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  • How to write Haskell function to verify parentheses matching?

    - by Rizo
    I need to write a function par :: String -> Bool to verify if a given string with parentheses is matching using stack module. Ex: par "(((()[()])))" = True par "((]())" = False Here's my stack module implementation: module Stack (Stack, push, pop, top, empty, isEmpty) where data Stack a = Stk [a] deriving (Show) push :: a -> Stack a -> Stack a push x (Stk xs) = Stk (x:xs) pop :: Stack a -> Stack a pop (Stk (_:xs)) = Stk xs pop _ = error "Stack.pop: empty stack" top :: Stack a -> a top (Stk (x:_)) = x top _ = error "Stack.top: empty stack" empty :: Stack a empty = Stk [] isEmpty :: Stack a -> Bool isEmpty (Stk [])= True isEmpty (Stk _) = False So I need to implement a 'par' function that would test a string of parentheses and say if parentheses in it matches or not. How can I do that using a stack?

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  • "call" instruction that seemingly jumps into itself

    - by Checkers
    I have gcc 4 compiling some C++ code into the following (from objdump): 00000030 <func()>: 30: 55 push %ebp 31: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 33: 56 push %esi 34: 31 f6 xor %esi,%esi 36: 53 push %ebx 37: bb 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%ebx 3c: 83 ec 40 sub $0x40,%esp 3f: c7 04 24 01 00 00 00 movl $0x1,(%esp) 46: e8 fc ff ff ff call 47 <func()+0x17> 4b: 8d 55 ec lea 0xffffffec(%ebp),%edx 4e: 89 14 24 mov %edx,(%esp) 51: 89 5c 24 04 mov %ebx,0x4(%esp) 55: 89 74 24 08 mov %esi,0x8(%esp) 59: 89 44 24 0c mov %eax,0xc(%esp) ; the rest of the function is omitted I can't understand the operand of call instruction here, why does it call into itself, but with one byte off?

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  • IA-32: Pushing a byte onto a stack isn't possible on Pentium, why?

    - by Tim Green
    Hi, I've come to learn that you cannot push a byte directly onto the Intel Pentium's stack, can anyone explain this to me please? The reason that I've been given is because the esp register is word-addressable (or, that is the assumption in our model) and it must be an "even address". I would have assumed decrementing the value of some 32-bit binary number wouldn't mess with the alignment of the register, but apparently I don't understand enough. I have tried some NASM tests and come up that if I declare a variable (bite db 123) and push it on to the stack, esp is decremented by 4 (indicating that it pushed 32-bits?). But, "push byte bite" (sorry for my choice of variable names) will result in a kind error: test.asm:10: error: Unsupported non-32-bit ELF relocation Any words of wisdom would be greatly appreciated during this troubled time. I am first year undergraduate so sorry for my naivety in any of this. Tim

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  • How to deploy code using git

    - by luckytaxi
    I have a bare repository initialize on my webserver. I code on my workstation and I'm able to push/pull/commit changes to it. Now, I want to deploy this code on the webserver but into my apache directory (/var/www/html). If I wanted to track the changes (only pull no push) from this directory, should I clone the repo first? This way I can make changes locally, then commit and push to "central repo" and then pull from the documentroot folder to see the changes in "prod."

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  • Highstock set different colors for different markers

    - by user1651804
    I am tryting to develop a chart in Highstock where each marker got an individual color. When i push my Data in an Array like this : series.data.push([ parseInt(Math.round(myDate.getTime())), parseInt(Math.round(myDate.getHours())) ]); The Data is shown correctly, but when i try to set the color within each data-object like this, it doesn't work to show points. series.data.push([ { x: parseInt(Math.round(myDate.getTime())), y: parseInt(Math.round(myDate.getHours())), marker:{fillColor: 'red'}} ]); What am i missing? Update: When i inspect it with firebug i can see that the series is set correctly within the chart object. so why does it now show up? :/

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  • Assembly stack persistency

    - by user246100
    Hello. I would like to know if after calling functions the data I have in the stack is persistent. Like, I would like to know if (assuming cdecl convention) can I do this (independently of function X and independently of optimizations): push 1 push 2 push 3 call X call X call X add 12 esp ? Also, let's say that before the calls I save the address of where the pushed values are in a global variable. Can I, inside X, alter the values it contain by acessing the global variable? Like, for some reason I want that in X I'm able to alter the values in stack so that the second and third call to X receive different values.

