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• Using read in bash without empty fields collapsing

  - by Charles Duffy

  I'm trying to read a multi-line tab-separated file in bash. The format is such that empty fields are expected. Unfortunately, the shell is collapsing together field separators which are next to each other, as so: # IFS=$'\t' # read one two three <<<$'one\t\tthree' # printf '<%s> ' "$one" "$two" "$three"; printf '\n' <one> <three> <> ...as opposed to the desired output of <one> <> <three>. Can this be resolved without resorting to a separate language (such as awk)?

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• generate php classes in bash

  - by Derek

  i have this script: #!/bin/bash if [[ -z "$1" ]] ; then echo "Class is required" exit 1; fi if [[ -z "$2" ]] ; then package="Default" else package=$2; fi echo "<?php /** * $1.class.php * * Vcard class file. * @name Project * @author Author * @link http://www.domain.com * @copyright Copyright © 2011 * @package $package * @version 1.0 */ /** * The main $1 class * @package $package */ class $1 { /** * Constructor setup. */ public function __construct() { } /** * Destructor setup. */ public function __destruct() { } } " > $1.class.php php -l $1.class.php echo "Done"; if i do: ./generate.sh my_class it creates everything with my_class. how can i modify this to: MyClass? i need to use MyClass for the filename, and the class name etc... later in the code i use the argument (in this case my_class) for some other purposes. thanks

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• bash copy with variable

  - by zaf

  I'm trying to copy files to the current directory using a bash script. In order to handle paths that need escaping a variable is used that is escaped and then supplied to the cp command. The cp command is complaining with: usage: cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file target_file cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file ... target_directory I know what that means but I cannot understand why that happens. Here is the code: z="/a/b/c d e f.txt" y=`printf %q "$z"` cp $y x.txt # not working as expected echo cp $y x.txt # output is "cp /a/b/c\ d\ e\ f.txt x.txt"

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• Extract substructure from a text file using bash or python

  - by Werner

  Hi, I have a huge text file, which follows the structure: SET TAG1 ... ... SET ... SET TAG2 ... ... SET ... ... I would like to extract for a specific TAG, (i.e. TAG54) its individual "substructure", which would be SET TAG54 ... ... SET Each substructure, for a given TAG_i contains always: first line:SET second line:TAG_i (in this case TAG54) an arbitrary number of lines last line:SET I wonder what would be the best way to do this, whether in bash or python, so for a given TAG, one can "extract" this substructure. Thanks

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• bash tools for parsing arguments

  - by BCS

  I have a bash script that uses a few variables (call them $foo and $bar). Right now the script defines them at the top with hard coded values like this: foo=fooDefault bar=barDefault .... # use $foo and $bar What I want is to be able to use the script like any of these: myscript # use all defaults myscript -foo=altFoo # use default bar myscript -bar=altBar # use default foo myscript -bar=altBar -foo=altFoo An ideal solution would allow me to just list the variable that I want to check for flags for. Is there a reasonably nice way to do this? I've seen getopt and I think it might do about 70% of what I'm looking for but I'm wondering if there is a tool or indium that builds on it or the like that gets the rest.

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• String Manipulation in Bash

  - by user348000

  Hello- I am a newbie in Bash and I am doing some string manipulation. I have the following file among other files in my directory: jdk-6u20-solaris-i586.sh I am doing the following to get jdk-6u20 in my script: myvar=`ls -la | awk '{print $9}' | egrep "i586" | cut -c1-8` echo $myvar but now I want to convert jdk-6u20 to jdk1.6.0_20. I can't seem to figure out how to do it. It must be as generic as possible. For example if I had jdk-6u25, I should be able to convert it at the same way to jdk1.6.0_25 so on and so forth Any suggestions?

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• Bash, Concatenating 2 strings to reference a 3rd variable

  - by Im Fine

  I have a bash script I am having some issues with concatenating 2 variables to call a 3rd. Here is a simplification of the script, but the syntax is eluding me after reading the docs. server_list_all="server1 server2 server3"; var1 = "server"; var2 = "all"; echo $(($var1_list_$var2)); This is about as close as I get to the right answer, it acknowledges the string and tosses an error on tokenization. syntax error in expression (error token is "server1 server2 server3.... Not really seeing anything in the docs for this, but it should be doable. EDIT: Cleaned up a bit

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• bash—Better way to store variable between runs?

