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• What are some good resources for creating a game engine in XNA?

  - by Glasser

  I'm currently a student game programmer working on an indie project. We have a team of eleven people (five programmers, four artists, and two audio designers) aboard, all working hard to help design this game. We've been meeting for months now and so far we have a pretty buffed out Game Design Document as well as much audio/visual concept art. Our programmers are itching to progress on our own end. Each person in our programming team is well versed in C++, but is very familiar with C#. We have enough experience and skill that we're confident that we will be successful with our game, and we're looking to build our own game engine in XNA as it seems like it would be worth our time and effort in the end. The game itself will be a 2D beat 'em up style game to be released over xbox live and the PC. It's play style will be similar to that of Castle Crashers or Scott Pilgrim vs The World. We want to design the game engine to allow us to better implement our assets into the game as well as to simplify the creation of design elements/mechanics. Currently between our programmers, we have books such as "XNA 4.0" and "Game Coding Complete, Third Edition," but we'd still like more information on both XNA and (especially) building a game engine from scratch. What are any other good books, websites, or resources we could use to further map out and program our game engine?

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• Triangulating a partially triangulated mesh (2D)

  - by teodron

  Referring to the above exhibits, this is the scenario I am working with: starting with a planar graph (in my case, a 2D mesh) with a given triangulation, based on a certain criterion, the graph nodes are labeled as RED and BLACK. (A) a subgraph containing all the RED nodes (with edges between only the directly connected neighbours) is formed (note: although this figure shows a tree forming, it may well happen that the subgraph contain loops) (B) Problem: I need to quickly build a triangulation around the subgraph (e.g. as shown in figure C), but under the constraint that I have to keep the already present edges in the final result. Question: Is there a fast way of achieving this given a partially triangulated mesh? Ideally, the complexity should be in the O(n) class. Some side-remarks: it would be nice for the triangulation algorithm to take into account a certain vertex priority when adding edges (e.g. it should always try to build a "1-ring" structure around the most important nodes first - I can implement iteratively such a routine, but it's O(n^2) ). it would also be nice to reflect somehow the "hop distance" when adding edges: add edges first between the nodes that were "closer" to each other given the start topology. Nevertheless, disregarding the remarks, is there an already known scenario similar to this one where a triangulation is built upon a partially given set of triangles/edges?

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• 2D Image Creator for a video game

  - by user1276078

  I need to make a few images for an arcade video game I'm making in Java. As of right now, I have drawings that animate, but there are two problems. The drawings are horrible, and as a result, the game won't get enough attention. It's a pain to have to change each coordinate for the drawing, as the drawings are fairly complex. I'd like to use images. I feel they could solve my problem. They would look better than the drawings, and it would only have an x and a y coordinate, rather than the many coordinates I need for each drawing. So, in a sense, I have two questions. Would images actually help? Would they solve my 2 problems? I just want to clarify. How would I make these images. I don't think I can copy them off of the internet because I plan on publishing this game. So, is there any software where you can make your own images? (It has to be in an image type that Java can support. I'm working with java). It also, as stated by the header, needs to be a 2D image; not 3D

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• Creating a 2D perspective in 3D game

  - by Accatyyc

  I'm new to XNA and 3D game development in general. I'm creating a puzzle game kind of similar to tetris, built with blocks. I decided to build the game in 3D since I can do some cool animations and transitions when using 3D blocks with physics etc. However, I really do want the game to look "2D". My blocks are made up of 3D models, but I don't want that to be visible when they're not animating. I have followed some XNA tutorials and set up my scene like this: this.view = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPosition, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.Up); this.aspectRatio = graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.AspectRatio; this.projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView( MathHelper.ToRadians(45.0f), aspectRatio, 1.0f, 10000.0f); ... and it gives me a very 3D-ish look. For example, the blocks in the center of the screen looks exactly how I want them, but closer to the edges of the screen I can see the rotation and sides of them. My guess is that I'm not after a perspective field of view, but any help on which field of view/settings to use to get a "flat" look when the blocks aren't rotated would be great!