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  • beginner's ruby question: how to use erb to output file after binding

    - by john
    Hi, I got the following example: require 'erb' names = [] names.push( { 'first' => "Jack", 'last' => "Herrington" } ) names.push( { 'first' => "LoriLi", 'last' => "Herrington" } ) names.push( { 'first' => "Megan", 'last' => "Herrington" } ) myname = "John Smith" File.open( ARGV[0] ) { |fh| erb = ERB.new( fh.read ) print erb.result( binding ) accompanied by text.txt <% name = "Jack" %> Hello <%= name %> <% names.each { |name| %> Hello <%= name[ 'first' ] %> <%= name[ 'last' ] %> <% } %> hi, my name is <%= myname %> } it prints nicely to screen. what is the simplest way to output another file: "text2.txt"? thank you!!!

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  • x86 Assembly Question about outputting

    - by jdea
    My code looks like this _declspec(naked) void f(unsigned int input,unsigned int *output) { __asm{ push dword ptr[esp+4] call factorial pop ecx mov [output], eax //copy result ret } } __declspec(naked) unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n) { __asm{ push esi mov esi, dword ptr [esp+8] cmp esi, 1 jg RECURSE mov eax, 1 jmp END RECURSE: dec esi push esi call factorial pop esi inc esi mul esi END: pop esi ret } } Its a factorial function and I'm trying to output the answer after it recursively calculates the number that was passed in But what I get returned as an output is the same large number I keep getting Not sure about what is wrong with my output, by I also see this error CXX0030: Error: expression cannot be evaluated Thanks!

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  • Pushing app to heroku problem

    - by Ryan Max
    Hi, I am trying to push my app to heroku and I get the following message: $ heroku create Creating electric-meadow-15..... done Created http://electric-meadow-15.heroku.com/ | [email protected]:electric-meadow-1 5.git $ git push heroku master ! No such app as fierce-fog-63 fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly It's weird that I am getting this now, I have pushed the app to heroku many times without issue. the especially weird thing is, fierce-fog-63 is an old app that I made a deleted a long time ago. Why is it now that heroku is trying to push to this app that doesn't exist anymore, especially when I have created a new one. Any suggestions?

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  • How can something like BOSH be implemented using Java Servlets

    - by John
    BOSH (Bidirectional-streams Over Synchronous HTTP) is a sneaky way of implementing 2-way client-server communication in situations where true server-push is not allowed, most obviously to let a server push data to a browser client without having to use client polling. It works by the client sending a request to the server, and the server doesn't respond immediately... rather it remembers the request but only responds when it has some data to send. When this happens the client immediately sends another request so there is virtually always a 'stored request' sitting on the server ready to push data to the client. At least, that's how I think it works! My question is how you can do this using a Java EE stack i.e standard servlets. I'm rusty with them, is it allowed to send no response and cache the request somehow? If anyone could share (pseudo) code what a servlet class for handling BOSH might look like, I'd be real grateful.

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  • Send JSON from Flash to PHP

    - by vitto
    Hi, I'm trying to send array of data from Flash to PHP to sending e-mail. I'd like to do that because I must change the php page everytime my form site changes because of client's choice. My answer is, can I send an array of objects like this to php? var message:Array = new Array (); message.push ({field_name:"Name", value:"John Lennon"}); message.push ({field_name:"e-mail", value:"[email protected]"}); message.push ({field_name:"Message", value:"Hello goodbye"}); so, PHP should recive a string like: [ { "field_name":"Name", "value":"John Lennon" },{ "field_name":"e-mail", "value":"[email protected]" },{ "field_name":"Message", "value":"Hello goodbye" } ] does exist some tecnique?