  - by shardbearer

  I've made a bash script which I run every hour with crontab, and I need to store one variable so that I can access it the next time I run it. The script changes the variable every time it runs, so I can't hardcode it in. Right now I am writing it to a txt file and then reading it back. Is there a better way to do it than this? And the way I am reading the txt file is something I found on here, I don't understand it, and it's kinda clunky. Is there not a built in command for this? Anyway, here's the applicable code, with some of the variables changed to make it easier to read. while read x; do var=$x done < var.txt # Do some stuff, change var to a new value echo $var > var.txt The variable is only a single integer, so the text file feels overkill.

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• How do I make zsh completion act more like bash completion?

  - by Tordek

  I'm a recent convert from bash to zsh (which I'm using "oh my zsh" with), but one thing annoys me: When I hit the tab key, the first autocompletion is filled out automatically, and you need to cycle through the completions by hitting tab repeatedly. This differs from bash, where you are just shown a list of the completions. If all completions have the same prefix, then this prefix is filled out. You can select the one you want by continuing to type. I find the latter preferable since it is faster to type, than to select a completion by hitting tab repeatedly. Is there any way to make zsh completion act more like bash in this regard?

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• Bash script to open, read, and write then save....

  - by Alex Vo

  I'm new on this bash script thing. Can you show me some example on writing Bash script. I want to write a script that can read from a filename and save it to a variable; increment the value of the variable and write that variable back to the file and save it. This is what I have started and stuck on it so far. #!/bin/bash # if file exist #echo "Testing \ "$1"" if [ -f "$1" ]; then echo "$1 does exist" else echo "$1 does not exist!" echo "Creating $1" touch $1 echo "This is test" > $1 exit 1 fi #echo "Testing \ "$2"" if [ "$2" == "" ]; then echo "Enter the filename" elif [ -f "$2" ]; then echo "$2 Fille does exist" else echo "$2 File doesn't exist" echo "Creating $2" touch $2 exit 1 fi counter=1 echo -n "Enter a file name : " read file if [ ! -f $file ] then echo "$file not a file!" exit 1 fi

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• Has anyone found a (eg bash) shell terminal for Windows as good as the OS X one?

  - by Anentropic

  I am mostly using 'git-bash' which came with the Windows install of Git vcs. I think it is the same one that comes with Cygwin. It works fine technically but the UI sucks: have to right-click the title bar and go to Properties to change the window width most annoyingly... copy and paste and highlight with the mouse are equally cumbersome In contrast, the Terminal app that comes with OS X manages these with aplomb and makes it so much more comfortable to work with. You can even drag and drop a file on it and it will paste the file path in at your cursor! I have also tried: http://sourceforge.net/projects/win-bash http://www.steve.org.uk/Software/bash/ http://www.hamiltonlabs.com/cshell.htm None of these do copy and paste of text without cumbersome right-clicking. I am specifically looking for a Unix-flavoured shell in Windows so I don't have to use different shells between my home dev (Windows), the live server (Linux) or dev at the office (Mac). Yes I have Googled and haven't found one yet...

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• nvcc not found, but only when using sudo

  - by dsp_099

  I can't get ANYTHING working on linux. I'm trying to compile CudaMiner. sudo make: ypt-jane.o `test -f 'scrypt-jane.cpp' || echo './'`scrypt-jane.cpp mv -f .deps/cudaminer-scrypt-jane.Tpo .deps/cudaminer-scrypt-jane.Po nvcc -g -O2 -Xptxas "-abi=no -v" -arch=compute_10 --maxrregcount=64 --ptxas-options=-v -I./compat/jansson -o salsa_kernel.o -c salsa_kernel.cu /bin/bash: nvcc: command not found make[2]: *** [salsa_kernel.o] Error 127 make[2]: Leaving directory `/var/progs/CudaMiner' make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/var/progs/CudaMiner' make: *** [all] Error 2 So, kind of interesting: nvcc: nvcc fatal : No input files specified; use option --help for more information Whereas sudo nvcc: sudo: nvcc: command not found Huh?? I have identical exports listed in ~/.bashrc AND /etc/bash.bashrc. (Nvcc is located in: /usr/local/cuda-5.0/bin/nvcc) I also tried changing the current path, to no avail: $ sudo bash -c 'echo $PATH' /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin $ PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-5.0/bin/nvcc $ sudo bash -c 'echo $PATH' /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin Thanks in advance!