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• Kickstarter and 2D smartphone games

  - by mm24

  I am about to launch a Kickstarter project as, after 14 months of full time development on my first iOS game, I run out of money. I developed an iOS game that needs few more months to be ready (the game structure is there but haven't yet worked on balancing the difficulty of the various levels). I have a feeling that most of the computer games founded on Kickstarter are for console, PC or Mac and not for smartphones. The category that many people seem to like is RPG style games. I have done tons of work over a year and collaborated with musicians and illustrators to get top quality graphics and music. The game looks cool to be an iOS 2D game but, compared to what I've seen on Kickstarter, I feel so little and humbled. I have searched for smartphone game projects on Kickstarter but haven't found many. I believe that the reason is that people are not keen in backing an APP that is normally sold for 0.99$ as they perceive is not something big. Am I the only one having this feeling? Could anyone please share a list of references to some successfully backed kickstarter smartphone game projects? (In this way the question will not become a "chat" and will fulfill the requirements to be a gamedev question). Any other article or authoritative answer will be welcome.

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• Android 2D terrain scrolling

  - by Nikola Ninkovic

  I want to make infinite 2D terrain based on my algorithm.Then I want to move it along Y axis (to the left) This is how I did it : public class Terrain { Queue<Integer> _bottom; Paint _paint; Bitmap _texture; Point _screen; int _numberOfColumns = 100; int _columnWidth = 20; public Terrain(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, Bitmap texture) { _bottom = new LinkedList<Integer>(); _screen = new Point(screenWidth, screenHeight); _numberOfColumns = screenWidth / 6; _columnWidth = screenWidth / _numberOfColumns; for(int i=0;i<=_numberOfColumns;i++) { // Generate terrain point and put it into _bottom queue } _paint = new Paint(); _paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.FILL); _paint.setShader(new BitmapShader(texture, Shader.TileMode.REPEAT, Shader.TileMode.REPEAT)); } public void update() { _bottom.remove(); // Algorithm calculates next point _bottom.add(nextPoint); } public void draw(Canvas canvas) { Iterator<Integer> i = _bottom.iterator(); int counter = 0; Path path = new Path(); path.moveTo(0, _screen.y); while (i.hasNext()) { path.lineTo(counter, _screen.y-i.next()); counter += _columnWidth; } path.lineTo(_screen.x, _screen.y); path.lineTo(0, _screen.y); canvas.drawPath(path2, _paint); } } The problem is that the game is too 'fast', so I tried with pausing thread with Thread.sleep(50); in run() method of my game thread but then it looks too torn. Well, is there any way to slow down drawing of my terrain ?

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• Queueing up character actions

  - by TheBroodian

  I'm developing a 2D platformer with action-fighter elements. Currently things are working relatively smoothly but I'm having difficulty sorting something out. For the time, keeping my character's states and actions separated and preventing them from stepping on each others' toes is working out well and properly, but I would like to add a feature to my character to get him to behave a little bit more fluidly for the player. At the moment, he has numerous attacks and abilities that he can execute, all of them being executed with button presses. Here lies the problem: Being as everything is executed through button presses, while an action is in progress I flag the game to disregard further button presses until the action has completed. Therefore, consecutive actions cannot be performed until after the previous action has completed entirely. In runtime this behavior feels very icky, and very ungamelike. In games that rest most memorably at the forefront of my mind the player is able to execute button commands during the process of actions, and at the end of the current action, the following action is executed (seems like some sort of a queue system or something) Can anybody offer any guidance with this?

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• snapping an angle to the closest cardinal direction

  - by Josh E

  I'm developing a 2D sprite-based game, and I'm finding that I'm having trouble with making the sprites rotate correctly. In a nutshell, I've got spritesheets for each of 5 directions (the other 3 come from just flipping the sprite horizontally), and I need to clamp the velocity/rotation of the sprite to one of those directions. My sprite class has a pre-computed list of radians corresponding to the cardinal directions like this: protected readonly List<float> CardinalDirections = new List<float> { MathHelper.PiOver4, MathHelper.PiOver2, MathHelper.PiOver2 + MathHelper.PiOver4, MathHelper.Pi, -MathHelper.PiOver4, -MathHelper.PiOver2, -MathHelper.PiOver2 + -MathHelper.PiOver4, -MathHelper.Pi, }; Here's the positional update code: if (velocity == Vector2.Zero) return; var rot = ((float)Math.Atan2(velocity.Y, velocity.X)); TurretRotation = SnapPositionToGrid(rot); var snappedX = (float)Math.Cos(TurretRotation); var snappedY = (float)Math.Sin(TurretRotation); var rotVector = new Vector2(snappedX, snappedY); velocity *= rotVector; //...snip private float SnapPositionToGrid(float rotationToSnap) { if (rotationToSnap == 0) return 0.0f; var targetRotation = CardinalDirections.First(x => (x - rotationToSnap >= -0.01 && x - rotationToSnap <= 0.01)); return (float)Math.Round(targetRotation, 3); } What am I doing wrong here? I know that the SnapPositionToGrid method is far from what it needs to be - the .First(..) call is on purpose so that it throws on no match, but I have no idea how I would go about accomplishing this, and unfortunately, Google hasn't helped too much either. Am I thinking about this the wrong way, or is the answer staring at me in the face?

