push back first newline so line numbers remain the same */ while ((ch = getc(fp)) != EOF) { if (ch == '\n') { (void)ungetc(ch, fp); break; } } } { /* XXX: does this work on Win/Win64? (see posix_fstat) */ struct stat sb; if (fstat(fileno(fp), &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: '%s' is a directory, cannot continue\n", argv[0], filename); fclose(fp); return 1; } } } if (sts==-1) { /* call pending calls like signal handlers (SIGINT) */ if (Py_MakePendingCalls() == -1) { PyErr_Print(); sts = 1; } else { sts = PyRun_AnyFileExFlags( fp, filename == NULL ? "<stdin>" : filename, filename != NULL, &cf) != 0; } } } /* Check this environment variable at the end, to give programs the * opportunity to set it from Python. */ if (!Py_InspectFlag && (p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONINSPECT")) && *p != '\0') { Py_InspectFlag = 1; } if (Py_InspectFlag && stdin_is_interactive && (filename != NULL || command != NULL || module != NULL)) { Py_InspectFlag = 0; /* XXX */ sts = PyRun_AnyFileFlags(stdin, "<stdin>", &cf) != 0; } Py_Finalize(); #ifdef RISCOS if (Py_RISCOSWimpFlag) fprintf(stderr, "\x0cq\x0c"); /* make frontend quit */ #endif #ifdef __INSURE__ /* Insure++ is a memory analysis tool that aids in discovering * memory leaks and other memory problems. On Python exit, the * interned string dictionary is flagged as being in use at exit * (which it is). Under normal circumstances, this is fine because * the memory will be automatically reclaimed by the system. Under * memory debugging, it's a huge source of useless noise, so we * trade off slower shutdown for less distraction in the memory * reports. -baw */ _Py_ReleaseInternedStrings(); #endif /* __INSURE__ */ return sts; } Good God Almighty...it is big enough to sink the Titanic. It seems as though Python did the "Intro to Programming 101" trick and just moved all of main()'s code to a different function called it something very similar to "main". Here's my question: Is this code terribly written, or are there other reasons to have a short main function? As it stands right now, I see absolutely no difference between doing this and just moving the code in Py_Main() back into main(). Am I wrong in thinking this?