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  • Routinely sync a branch to master using git rebase

    - by m1755
    I have a Git repository with a branch that hardly ever changes (nobody else is contributing to it). It is basically the master branch with some code and files stripped out. Having this branch around makes it easy for me to package up a leaner version of my project without having to strip out the code and files manually every time. I have been using git rebase to keep this branch up to date with the master but I always get this warning when I try to push the branch after rebasing: To prevent you from losing history, non-fast-forward updates were rejected Merge the remote changes before pushing again. See the 'Note about fast-forwards' section of 'git push --help' for details. I then use git push --force and it works but I feel like this is probably bad practice. I want to keep this branch "in sync" with the master quickly and easily. Is there a better way of handling this task?

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  • How can I do an SSL connection with PHP

    - by Anth0
    Hi, I need to develop a PHP class to communicate with Apple servers in order to do Push notification (APNS). I have the certificate (.pem) and I tried to follow various tutorials found on Internet but I'm still getting error trying to connect to ssl://gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 with stream socket : $apnsHost = 'gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com'; $apnsPort = 2195; $apnsCert = 'apns-dev.pem'; $streamContext = stream_context_create(); stream_context_set_option($streamContext, 'ssl', 'local_cert', $apnsCert); $apns = stream_socket_client('ssl://'.$apnsHost.':'.$apnsPort, $error, $errorString, 2, STREAM_CLIENT_CONNECT, $streamContext); A telnet on this URL works so port 2195 is opened. Openssl is activated on PHP since I get "Registered Stream Socket Transports : tcp, udp, ssl, sslv3, sslv2, tls" with a phpinfo(). My certificate is well read (PHP is_readable(certif.pem) returns true on the file) Is there anything else to activate in Apache or PHP to get it work ?

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  • javascript filter array of objects

    - by user441521
    I have an array of objects and I'm wondering the best way to search it. Given the below example how can I search for name = "Joe" and age < 30? Is there anything jQuery can help with or do I have to brute force this search myself? var names = new Array(); var object = { name : "Joe", age:20, email: "[email protected]"}; names.push(object); object = { name : "Mike", age:50, email: "[email protected]"}; names.push(object); object = { name : "Joe", age:45, email: "[email protected]"}; names.push(object);

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  • Git. Remote HEAD is ambiguous.

    - by Siegfried
    I checked the relevant thread but still can't solve this problem. When I typed "git remote show origin", I got * remote origin Fetch URL: xxxx Push URL: xxxx HEAD branch (remote HEAD is ambiguous, may be one of the following): development master Remote branches: development tracked master tracked Local branches configured for 'git pull': development merges with remote development master merges with remote master Local ref configured for 'git push': master pushes to master (up to date) I also checked "git show-ref", and I got: 3f8f4292e31cb8fa5938dbdd406b2f357764205b refs/heads/development 3f8f4292e31cb8fa5938dbdd406b2f357764205b refs/heads/master 3f8f4292e31cb8fa5938dbdd406b2f357764205b refs/remotes/origin/development 3f8f4292e31cb8fa5938dbdd406b2f357764205b refs/remotes/origin/master Here is the list of all branches I have by executing "git branch -a" development * master remotes/origin/development remotes/origin/master And this is what is in the .git/config: [core] repositoryformatversion = 0 filemode = false bare = false logallrefupdates = true ignorecase = true hideDotFiles = dotGitOnly autocrlf = false [remote "origin"] fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* url = xxxx push = refs/heads/master:refs/heads/master [branch "master"] remote = origin merge = refs/heads/master [branch "development"] remote = origin merge = refs/heads/development I and it seems that the remote development and master branch share the same node. How to solve this ambiguity problem? Thank you!