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• Unity3D : Pause Menu - Android

  - by user3666251

  Im making a 2D game for android.I almost completed the game but now I need a pause game option.I added a pause icon on the top right side of the screen.The icon is a gui texture.Here is what I did so far : I made a script which will bring up some buttons (which is not working) and attached it to the GUITexture.This is the script : #pragma strict function OnMouseDown() { Debug.Log("*Pause Menu Opens*"); Time.timeScale = 0; if (GUI.Button(Rect(10,10,100,50),"Restart")); Application.LoadLevel(Application.loadedLevel); if (GUI.Button(Rect(10,60,100,50),"MainMenu")); Application.LoadLevel("MainMenu"); } Now,the problem stands at the part where the buttons won't show up,the game freezes at the first frame but the buttons won't show up.Please,if you can help I would be realy thankful. Thank you. Edit #1 : I just noticed that when I click "Pause" the game freezes and it takes me to the MainMenu.That's because I added the GUIButton which takes you to the main menu.I think the whole script structure is wrong.I also forgot to mention that Im new in scripting/unity. Thank you.

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• Crash when trying to detect touch

  - by iQue

  I've got a character in a 2D game using surfaceView that I want to be able to move using a button (eventually a joystick), but my game crashes as soon as I try to move my sprite. This is my onTouch-method for my steering button: public void handleActionDown(int eventX, int eventY) { if (eventX >= (x - bitmap.getWidth() / 2) && (eventX <= (x + bitmap.getWidth()/2))) { if (eventY >= (y - bitmap.getHeight() / 2) && (y <= (y + bitmap.getHeight() / 2))) { setTouched(true); } else { setTouched(false); } } else { setTouched(false); } And if I try to put this in my update-method: public void update() { x += (speed.getXv() * speed.getxDirection()); y += (speed.getYv() * speed.getyDirection()); } The sprite moves on its own just fine, but as soon as I add: public void update() { if(steering.isTouched()){ x += (speed.getXv() * speed.getxDirection()); y += (speed.getYv() * speed.getyDirection()); } the game crashes. Does anyone know why this is or how to fix it? I cannot figure it out. I'm using MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN to check if the user if pressing the screen.

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• How to calculate new velocities between resting objects (AABB) after accelerations?

  - by Tiedye

  lately I have been trying to create a 2D platformer engine in C++ with Direct2D. The problem I am currently having is getting objects that are resting against each other to interact correctly after accelerations like gravity have been applied to them. Right now I can detect collisions and respond to them correctly (I think) and when objects collide they remember what other objects they're resting against so objects can be pushed by other objects (note that there is no bounce in any collisions so when objects collide they are guaranteed to become resting until something else happens). Every time the simulation advances, the acceleration for objects is applied to their velocities (for example vx += ax * t, where t is time elapsed since last advancement). After these accelerations are applied, I want to check if any objects that are resting against each other are moving at different speeds than their counterparts (as different objects can have different accelerations) and depending on that difference either unlink the two objects so they are no longer resting, or even out their velocities so they are moving at the same speed once again. I am having trouble creating an algorithm that can do this across many resting objects. Here's a diagram to help explain my problem

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• What is the standard technique for shifting the frames of a sprite according to user input?

  - by virtual__

  From my own experience, I developed two techniques for changing the sprites of a character that's reacting to user input -- this in the context of a classic 2D platformer. The first one is to store all character's pixmaps in a list, putting the index of the currently used pixmap in an ordinary variable. This way, every time the player presses a key -- say the right arrow for moving the character forward -- the graphics engine sees what's the next pixmap to draw, draws it, and increments the index counter. That's a pretty common approach I believe, the problem is that in this case the animation's quality depends not only on the number of sprites available but also on how often your engine listens to user input. The second technique is to actually play an animation every key press event. For this you can use any sort of animation framework you want. It's only necessary to set the timer, the animation steps and to call the animation's play() method on your key press event handler. The problem with that approach is that is lacks responsiveness, since the character won't react to any input while the current animation is still being played. What I want to know is whether you are using one of these techniques -- or something similar -- in your games, or whether there's a standard method for animating sprites out there that's widely known by everybody but me.