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• Fedora error log file

  - by user111196

  I am running a java application using this wrapper service yajsw. The problem it just stopped without any error in its logs file. So I was wondering will there be any system log file which will indicate the cause of it going down? Partial of the log file. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: imklog 3.22.1, log source = /proc/kmsg started. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="3.22.1" x-pid="2234" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] (re)start Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Linux version 2.6.27.41-170.2.117.fc10.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.3.2 20081105 (Red Hat 4.3.2-7) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Dec 10 10:36:29 EST 2009 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Command line: ro root=UUID=722ebf87-437f-4634-9c68-a82d157fa948 rhgb quiet Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: KERNEL supported cpus: Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Intel GenuineIntel Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: AMD AuthenticAMD Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Centaur CentaurHauls Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 00000000cfb50000 (usable) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000cfb50000 - 00000000cfb66000 (reserved) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000cfb66000 - 00000000cfb85c00 (ACPI data) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000cfb85c00 - 00000000d0000000 (reserved) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000e0000000 - 00000000f0000000 (reserved) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000fe000000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000100000000 - 0000000330000000 (usable) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: DMI 2.5 present. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: last_pfn = 0x330000 max_arch_pfn = 0x3ffffffff Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: x86 PAT enabled: cpu 0, old 0x7040600070406, new 0x7010600070106 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: last_pfn = 0xcfb50 max_arch_pfn = 0x3ffffffff Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: init_memory_mapping Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: last_map_addr: cfb50000 end: cfb50000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: init_memory_mapping Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: last_map_addr: 330000000 end: 330000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: RAMDISK: 37bfc000 - 37fef6c8 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: RSDP 000F21B0, 0024 (r2 DELL ) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: XSDT 000F224C, 0084 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: FACP CFB83524, 00F4 (r3 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: DSDT CFB66000, 4974 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 INTL 20050624) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: FACS CFB85C00, 0040 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: APIC CFB83078, 00B6 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: SPCR CFB83130, 0050 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: HPET CFB83184, 0038 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: MCFG CFB831C0, 003C (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: WD__ CFB83200, 0134 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: SLIC CFB83338, 0176 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: ERST CFB6AAF4, 0210 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: HEST CFB6AD04, 027C (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: BERT CFB6A974, 0030 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: EINJ CFB6A9A4, 0150 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: TCPA CFB834BC, 0064 (r1 DELL PE_SC3 1 DELL 1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: No NUMA configuration found Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000330000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000330000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: NODE_DATA [0000000000015000 - 0000000000029fff] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: bootmap [000000000002a000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 66 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: (7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0330000000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #1 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #2 [0000200000 - 0000a310cc] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0000200000 - 0000a310cc] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #3 [0037bfc000 - 0037fef6c8] RAMDISK ==> [0037bfc000 - 0037fef6c8] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #4 [000009f000 - 0000100000] BIOS reserved ==> [000009f000 - 0000100000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #5 [0000008000 - 000000c000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000000c000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: #6 [000000c000 - 0000015000] PGTABLE ==> [000000c000 - 0000015000] Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: found SMP MP-table at [ffff8800000fe710] 000fe710 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Zone PFN ranges: Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: DMA 0x00000000 -> 0x00001000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00330000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Movable zone start PFN for each node Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: early_node_map[3] active PFN ranges Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: 0: 0x00000000 -> 0x000000a0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: 0: 0x00000100 -> 0x000cfb50 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: 0: 0x00100000 -> 0x00330000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x808 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x01] lapic_id[0x00] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x02] lapic_id[0x04] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x03] lapic_id[0x02] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x04] lapic_id[0x06] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x05] lapic_id[0x01] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x06] lapic_id[0x05] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x07] lapic_id[0x03] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x08] lapic_id[0x07] enabled) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0xff] high edge lint[0x1]) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x08] address[0xfec00000] gsi_base[0]) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 8, version 0, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x09] address[0xfec81000] gsi_base[64]) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: IOAPIC[1]: apic_id 9, version 0, address 0xfec81000, GSI 64-87 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0a] address[0xfec84000] gsi_base[160]) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: IOAPIC[2]: apic_id 10, version 0, address 0xfec84000, GSI 160-183 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x0b] address[0xfec84800] gsi_base[224]) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: IOAPIC[3]: apic_id 11, version 0, address 0xfec84800, GSI 224-247 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Setting APIC routing to flat Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086a201 base: 0xfed00000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: SMP: Allowing 8 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000cfb50000 - 00000000cfb66000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000cfb66000 - 00000000cfb85000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000cfb85000 - 00000000cfb86000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000cfb86000 - 00000000d0000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000d0000000 - 00000000e0000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000e0000000 - 00000000f0000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000f0000000 - 00000000fe000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000fe000000 - 0000000100000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Allocating PCI resources starting at d1000000 (gap: d0000000:10000000) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PERCPU: Allocating 65184 bytes of per cpu data Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 3096524 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Policy zone: Normal Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Kernel command line: ro root=UUID=722ebf87-437f-4634-9c68-a82d157fa948 rhgb quiet Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing CPU#0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 12, 32768 bytes) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Extended CMOS year: 2000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: TSC: PIT calibration confirmed by PMTIMER. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: TSC: using PMTIMER calibration value Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Detected 1994.992 MHz processor. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Console: colour VGA+ 80x25 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: console [tty0] enabled Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Checking aperture... Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: No AGP bridge found Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering for IO (SWIOTLB) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Placing software IO TLB between 0x20000000 - 0x24000000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Memory: 12324244k/13369344k available (3311k kernel code, 253484k reserved, 1844k data, 1296k init) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: SLUB: Genslabs=13, HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=8, Nodes=1 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 3989.98 BogoMIPS (lpj=1994992) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Security Framework initialized Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: SELinux: Initializing. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Dentry cache hash table entries: 2097152 (order: 12, 16777216 bytes) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Inode-cache hash table entries: 1048576 (order: 11, 8388608 bytes) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Mount-cache hash table entries: 256 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys ns Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys devices Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: L1 I cache: 32K, L1 D cache: 32K Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: L2 cache: 4096K Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU 0/0 -> Node 0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: Physical Processor ID: 0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: Processor Core ID: 0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU0: Thermal monitoring enabled (TM1) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: using mwait in idle threads. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ACPI: Core revision 20080609 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU0: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5335 @ 2.00GHz stepping 07 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Using local APIC timer interrupts. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Detected 20.781 MHz APIC timer. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Booting processor 1/4 ip 6000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing CPU#1 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 3990.05 BogoMIPS (lpj=1995026) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: L1 I cache: 32K, L1 D cache: 32K Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: L2 cache: 4096K Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU 1/4 -> Node 0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: Physical Processor ID: 1 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU: Processor Core ID: 0 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU1: Thermal monitoring enabled (TM2) Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: x86 PAT enabled: cpu 1, old 0x7040600070406, new 0x7010600070106 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: CPU1: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5335 @ 2.00GHz stepping 07 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: checking TSC synchronization [CPU#0 -> CPU#1]: passed. Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Booting processor 2/2 ip 6000 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Initializing CPU#2 Apr 6 00:12:20 localhost kernel: Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 3990.05 BogoMIPS (lpj=1995029)

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• Network shares do not mount.