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  • Rails Metaprogramming: How to add instance methods at runtime?

    - by Larry K
    I'm defining my own AR class in Rails that will include dynamically created instance methods for user fields 0-9. The user fields are not stored in the db directly, they'll be serialized together since they'll be used infrequently. Is the following the best way to do this? Alternatives? Where should the start up code for adding the methods be called from? class Info < ActiveRecord::Base end # called from an init file to add the instance methods parts = [] (0..9).each do |i| parts.push "def user_field_#{i}" # def user_field_0 parts.push "get_user_fields && @user_fields[#{i}]" parts.push "end" end Info.class_eval parts.join

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  • update iphone application behaviour

    - by Jim
    Hi, I developed one database related application for iPhone device(SQlite database). Now i want to update that application with more features(I want to push an update for the same application). Here i am more concerned about the user data while pushing the update so my question is if i will push an update then does the update will clear all the data that is stored in .sqlite file? if this is case then how to push application update without modifying the previous data in the database file? Please suggest. Thanks, Jim.

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  • s3cmd setacl to grant 'Authenticated Users'

    - by rynop
    I'm using jgit to create a remote in s3. Problem I'm having is when I do a jgit push s3 master it creates the files in s3 as owned by me. I want to keep the files private, and be read/write by 'Authenticated users'. I'd like to be able to either set acl: authenticated-read in the ~/.jgit file OR be able to modify the acl after the push: s3cmd --add-header=x-amz-acl:authenticated-read setacl --acl-private s3://my.bucket/repo/* Neither of these work. How do i use jgit and push to s3 and keep it private, and let anyone with auth read/write?

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  • $HOME git repo (selectively) to github?

    - by user428502
    I keep many files in my home directory under git. Important dotfiles, my thesis, etc. I want to push certain files to github, e.g., my emacs configuration, to share. Obviously, I don't want to push the entire repo. Are submodules the way to go? My first thought is to make a directory ~/github/emacs, and rsync selective files here, then add a submodule under that directory, pointing to github, to push. Is this a good idea, or is there a better way? (I don't want my local git repo storing all files to get muddled up with this stuff, though.)

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  • Cleaner way to store to replace a scalar hash value with an array ref?

    - by user275455
    I am building a hash where the keys, associated with scalars, are not necessarily unique. I want the desired behavior to be that if the key is unique, the value is the scalar. If the key is not unique, I want the value to be an array reference of the scalars associated witht the key. Since the hash is built up iteratively, I don't know if the key is unique ahead of time. Right now, I am doing something like this: if(!defined($hash{$key})){ $hash{$key} = $val; } elseif(ref($hash{$key}) ne 'ARRAY'){ my @a; push(@a, $hash{$key}); push(@, $val); $hash{$key} = \@a; } else{ push(@{$hash{$key}}, $val); } Is there a simpler way to do this?

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  • Another thread safe queue implementation

    - by jensph
    I have a class, Queue, that I tried to make thread safe. It has these three member variables: std::queue<T> m_queue; pthread_mutex_t m_mutex; pthread_cond_t m_condition; and a push and pop implemented as: template<class T> void Queue<T>::push(T value) { pthread_mutex_lock( &m_mutex ); m_queue.push(value); if( !m_queue.empty() ) { pthread_cond_signal( &m_condition ); } pthread_mutex_unlock( &m_mutex ); } template<class T> bool Queue<T>::pop(T& value, bool block) { bool rtn = false; pthread_mutex_lock( &m_mutex ); if( block ) { while( m_queue.empty() ) { pthread_cond_wait( &m_condition, &m_mutex ); } } if( !m_queue.empty() ) { value = m_queue.front(); m_queue.pop(); rtn = true; } pthread_mutex_unlock( &m_mutex ); return rtn; } Unfortunately there are occasional issues that may be the fault of this code. That is, there are two threads and sometimes thread 1 never comes out of push() and at other times thread 2 never comes out of pop() (the block parameter is true) though the queue isn't empty. I understand there are other implementations available, but I'd like to try to fix this code, if needed. Anyone see any issues? The constructor has the appropriate initializations: Queue() { pthread_mutex_init( &mMutex, NULL ); pthread_cond_init( &mCondition, NULL ); } and the destructor, the corresponding 'destroy' calls.