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• Rendering 8 bit graphics

  - by Matjaz Muhic

  I have a strong programming background just not from game development. I only made some pong and snake in high school and I did some OpenGL in college. I want to make my own game engine. Nothing fancy just a simple 2D game engine. But because I'm kinda old school and feeling retro. I want graphics to look like old 8 bit games (megaman, contra, super mario, ...). So how were the old games made back then? I want the simplest approach. Were they also using assets (images) like newer engines now do? How do you achieve this kind of rendering using OpenGL? Keep in mind. Simplest solution. I want to know how it was made back then and how I can replicate that. Doesn't even have to be OpenGL. I can draw on window canvas. I do want to make it from scratch basically.

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• Creating movement path displays in a top-down 2d RTS

  - by nihohit

  My game is a top-down 2d RTS coded in C# using SFML's libraries. I want that during unit selection, a unit will display it's movement path on the map. Currently, after the path is computed as a list of directions ({left, up,down, down, down, left}, as an example), it's sent to the graphical component to create it's UI equivalent, and here I'm having some problems. current, these I've checked three ways to do it: compute the size of the image (in the example above it'll be a 3*2 rectangle) and create an invisible rectangle, and then go over the directions list and mark each spot with a visible point, so as to get a continous line. This system is slightly problematic because of the amount of large images that I need to save, but mostly because I have a lot of fine detail onscreen, and a continous line obstructs the view. again, compute the size of the image, but now create several (let's say 4) invisible images of that size, and then instead of a single continous line I'll switch between the four images, in each will appear only a fourth of the spots, in a way which creates a path animation. This is nicer on the eye, but here the memory demands, and the amount of time needed to compute each such image-loop is significant. Just create a list of single markers, each on a different spot on the path. This is very quick & easy on memory, but too sparse. Is there a simple or resource-light system to create path-animations?

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• Storing large array of tiles, but allowing easy access to data

  - by Cyral

  I've been thinking about this for a while. I have a 2D tile bases platformer in XNA with a large array of tile data, I've been running into memory problems with large maps. (I will add chunks soon!) Currently, Each tile contains an Item along with other properties like how its rotated, if it has forground / background, etc. An Item is static and has properties like the name, tooltip, type of item, how much light it emits, the collision it does to player, etc. Examples: public class Item { public static List<Item> Items; public Collision blockCollisionType; public string nameOfItem; public bool someOtherVariable,etc,etc public static Item Air public static Item Stone; public static Item Dirt; static Item() { Items = new List<Item>() { (Stone = new Item() { nameOfItem = "Stone", blockCollisionType = Collision.Solid, }), (Air = new Item() { nameOfItem = "Air", blockCollisionType = Collision.Passable, }), }; } } Would be an Item, The array of Tiles would contain a Tile for each point, public class Tile { public Item item; //What type it is public bool onBackground; public int someOtherVariables,etc,etc } Now, Most would probably use an enum, or a form of ID to identify blocks. Well my system is really nice just to find out about an item. I can simply do tiles[x,y].item.Name To get the name for example. I realized my Item property of the tile is over 1000 Bytes! Wow! What I'm looking for is a way to use an ID (Int or byte depending on how many items) instead of an Item but still have a method for retreiving data about the type of item a tile contains.

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• Getting an object from a 2d array inside of a class

  - by user36324

  I am have a class file that contains two classes, platform and platforms. platform holds the single platform information, and platforms has an 2d array of platforms. Im trying to render all of them in a for loop but it is not working. If you could kindly help me i would greatly appreciate. void Platforms::setUp() { for(int x = 0; x < tilesW; x++){ for(int y = 0; y < tilesH; y++){ Platform tempPlat(x,y,true,renderer,filename,tileSize/scaleW,tileSize/scaleH); platArray[x][y] = tempPlat; } } } void Platforms::show() { for(int x = 0; x < tilesW; x++){ for(int y = 0; y < tilesH; y++){ platArray[x][y].show(renderer,scaleW,scaleH); } } }

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• opengl memory issue - quite strange.