  - by Alex

  My network shares were mounting fine yesterday.. suddenly they are not. They were mounting fine for the last two weeks or however long since I added them. When I run sudo mount -a I get the following error: topsy@monolyth:~$ sudo mount -a mount error(12): Cannot allocate memory Refer to the mount.cifs(8) manual page (e.g. man mount.cifs) mount error(12): Cannot allocate memory Refer to the mount.cifs(8) manual page (e.g. man mount.cifs) mount error(12): Cannot allocate memory Refer to the mount.cifs(8) manual page (e.g. man mount.cifs) mount error(12): Cannot allocate memory Refer to the mount.cifs(8) manual page (e.g. man mount.cifs) topsy@monolyth:~$ I followed this guide when setting them up: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=288534 So I tried removing them by doing the reverse, and then rebooting, then adding them again and rebooting. Problem persists.

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• SD cards and CPRM protection

  - by Francesco Turco

  Before buying an SD memory card, I'd like to know something more about the CPRM protection, in particular: Does CPRM influence the way I am supposed to access my own data? That is, does CPRM encrypt it? Could CPRM prevent me from accessing my own data? Is it possible to disable or eliminate CPRM from either the memory card or the card reader? Are there manufacturers selling CPRM-free SD memory cards? Is there any real alternative to CPRM-protected SD memory cards beside USB flash drives? Is Linux support for SD cards good? Thanks.

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• PHP, ANT and virtualhosts

  - by dbasch

  Hi all, I use the following standard folder structure with my projects: workspace myproject conf development.properties production.properties src build.xml build.properties build myproject Unfortunately, working with scripted languages nullifies the concept of separating the "workspace" from the "build". In my development environment, I use a virtual-host for each project. The virtual-host for a project is configured during the "deploytodevelopment" ANT task. Which method would you recommend for integrating PHP into my build process? Change the virtual-hosts setup to point to the workspace/myproject/src folder. Edit the PHP in the workspace/myproject/src folder. or Check out another working copy of the myproject/src folder to the build/myproject folder. Change the virtual-hosts setup to point to the build/myproject folder. Edit the PHP in the build/myproject folder.

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• Duplicate ping packages in Linux VirtualBox machine

  - by Darkmage

  i cant seem t figure out what is going on here. The Linux machine I am using is running as a VM on a Win7 machine using Virtual Box running as a service. If i ping the win7 Host i get ok result. root@Virtual-Box:/home/glennwiz# ping -c 100000 -s 10 -i 0.02 192.168.1.100 PING 192.168.1.100 (192.168.1.100) 10(38) bytes of data. 18 bytes from 192.168.1.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=1.78 ms 18 bytes from 192.168.1.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=1.68 ms if i ping localhost im ok root@Virtual-Box:/home/glennwiz# ping -c 100000 -s 10 -i 0.02 localhost PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 10(38) bytes of data. 18 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.255 ms 18 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.221 ms but if i ping gateway i get DUP packets root@Virtual-Box:/home/glennwiz# ping -c 100000 -s 10 -i 0.02 192.168.1.1 PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 10(38) bytes of data. 18 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.27 ms 18 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.46 ms (DUP!) 18 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=22.1 ms 18 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=22.4 ms (DUP!) if i ping other machine on same LAN i stil get dups. pinging remote hosts also gives (DUP!) result root@Virtual-Box:/home/glennwiz# ping -c 100000 -s 10 -i 0.02 www.vg.no PING www.vg.no (195.88.55.16) 10(38) bytes of data. 18 bytes from www.vg.no (195.88.55.16): icmp_seq=1 ttl=245 time=10.0 ms 18 bytes from www.vg.no (195.88.55.16): icmp_seq=1 ttl=245 time=10.3 ms (DUP!) 18 bytes from www.vg.no (195.88.55.16): icmp_seq=2 ttl=245 time=10.3 ms 18 bytes from www.vg.no (195.88.55.16): icmp_seq=2 ttl=245 time=10.6 ms (DUP!)