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  • Pushing an array into a vector.

    - by Sunil
    I've a 2d array, say A[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}; and I want to push it into a 2D vector(vector of vectors). I know you can use two for loops to push the elements one by on on to the first vector and then push that into the another vector which makes it 2d vector but I was wondering if there is any way in C++ to do this in a single loop. For example I want to do something like this: myvector.pushback(A[1]+3); // where 3 is the size or number of columns in the array. I understand this is not a correct code but I put this just for understanding purpose. Thanks

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  • Iterating through facebook comments JSON object failing

    - by user1594304
    I tried the option of students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data.length. However, the item["http://www.myurl.com"] call is not working. If I take out the URL from JSON object and write the iterator with students.comments.data, it works. Here is my code, any help highly appreciated. var students = { "http://www.myurl.com":{ "comments":{ "data" : [ { "id": "123456778", "from": { "name": "XYZ", "id": "1000005" }, "message": "Hey", "can_remove": false, "created_time": "2012-09-03T03:16:01+0000", "like_count": 0, "user_likes": false } ] } } } var i=0 var arrayObject = new Array(); alert("Parsing 2: "+students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data.length); for(i=0;i<students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data.length;i++) { alert("Parsing 1: "+i); arrayObject.push(students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data[i].id); arrayObject.push(students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data[i].message); arrayObject.push(students.item["http://www.myurl.com"].comments.data[i].created_time); }

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  • OpenVPN - Windows 8 to Windows 2008 Server, not connecting