  - by user4707

  Hello, I have heard that textures consumes lot of memory but I am surprised how much.... I have 7 textures 1024 16 bit each. And while I will run my app it consumes 57MB of memory. I think that this is "a bit" too much. I am writing 2D application (no cocos or other framework) Strange is that while I will compile my app with disabled rendering methods: glDrawArrays than It uses only 27MB.... which is about 30MB less... Do you have any Idea why? I am creating textures before rendering of course: rendering looks like this: [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:context]; glBindFramebufferOES(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_OES, defaultFramebuffer); glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glPushMatrix(); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glEnable(GL_BLEND); glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); TeksturaObrazek *obrazek_klaw =[[AppDirector sharedAppDirector] obrazek_klaw]; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, [[obrazek_klaw image_texture] name] ); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0,vertex1); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertex2); glColor4f(1,1,1,alpha); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); glDisable(GL_BLEND); glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glPopMatrix(); [context presentRenderbuffer:GL_RENDERBUFFER_OES]; It looks like standard routine... I have spent about 2 days looking for for answer and I still have no clue.

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• OpenGL: Move camera regardless of rotation

  - by Markus

  For a 2D board game I'd like to move and rotate an orthogonal camera in coordinates given in a reference system (window space), but simply can't get it to work. The idea is that the user can drag the camera over a surface, rotate and scale it. Rotation and scaling should always be around the center of the current viewport. The camera is set up as: gl.glMatrixMode(GL2.GL_PROJECTION); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glOrtho(-width/2, width/2, -height/2, height/2, nearPlane, farPlane); where width and height are equal to the viewport's width and height, so that 1 unit is one pixel when no zoom is applied. Since these transformations usually mean (scaling and) translating the world, then rotating it, the implementation is: gl.glMatrixMode(GL2.GL_MODELVIEW); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glRotatef(rotation, 0, 0, 1); // e.g. 45° gl.glTranslatef(x, y, 0); // e.g. +10 for 10px right, -2 for 2px down gl.glScalef(zoomFactor, zoomFactor, zoomFactor); // e.g. scale by 1.5 That however has the nasty side effect that translations are transformed as well, that is applied in world coordinates. If I rotate around 90° and translate again, X and Y axis are swapped. If I reorder the transformations so they read gl.glTranslatef(x, y, 0); gl.glScalef(zoomFactor, zoomFactor, zoomFactor); gl.glRotatef(rotation, 0, 0, 1); the translation will be applied correctly (in reference space, so translation along x always visually moves the camera sideways) but rotation and scaling are now performed around origin. It shouldn't be too hard, so what is it I'm missing?

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• The right way to start out in game development/design [closed]

  - by Marco Sacristão

  Greetings everyone I'm a 19 year old student looking for some help in the field of game development. This question may or may not seem a bit overused, but the fact is that game development has been my life long dream, and after several hours of search I've realized that I've been going in circles for the past three or four months whilst doing such research on how to really get down and dirty with game development, therefor I decided to ask you guys if you could help me out at all. Let me start off with some information about me and things i've already learned about GameDev which might help you out on helping me out (wordplay!): I'm not an expert programmer, but I do have knowledge on how to program in several languages including C and Java (Currently learning Java in my degree in Computer Engineering), but my methodology might not be most correct in terms of syntax (hence my difficulty in starting out, i'm afraid that the starting point might not be the most correct, and it would deploy a wrongful development methodology that would be to corrected later on, in terms of game development or other projects). I have yet to work in a project as large as a game, never in my learning curve of programming I've done a project to the scale of a video game, only very small software (PHP Front-ends and Back-ends, with some basic JQuery and CSS knowledge). I'm not the biggest mathematician or physicist, but I already know that is not a problem, because there are several game engines already available for use and integration with home-made projects (Box2D, etc). I've also learned about some libraries that could be included in said projects, to ease out some process in game development, like SDL for example. I do not know how sprites, states, particles or any specific game-related techniques work. With that being said, you can see that I have some ideas on game development, but I have absolutely no clue on how to design and produce a game, or even how game-like mechanics work. It does not have to be a complex game just to start out, I'd rather learn the basic of game design (Like 2D drawing, tiling, object collision) and test that out in a language that I feel comfortable in which could be later on migrated to other platforms, as long that what I've learned is the correct way to do things, and not just something that I've learned from some guy on Youtube by replicating that code on the video. I'm sorry if my question is not in the best format possible, but I've got so many questions on my mind that are still un-answered that I don't know were to start! Thank you for reading.