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• SAN with iSCSI-Target Performance Horrendous

  - by Justin

  We have a poor man's SAN setup in a 1U Ubuntu server running iSCSI-Target with two 300GB drives in RAID-0. We then are using it for block level storage for virtual machines. The hypervisor is connected to the SAN via gigabit on a dedicated VLAN and interfaces. We only have a single virtual machine setup and doing some benchmarks. If we run hdparm -t /dev/sda1 from the virtual machine, we get 'ok' performance of 75MB/s from the virtual machine to the SAN. Then we basically compile a package with ./configure and make. Things start ok, but then all the sudden the load average on the SAN grows to 7+ and things slow down to a crawl. When we SSH into the SAN and run top, sure the load is 7+, but the CPU usage is basically nothing, also the server has 1.5GB of memory available. When we kill the compile on the virtual machine, slowly the LOAD on the SAN goes back to sub 1 figures. What in the world is causing this? How can we diagnosis this further? Here are two screenshot from the SAN during high load. 1> Output of iotop on the SAN: 2> Output of top on the SAN:

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• ASPX throws "404 The resource cannot be found"

  - by Diegoeche

  I'm deploying a website under a virtual directory using IIS. For some strange reason, Default.html works, but Default.aspx throws a 404. I have tried these: There's another virtual directory that contains an older version of the application and that one just works. I checked the properties of each virtual directory and they looked the same. I checked that the root didn't had any extra backslashes

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• mod_status: 403 Forbidden

  - by i.amniels

  I have configured mod_status like this in my Apache 2 config file: <Location /server-status> SetHandler server-status Order Deny,Allow </Location> I also tried: Order Deny,Allow allow from all And: Order Allow,Deny allow from all And: Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 145.xxx.xx.xx And of course I restarted Apache after each configuration change. I tried the configurations above in my main config file and under a VirtualHost directive. When I place the configuration under VirtualHost or in a NameVirtualHost block I get a 404 instead of 403. But I get only get 403 Forbidden when I visit example.com/server-status/ I don't use an .htaccess file. It works now! I placed the server-status code right above the definitions of the virtual hosts. I didn't test the right configuration on the right virtual host. On the virtual host without htaccess files it works, on virtual hosts with an app installed I get 404 because of url rewrites in the htaccess file.

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• Is there a Windows equivalent of Unix 'CPU steal time'?

  - by Steffen Opel

  In order to assess performance monitoring accuracy on virtualization platforms, the CPU steal time has become an increasingly relevant metric - see EC2 monitoring: the case of stolen CPU for an instructive summary in the context of Amazon EC2 and IBM's paper on CPU time accounting for a more in-depth technical explanation (including illustrations) of the concept: Steal time is the percentage of time a virtual CPU waits for a real CPU while the hypervisor is servicing another virtual processor. Accordingly, it is exposed in most related Unix/Linux monitoring tools nowadays - see e.g. columns %steal or st in sar or top: st -- Steal Time The amount of CPU 'stolen' from this virtual machine by the hypervisor for other tasks (such as running another virtual machine). I've been unable to figure out how to capture the same metric on Windows though, is this possible already? (Ideally for the Windows 2008 Server R2 AMIs on EC2 and via a respective Windows Performance Counters of course.)

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• How to make possible on Asterisk meetme.conf

  - by kartook

  how can i configure in my Asterisk Server on meetme.conf Details :For conformance bridge extension : virtual Room 1 : Conference Call 567.xxx.xxxx Voice :Enter for conference dial 1 Voice : Enter your conference Pin then press pound my confrance ID: 10935 virtual Room 2 : Conference Call 567.xxx.xxxx Voice :Enter for conference dial 1 Voice : Enter your conference Pin then press pound my confrance ID: 20202 virtual Room 3 : Conference Call 567.xxx.xxxx Voice :Enter for conference dial 1 Voice : Enter your conference Pin then press pound my confrance ID: 30303

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• Accessing apache in ubuntu 10 virtualbox guest from ubuntu 10 host

  - by Francis L

  I did the following: installed VirtualBox 3.1.6 OSE in ubuntu 10 desktop. installed ubuntu 10 server on a virtual machine in VirtualBox. select "LAMP server" and "OpenSSH server" options during the ubuntu server installation. leave network "adapter 1" of virtual machine as "NAT". use "VBoxManage" described in manual to setup port forwarding on the host (Protocol: TCP, GuestPort: 80, HostPort: 8080). verify "ExtraDataItem" have been added to "ubuntuServer1.xml" (my virtual machine name) correctly. run command "pgrep apache" in ubuntu server in virtual machine to ensure apache is running. Everything went well. But, when I try to access the apache from the browser on the host with "http://localhost:8080/", it just continue fetching with no response. Now, I'm struck! Please help! Many many thanks in advance!

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