    - by niico
    I have followed this tutorial about setting up an OpenVPN Server on Windows Server - and a client on Windows (in this case Windows 8). The server appears to be running fine - but it is not connecting with this error: Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 Warning: cannot open --log file: C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\log\my-laptop.log: Access is denied. (errno=5) Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 OpenVPN 2.3.2 x86_64-w64-mingw32 [SSL (OpenSSL)] [LZO] [PKCS11] [eurephia] [IPv6] built on Jun 3 2013 Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 MANAGEMENT: TCP Socket listening on [AF_INET]127.0.0.1:25340 Mon Jul 22 19:09:04 2013 Need hold release from management interface, waiting... Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: Client connected from [AF_INET]127.0.0.1:25340 Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'state on' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'log all on' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'hold off' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: CMD 'hold release' Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[65536->65536] S=[65536->65536] Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 UDPv4 link remote: [AF_INET]66.666.66.666:9999 Mon Jul 22 19:09:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1374494945,WAIT,,, Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 TLS Error: TLS key negotiation failed to occur within 60 seconds (check your network connectivity) Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 TLS Error: TLS handshake failed Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 SIGUSR1[soft,tls-error] received, process restarting Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1374495005,RECONNECTING,tls-error,, Mon Jul 22 19:10:05 2013 Restart pause, 2 second(s) Note I have changed the IP and port no (it uses a non-standard port for security reasons). That port is open on the hardware firewall. The server logs are showing a connection attempt from my client: TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]118.68.xx.xx:65011, sid=081af4ed xxxxxxxx Mon Jul 22 14:19:15 2013 118.68.xx.xx:65011 TLS Error: TLS key negotiation failed to occur within 60 seconds (check your network connectivity) How can I problem solve this & find the problem? Thx Update - Client config file: ############################################## # Sample client-side OpenVPN 2.0 config file # # for connecting to multi-client server. # # # # This configuration can be used by multiple # # clients, however each client should have # # its own cert and key files. # # # # On Windows, you might want to rename this # # file so it has a .ovpn extension # ############################################## # Specify that we are a client and that we # will be pulling certain config file directives # from the server. client # Use the same setting as you are using on # the server. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel # if you have more than one. On XP SP2, # you may need to disable the firewall # for the TAP adapter. ;dev-node MyTap # Are we connecting to a TCP or # UDP server? Use the same setting as # on the server. ;proto tcp proto udp # The hostname/IP and port of the server. # You can have multiple remote entries # to load balance between the servers. remote 00.00.00.00 1194 ;remote 00.00.00.00 9999 ;remote my-server-2 1194 # Choose a random host from the remote # list for load-balancing. Otherwise # try hosts in the order specified. ;remote-random # Keep trying indefinitely to resolve the # host name of the OpenVPN server. Very useful # on machines which are not permanently connected # to the internet such as laptops. resolv-retry infinite # Most clients don't need to bind to # a specific local port number. nobind # Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only) ;user nobody ;group nobody # Try to preserve some state across restarts. persist-key persist-tun # If you are connecting through an # HTTP proxy to reach the actual OpenVPN # server, put the proxy server/IP and # port number here. See the man page # if your proxy server requires # authentication. ;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures ;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #] # Wireless networks often produce a lot # of duplicate packets. Set this flag # to silence duplicate packet warnings. ;mute-replay-warnings # SSL/TLS parms. # See the server config file for more # description. It's best to use # a separate .crt/.key file pair # for each client. A single ca # file can be used for all clients. ca "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\ca.crt" cert "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-laptop.crt" key "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-laptop.key" # Verify server certificate by checking # that the certicate has the nsCertType # field set to "server". This is an # important precaution to protect against # a potential attack discussed here: # http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm # # To use this feature, you will need to generate # your server certificates with the nsCertType # field set to "server". The build-key-server # script in the easy-rsa folder will do this. ns-cert-type server # If a tls-auth key is used on the server # then every client must also have the key. ;tls-auth ta.key 1 # Select a cryptographic cipher. # If the cipher option is used on the server # then you must also specify it here. ;cipher x # Enable compression on the VPN link. # Don't enable this unless it is also # enabled in the server config file. comp-lzo # Set log file verbosity. verb 3 # Silence repeating messages ;mute 20 Server config file: ################################################# # Sample OpenVPN 2.0 config file for # # multi-client server. # # # # This file is for the server side # # of a many-clients <-> one-server # # OpenVPN configuration. # # # # OpenVPN also supports # # single-machine <-> single-machine # # configurations (See the Examples page # # on the web site for more info). # # # # This config should work on Windows # # or Linux/BSD systems. Remember on # # Windows to quote pathnames and use # # double backslashes, e.g.: # # "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\foo.key" # # # # Comments are preceded with '#' or ';' # ################################################# # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local 00.00.00.00 # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. std 1194 port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\ca.crt" cert "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\server.crt" key "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\server.key" # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\dh2048.pem" # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). ;push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222" ;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220" # Uncomment this directive to allow differenta # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nobody # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I have changed IP's for security

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  • OpenVPN on Ubuntu 11.10 - unable to redirect default gateway