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• 2D Barcode Addendum

  - by Tim Dexter

  Having finally got my external drive back(long story) today from Oklahoma (thank you so much Sammy) Im back with a full compliment of Oracle and blogging tools at my disposal. I have missed JDeveloper this past week, which I have found, I immensely prefer over Eclipse (let the flaming commence :0) I use Zoundry Raven for writing articles and its not installed locally but on my external drove, so I have been soldiering on with the blog server's pain in the backside UI for writing. Now I have my favority editor back and things are calming down workwise, I will start to get the Excel template posts out. Today thou, a note about 2D barcode support or more specifically any barcode that needs some data manipulation before the barcode font is applied. I wrote about these fonts a long time back and laid out the java class you would need to write if you had an algorithm from the font manufacturer to use. I missed out a valuable point and James at Luminex fell into the trap. He was wanting to use the datamatrix font from IDAutomation but and had built the java class to be called from the RTF template but it was not encoding or at least did not appear to be. New debugging feature to the rescue. Kan over at the bipconsultng blog documented the feature a while back. Just adding <?xdo-debug-level:'STATEMENT'?> to my test template generated all the debug files in my c:\temp directory. No messing with files, just a simple command ... at last! Kan has documented the feature here. With the log in hand I spotted a java error stack referencing a missing code128a method, huh? Looking at James' class he had the following snippet: ENCODERS.put("code128a",mUtility.getClass().getMethod("code128a",clazz)); ENCODERS.put("code128b",mUtility.getClass().getMethod("code128b", clazz)); ENCODERS.put("code128c",mUtility.getClass().getMethod("code128c", clazz)); ENCODERS.put("pdf417",mUtility.getClass().getMethod("pdf417", clazz)); ENCODERS.put("datamatrix",mUtility.getClass().getMethod("datamatrix", clazz)); His class did not include the other code128 and pdf147 methods and BIP was expecting them. An easy fix, just comment them out, rebuild and deploy and the encoding started working. If you are hitting similar problems, check that class and ensure all of the referenced methods are available, if not, delete or get commenting. James now has purdy labels popping out that his hard ware can read, sweet!

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• Infinite detail inside Perlin noise procedural mapping

  - by Dave Jellison

  I am very new to game development but I was able to scour the internet to figure out Perlin noise enough to implement a very simple 2D tile infinite procedural world. Here's the question and it's more conceptual than code-based in answer, I think. I understand the concept of "I plug in (x, y) and get back from Perlin noise p" (I'll call it p). P will always be the same value for the same (x, y) (as long as the Perlin algorithm parameters haven't changed, like altering number of octaves, et cetera). What I want to do is be able to zoom into a square and be able to generate smaller squares inside of the already generated overhead tile of terrain. Let's say I have a jungle tile for overhead terrain but I want to zoom in and maybe see a small river tile that would only be a creek and not large enough to be a full "big tile" of water in the overhead. Of course, I want the same net effect as a Perlin equation inside a Perlin equation if that makes sense? (aka. I want two people playing the game with the same settings to get the same terrain and details every time). I can conceptually wrap my head around the large tile being based on an "zoomed out" coordinate leaving enough room to drill into but this approach doesn't make sense in my head (maybe I'm wrong). I'm guessing with this approach my overhead terrain would lose all of the cohesiveness delivered by the Perlin. Imagine I calculate (0, 0) as overhead tile 1 and then to the east of that I plug in (50, 0). OK, great, I now have 49 pixels of detail I could then "drill down" into. The issue I have in my head with this approach (without attempting it) is that there's no guarantee from my Perlin noise that (0,0) would be a good neighbor to (50,0) as they could have wildly different "elevations" or p/resultant values returning from the Perlin equation when I generate the overhead map. I think I can conceive of using the Perlin noise for the overhead tile to then reuse the p value as a seed for the "detail" level of noise once I zoom in. That would ensure my detail Perlin is always the same configuration for (0,0), (1,0), etc. ad nauseam but I'm not sure if there are better approaches out there or if this is a sound approach at all.

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• How do I calculate the boundary of the game window after transforming the view?