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• sudo: source: command not found

  - by HorusKol

  I've been updating some of the default profile for bash, and saw from the tutorials I was following that I could reload the new profile with the new environment settings by using: source /etc/bash.bashrc The only thing is - the new environment variables were only available to my current user - and were ignored when I used sudo. They only became available to sudo when I closed my terminal session and rejoined. When I try to use: sudo source /etc/bash.bashrc I get the error: sudo: source: command not found Is there a simple way to load in the new bash profile settings for sudo without having to close the terminal and restart?

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• Tab completion COMP_WORDS bad array subscript

  - by Senthil Kumaran

  I have upgraded my Ubuntu to 10.04 and I am facing this problem of COMP_WORDS bad array subscript when I press TAB for certain completion. I thought, it is a bug with bash-completion package and I purged it. But even after that, I still face this. If it is a bug with bash package, how I can resolve it? https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash-completion/+bug/366446 It is difficult for a developer to live with this bug in the system.

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• how to escape white space in bash loop list

  - by MCS

  I have a bash shell script that loops through all child directories (but not files) of a certain directory. The problem is that some of the directory names contain spaces. Here are the contents of my test directory: $ls -F test Baltimore/ Cherry Hill/ Edison/ New York City/ Philadelphia/ cities.txt And the code that loops through the directories: for f in `find test/* -type d`; do echo $f done Here's the output: test/Baltimore test/Cherry Hill test/Edison test/New York City test/Philadelphia Cherry Hill and New York City are treated as 2 or 3 separate entries. I tried quoting the filenames, like so: for f in `find test/* -type d | sed -e 's/^/\"/' | sed -e 's/$/\"/'`; do echo $f done but to no avail. There's got to be a simple way to do this. Any ideas? The answers below are great. But to make this more complicated - I don't always want to use the directories listed in my test directory. Sometimes I want to pass in the directory names as command-line parameters instead. I took Charles' suggestion of setting the IFS and came up with the following: dirlist="${@}" ( [[ -z "$dirlist" ]] && dirlist=`find test -mindepth 1 -type d` && IFS=$'\n' for d in $dirlist; do echo $d done ) and this works just fine unless there are spaces in the command line arguments (even if those arguments are quoted). For example, calling the script like this: test.sh "Cherry Hill" "New York City" produces the following output: Cherry Hill New York City Again, I know there must be a way to do this - I just don't know what it is...

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• Bash Shell Script: Nested Select Statements

  - by CCG121

  I have A Script that has a Select statement to go to multiple sub select statements however once there I can not seem to figure out how to get it to go back to the main script. also if possible i would like it to re-list the options #!/bin/bash PS3='Option = ' MAINOPTIONS="Apache Postfix Dovecot All Quit" APACHEOPTIONS="Restart Start Stop Status" POSTFIXOPTIONS="Restart Start Stop Status" DOVECOTOPTIONS="Restart Start Stop Status" select opt in $MAINOPTIONS; do if [ "$opt" = "Quit" ]; then echo Now Exiting exit elif [ "$opt" = "Apache" ]; then select opt in $APACHEOPTIONS; do if [ "$opt" = "Restart" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart elif [ "$opt" = "Start" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start elif [ "$opt" = "Stop" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop elif [ "$opt" = "Status" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 status fi done elif [ "$opt" = "Postfix" ]; then select opt in $POSTFIXOPTIONS; do if [ "$opt" = "Restart" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/postfix restart elif [ "$opt" = "Start" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/postfix start elif [ "$opt" = "Stop" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop elif [ "$opt" = "Status" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/postfix status fi done elif [ "$opt" = "Dovecot" ]; then select opt in $DOVECOTOPTIONS; do if [ "$opt" = "Restart" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/dovecot restart elif [ "$opt" = "Start" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/dovecot start elif [ "$opt" = "Stop" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/dovecot stop elif [ "$opt" = "Status" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/dovecot status fi done elif [ "$opt" = "All" ]; then sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart sudo /etc/init.d/postfix restart sudo /etc/init.d/dovecot restart fi done