    - by Vladimir Kadalashvili
    I'm trying to connect to connect to OpenVPN server from my Ubuntu 11.10 machine. I use the following command to do it (under root user): openvpn --config /home/vladimir/client.ovpn Everything seems to be OK, it connects normally without any warnings and errors, but when I try to browse the internet I see that I still use my own IP address, so VPN connection doesn't work. When I run openvpn command, it displays the following message among others: NOTE: unable to redirect default gateway -- Cannot read current default gateway from system I think it's the cause of this problem, but unfortunately I don't know how to fix it. Below is full output of openvpn command: Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 OpenVPN 2.2.0 x86_64-linux-gnu [SSL] [LZO2] [EPOLL] [PKCS11] [eurephia] [MH] [PF_INET6] [IPv6 payload 20110424-2 (2.2RC2)] built on Jul 4 2011 Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Control Channel Authentication: tls-auth using INLINE static key file Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Outgoing Control Channel Authentication: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Incoming Control Channel Authentication: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 LZO compression initialized Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:166 EF:66 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Socket Buffers: R=[126976->200000] S=[126976->200000] Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '504e774e' Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '14168603' Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Sat Jun 9 23:51:36 2012 UDPv4 link remote: [AF_INET]94.229.78.130:1194 Sat Jun 9 23:51:37 2012 TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]94.229.78.130:1194, sid=13fd921b b42072ab Sat Jun 9 23:51:37 2012 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /CN=OpenVPN_CA Sat Jun 9 23:51:37 2012 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Sat Jun 9 23:51:37 2012 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /CN=OpenVPN_Server Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Sat Jun 9 23:51:38 2012 [OpenVPN_Server] Peer Connection Initiated with [AF_INET]94.229.78.130:1194 Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 SENT CONTROL [OpenVPN_Server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,explicit-exit-notify,topology subnet,route-delay 5 30,dhcp-pre-release,dhcp-renew,dhcp-release,route-metric 101,ping 5,ping-restart 40,redirect-gateway def1,redirect-gateway bypass-dhcp,redirect-gateway autolocal,route-gateway 5.5.0.1,dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8,dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4,register-dns,comp-lzo yes,ifconfig 5.5.117.43 255.255.0.0' Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 Unrecognized option or missing parameter(s) in [PUSH-OPTIONS]:4: dhcp-pre-release (2.2.0) Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 Unrecognized option or missing parameter(s) in [PUSH-OPTIONS]:5: dhcp-renew (2.2.0) Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 Unrecognized option or missing parameter(s) in [PUSH-OPTIONS]:6: dhcp-release (2.2.0) Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 Unrecognized option or missing parameter(s) in [PUSH-OPTIONS]:16: register-dns (2.2.0) Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: explicit notify parm(s) modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: LZO parms modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: route-related options modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ip-win32 and/or --dhcp-option options modified Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 ROUTE: default_gateway=UNDEF Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 TUN/TAP device tun0 opened Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 TUN/TAP TX queue length set to 100 Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 do_ifconfig, tt->ipv6=0, tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup=0 Sat Jun 9 23:51:40 2012 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 5.5.117.43 netmask 255.255.0.0 mtu 1500 broadcast 5.5.255.255 Sat Jun 9 23:51:45 2012 NOTE: unable to redirect default gateway -- Cannot read current default gateway from system Sat Jun 9 23:51:45 2012 Initialization Sequence Completed Output of route command: Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default * 0.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 ppp0 5.5.0.0 * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 tun0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 stream-ts1.net. * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 Output of ifconfig command: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6c:62:6d:44:0d:12 inet6 addr: fe80::6e62:6dff:fe44:d12/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:54594 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:59897 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:44922107 (44.9 MB) TX bytes:8839969 (8.8 MB) Interrupt:41 Base address:0x8000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:4561 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4561 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:685425 (685.4 KB) TX bytes:685425 (685.4 KB) ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:213.206.63.44 P-t-P:213.206.34.4 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1492 Metric:1 RX packets:53577 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:58892 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:3 RX bytes:43667387 (43.6 MB) TX bytes:7504776 (7.5 MB) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:5.5.117.43 P-t-P:5.5.117.43 Mask:255.255.0.0 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:27:19:f6:b5:cf inet addr:192.168.0.1 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::227:19ff:fef6:b5cf/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:12079 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:11178 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1483691 (1.4 MB) TX bytes:4307899 (4.3 MB) So my question is - how to make OpenVPN redirect default gateway? Thanks!

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