  - by Cypher

  My Camera class handles zoom, rotation, and of course panning. It's invoked through SpriteBatch.Begin, like so many other XNA 2D camera classes. It calculates the view Matrix like so: public Matrix GetViewMatrix() { return Matrix.Identity * Matrix.CreateTranslation(new Vector3(-this.Spatial.Position, 0.0f)) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(-( this.viewport.Width / 2 ), -( this.viewport.Height / 2 ), 0.0f) * Matrix.CreateRotationZ(this.Rotation) * Matrix.CreateScale(this.Scale, this.Scale, 1.0f) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(this.viewport.Width * 0.5f, this.viewport.Height * 0.5f, 0.0f); } I was having a minor issue with performance, which after doing some profiling, led me to apply a culling feature to my rendering system. It used to, before I implemented the camera's zoom feature, simply grab the camera's boundaries and cull any game objects that did not intersect with the camera. However, after giving the camera the ability to zoom, that no longer works. The reason why is visible in the screenshot below. The navy blue rectangle represents the camera's boundaries when zoomed out all the way (Camera.Scale = 0.5f). So, when zoomed out, game objects are culled before they reach the boundaries of the window. The camera's width and height are determined by the Viewport properties of the same name (maybe this is my mistake? I wasn't expecting the camera to "resize" like this). What I'm trying to calculate is a Rectangle that defines the boundaries of the screen, as indicated by my awesome blue arrows, even after the camera is rotated, scaled, or panned. Here is how I've more recently found out how not to do it: public Rectangle CullingRegion { get { Rectangle region = Rectangle.Empty; Vector2 size = this.Spatial.Size; size *= 1 / this.Scale; Vector2 position = this.Spatial.Position; position = Vector2.Transform(position, this.Inverse); region.X = (int)position.X; region.Y = (int)position.Y; region.Width = (int)size.X; region.Height = (int)size.Y; return region; } } It seems to calculate the right size, but when I render this region, it moves around which will obviously cause problems. It needs to be "static", so to speak. It's also obscenely slow, which causes more of a problem than it solves. What am I missing?

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• Dynamic character animation - Using the physics engine or not

  - by Lex Webb

  I'm planning on building a dynamic reactant animation engine for the characters in my 2D Game. I have already built templates for a skeleton based animation system using key frames and interpolation to specify a limbs position at any given moment in time. I am using Farseer physics (an extension of Box2D) in Monogame/XNA in C# My real question lies in how i go about tying this character animation into the physics engine. I have two options: Moving limbs using physics engine - applying a interpolated force to each limb (dynamic body) in order to attempt to get it to its position as donated by the skeleton animation. Moving limbs by simply changing the position of a fixed body - Updating the new position of each limb manually, attempting to take into account physics collisions. Then stepping the physics after the animation to allow for environment interaction. Each of these methods have their distinct advantages and disadvantages. Physics based movement Advantages: Possibly more natural/realistic movement Better interaction with game objects as force applying to objects colliding with characters would be calculated for me. No need to convert to dynamic bodies when reacting to projectiles/death/fighting. Disadvantages: Possible difficulty in calculating correct amount of force to move a limb a certain distance at a constant rate. Underlying character balance system would need to be created that would need to be robust enough to prevent characters falling over at the touch of a feather. Added code complexity and processing time for the above. Static Object movement Advantages: Easy to interpolate movement of limbs between game steps Moving limbs is as simple as applying a rotation to the skeleton bone. Greater control over limbs, wont need to worry about characters falling over as all animation would be pre-defined. Disadvantages: Possible unnatural movement (Depends entirely on my animation skills!) Bad physics collision reactions with physics engine (Dynamic bodies simply slide out of the way of static objects) Need to calculate collisions with physics objects and my limbs myself and apply directional forces to them. Hard to account for slopes/stairs/non standard planes when animating walking/running animations. Need to convert objects to dynamic when reacting to projectile/fighting/death physics objects. The Question! As you can see, i have thought about this extensively, i have also had Google into physics based animation and have found mostly dissertation papers! Which is filling me with sense that it may a lot more advanced than my mathematics skills. My question is mostly subjective based on my findings above/any experience you may have: Which of the above methods should i use when creating my game? I am willing to spend the time to get a physics solution working if you think it would be possible. In the end i want to provide the most satisfying experience for the gamer, as well as a robust and dynamic system i can use to animate pretty much anything i need.