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• BASH if conditions

  - by Daniil

  Hi, I did ask a question before. The answer made sense, but I could never get it to work. And now I gotta get it working. But I cannot figure out BASH's if statements. What am I doing wrong below: START_TIME=9 STOP_TIME=17 HOUR=$((`date +"%k"`)) if [[ "$HOUR" -ge "9" ]] && [[ "$HOUR" -le "17" ]] && [[ "$2" != "-force" ]] ; then echo "Cannot run this script without -force at this time" exit 1 fi The idea is that I don't want this script to continue executing, unless forced to, during hours of 9am to 5pm. But it will always evaluate the condition to true and thus won't allow me to run the script. ./script.sh [action] (-force) Thx Edit: The output of set -x: $ ./test2.sh restart + START_TIME=9 + STOP_TIME=17 ++ date +%k + HOUR=11 + [[ 11 -ge 9 ]] + [[ 11 -le 17 ]] + [[ '' != \-\f\o\r\c\e ]] + echo 'Cannot run this script without -force at this time' Cannot run this script without -force at this time + exit 1 and then with -force $ ./test2.sh restart -force + START_TIME=9 + STOP_TIME=17 ++ date +%k + HOUR=11 + [[ 11 -ge 9 ]] + [[ 11 -le 17 ]] + [[ '' != \-\f\o\r\c\e ]] + echo 'Cannot run this script without -force at this time' Cannot run this script without -force at this time + exit 1

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• Bash: how to simply parallelize tasks?

  - by NoozNooz42

  I'm writing a tiny script that calls the "PNGOUT" util on a few hundred PNG files. I simply did this: find $BASEDIR -iname "*png" -exec pngout {} \; And then I looked at my CPU monitor and noticed only one of the core was used, which is quite sad. In this day and age of dual, quad, octo and hexa (?) cores desktop, how do I simply parallelize this task with Bash? (it's not the first time I've had such a need, for quite a lot of these utils are mono-threaded... I already had the case with mp3 encoders). Would simply running all the pngout in the background do? How would my find command look like then? (I'm not too sure how to mix find and the '&' character) I if have three hundreds pictures, this would mean swapping between three hundreds processes, which doesn't seem great anyway!? Or should I copy my three hundreds files or so in "nb dirs", where "nb dirs" would be the number of cores, then run concurrently "nb finds"? (which would be close enough) But how would I do this?

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• BASH echo write mysql input

  - by jmituzas

  Have a bash menu where variables write to file for mysql input. heres what I have: echo "CREATE DATABASE '$mysqldbn'; #GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO '$mysqlu'@'$myhost' IDENTIFIED BY '$mysqlup' WITH GRANT OPTION; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON '$mysqldbn'.* TO '$mysqlu'@'$myhost' IDENTIFIED BY '$mysqlup'; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON '$mysqldbn'.* TO '$mysqlu'@'$myip' IDENTIFIED BY '$mysqlup'; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON '$mysqldbn'.* TO '$mysqlu'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '$mysqlup'; GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES< LOCK TABLES on '$mysqldbn'.* TO '$mysqlu'@'$rip' IDENTIFIED BY '$mysqlup';" > nmysql.db mysql -u root -p$mypass < nmysql.db problem is to get variables to show I had to put them in single quotes, the single quotes show up as I want for instances like '$mysqlu'@'localhost'. But how can I remove the quotes and still get to use the variable in the instance like, CREATE DATABASE '$mysqldbn' ? Double quotes wont work either, I am at a loss. Thanks in advance, Joe

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• linux bash script: set date/time variable to auto-update (for inclusion in file names)