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• 2D Grid Map Connectivity Check (avoiding stack overflow)

  - by SombreErmine

  I am trying to create a routine in C++ that will run before a more expensive A* algorithm that checks to see if two nodes on a 2D grid map are connected or not. What I need to know is a good way to accomplish this sequentially rather than recursively to avoid overflowing the stack. What I've Done Already I've implemented this with ease using a recursive algorithm; however, depending upon different situations it will generate a stack overflow. Upon researching this, I've come to the conclusion that it is overflowing the stack because of too many recursive function calls. I am sure that my recursion does not enter an infinite loop. I generate connected sets at the beginning of the level, and then I use those connected sets to determine connectivity on the fly later. Basically, the generating algorithm starts from left-to-right top-to-bottom. It skips wall nodes and marks them as visited. Whenever it reaches a walkable node, it recursively checks in all four cardinal directions for connected walkable nodes. Every node that gets checked is marked as visited so they aren't handled twice. After checking a node, it is added to either a walls set, a doors set, or one of multiple walkable nodes sets. Once it fills that area, it continues the original ltr ttb loop skipping already-visited nodes. I've also looked into flood-fill algorithms, but I can't make sense of the sequential algorithms and how to adapt them. Can anyone suggest a better way to accomplish this without causing a stack overflow? The only way I can think of is to do the left-to-right top-to-bottom loop generating connected sets on a row basis. Then check the previous row to see if any of the connected sets are connected and then join the sets that are. I haven't decided on the best data structures to use for that though. I also just thought about having the connected sets pre-generated outside the game, but I wouldn't know where to start with creating a tool for that. Any help is appreciated. Thanks!

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• why are my players drawn to the side of my viewport

  - by Jetbuster

  Following this admittedly brilliant and clean 2d camera class I have a camera on each player, and it works for multiplayer and i've divided the screen into two sections for split screen by giving each camera a viewport. However in the game it looks like this I'm not sure if thats their position relative to the screen or what The relevant gameScreen code, the makePlayers is setup so it could theoretically work for up to 4 players private void makePlayers() { int rowCount = 1; if (NumberOfPlayers > 2) rowCount = 2; players = new Player[NumberOfPlayers]; for (int i = 0; i < players.Length; i++) { int xSize = GameRef.Window.ClientBounds.Width / 2; int ySize = GameRef.Window.ClientBounds.Height / rowCount; int col = i % rowCount; int row = i / rowCount; int xPoint = 0 + xSize * row; int yPoint = 0 + ySize * col; Viewport viewport = new Viewport(xPoint, yPoint, xSize, ySize); Vector2 playerPosition = new Vector2(viewport.TitleSafeArea.X + viewport.TitleSafeArea.Width / 2, viewport.TitleSafeArea.Y + viewport.TitleSafeArea.Height / 2); players[i] = new Player(playerPosition, playerSprites[i], GameRef, viewport); } //players[1].Keyboard = true; } public override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { base.Draw(gameTime); foreach (Player player in players) { GraphicsDevice.Viewport = player.PlayerCamera.ViewPort; GameRef.spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.AlphaBlend, SamplerState.PointClamp, null, null, null, player.PlayerCamera.Transform); map.Draw(GameRef.spriteBatch); // Draw the Player player.Draw(GameRef.spriteBatch); // Draw UI screen elements GraphicsDevice.Viewport = Viewport; ControlManager.Draw(GameRef.spriteBatch); GameRef.spriteBatch.End(); } } the player's initialize and draw methods are like so internal void Initialize() { this.score = 0; this.angle = (float)(Math.PI * 0 / 180);//Start sprite at it's default rotation int width = utils.scaleInt(picture.Width, imageScale); int height = utils.scaleInt(picture.Height, imageScale); this.hitBox = new HitBox(new Vector2(centerPos.X - width / 2, centerPos.Y - height / 2), width, height, Color.Black, game.Window.ClientBounds); playerCamera.Initialize(); } #region Methods public void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { //Console.WriteLine("Hitbox: X({0}),Y({1})", hitBox.Points[0].X, hitBox.Points[0].Y); //Console.WriteLine("Image: X({0}),Y({1})", centerPos.X, centerPos.Y); Vector2 orgin = new Vector2(picture.Width / 2, picture.Height / 2); hitBox.Draw(spriteBatch); utils.DrawCrosshair(spriteBatch, Position, game.Window.ClientBounds, Color.Red); spriteBatch.Draw(picture, Position, null, Color.White, angle, orgin, imageScale, SpriteEffects.None, 0.1f); } as I said I think I'm gonna need to do something with the render position but I'm to entirely sure what or how it would be elegant to say the least

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