  - by user1859492

  Essentially, I have a standard format for file naming conventions. It breaks down to this: target_dateUTC_timeUTC_tool So, for instance, if I run tcpdump on a target of 'foo', then the file would be foo_dateUTC_timeUTC_tcpdump. Simple enough, but a pain for everyone to constantly (and consistently) enter... so I've tried to create a bash script which sets system variables like so: FILENAME=$TARGET\_$UTCTIME\_$TOOL Then, I can just call the variable at runtime, like so: tcpdump -w $FILENAME.lpc All of this works like a champ. I've got a menu-driven .sh which gives the user the options of viewing the current variables as well as setting them... file generation is a breeze. Unfortunately, by setting the date/time variable, it is locked to the value at the time of creation (naturally). I set the variable like so: UTCTIME=$(/bin/date --utc +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%Z") What I really need is either a way to create a variable which updates at runtime, or (more likely) another way to skin this cat. While scouring for solutions, I came across a similar issues... like this. But, to be honest, I'm stumped on how to marry the two approaches and create a simple, distributable solution. I can post the entire .sh if anyone cares to review (about 120 lines)

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• Bash script to find a directory, list it's contents and sub-folders info

  - by lithiumion

  Hi I want to write a script that will: 1- locate folder "store" on a *nix filesystem 2- move into that folder 3- print list of contents with last modification date 4- calculate sub-folders size This folder's absolute path changes from server to server, but the folder name remains the same always. There is a config file that contains the correct path to that folder though, but it doesn't give absolute bath to it. Sample Config: Account ON DIR-Store /hdd1 Scheduled YES ?According to the config file the absolute path would be "/hdd1/backup/store/" I need the script to grep the "/hdd1" or anything beyond the word "Config-Store", add "/backup/store/" to it, move into folder "store", print list of it's contents, and calculate sub-folders size. Until now I manually edit the script on each server to reflect the path to the "store" folder. Here is a sample script: #!/bin/bash echo " " echo " " echo "Moving Into Directory" cd /hdd1/backup/store/ echo "Listing Directory Content" echo " " ls -alh echo "*******************************" sleep 2 echo " " echo "Calculating Backup Size" echo " " du -sh store/* echo "********** Done! **********" I know I could use grep cat /etc/store.conf | grep DIR-Store Just don't know how to get around selecting the path, adding the "/backup/store/" and moving ahead. Any help will be appreciated

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• File History - Unable to scan user libraries for changes and perform backup of modified files for configuration

  - by azl

  When trying to run the File History tool in Windows 8 it runs for about 2 seconds then stops. No files are backed up to the selected drive. In the event viewer the only error that appears is: Unable to scan user libraries for changes and perform backup of modified files for configuration C:\Users\win8User\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\FileHistory\Configuration\Config I've tried deleting both the configuration files and the FileHistory directory on the target drive. Setting up File History again results in the same error. Is there a better way to track down what is causing the failure? Or somehow get the File History tool to create a more verbose log file that shows what is causing the problem?

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• How can I make Firefox remember my session while still clearing browsing history on close?

  - by Philip

  I am aware, thanks to this thread ( https://support.mozilla.com/en-US/forum/1/381229 ), that Firefox doesn't save sessions when browsing history is cleared at close, as effectively the open tabs are themselves cleared from the history before the session is saved. But I would like Firefox to behave differently. Is there any way to change Firefox's behavior so it will clear my browsing history when it closes, but remember only that a certain list of tabs were open, and then restore those tabs when it opens (not even necessarily with those tabs' histories)? I'm running FF 3.5.6 on Mac OS X 10.5. Thanks.

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• In Windows 8.1, how can I configure File History to backup *some* of my SkyDrive folders?

  - by Matthew

  I want File History to back up all of the folders in my SkyDrive except for the media folders (Music, Pictures, Videos, Podcasts). My media folders are "available online only", the rest of "available offline". Right now File History does not back up any of the content in my SkyDrive, and I can't seem to find a way to configure which folders it backs up. I found some sources that say if my SkyDrive is available offline, it will be added to File History. But I don't want to make my entire SkyDrive available offline, just the non-media folders.

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• How do I ask screen to behave like a standard bash shell?

  - by thornomad

  Just learned about the screen command on linux - it is genius. I love it. However, the actual terminal/prompt in screen looks and behaves differently than my standard bash prompt. That is, the colors aren't the same, tab completion doesn't seem to work, etc. Is there a way I can tell screen to behave just like a normal (at least, normal as in what I am used to) bash prompt ?

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