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  • one 16K random read I/O issues 2 scsi I/O (16K and 4K) requests in linux

    - by hiroyuki
    I noticed weird issue when benchmarking random read I/O for files in linux (2.6.18). The Benchmarking program is my own program and it simply keeps reading 16KB of a file from a random offset. I traced I/O behavior at system call level and scsi level by systemtap and I noticed that one 16KB sysread issues 2 scsi I/Os as following. SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 128137183232 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 226321183 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008068009 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 226323431 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008075927 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 21807710208 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 1889888935 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008085128 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 1889891823 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008097161 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 139365318656 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 254092663 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008100633 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 254094879 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008111723 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 60304424960 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 58119807 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008120469 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 58125415 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008126343 As shown above, one 16KB pread issues 2 scsi I/Os. (I traced scsi io dispatching with probe scsi.iodispatching. Please ignore values except for start-sector and size.) One scsi I/O is 16KB I/O as requested from the application and it's OK. The thing is the other 4KB I/O which I don't know why linux issues that I/O. of course, I/O performance is degraded by the weired 4KB I/O and I am having trouble. I also use fio (famous I/O benchmark tool) and noticed the same issue, so it's not from the application. Does anybody know what is going on ? Any comments or advices are appreciated. Thanks

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  • How can I use a keyfile on a removable USB drive for my encrypted root in Debian?

    - by naivem
    Recently set up root encryption with a couple of LVM volumes inside one LUKS volume, and I am just a little confused as to how I would go about getting it to automatically unlock using a keyfile stored on a USB flash drive, I presume I would have to put the drive in the fstab inside my initramfs (if there is one), and add a hook for USB device support. But I digress, essentially, I want to know what I have to do to enable my LUKS volume (containing all of my partitions sans /boot) to unlock using a keyfile stored on a USB flash drive, rather than a manually entered passphrase.

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  • Software RAID 1 Configuration

    - by Corve
    I have created a software RAID 1 quite some while ago and it always seemed to work for me. However I am not completely sure that I have configured everything right and do not have the experience to check so I would be very grateful for some advice or just verification that all seems right so far. I am using Linux Fedora 20 (32 bit with plans to upgrade to 64bit) The RAID 1 should consist of two 1TB SATA hard drives. This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Jan 29 11:25:18 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Used Dev Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Jun 7 10:38:09 2014 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : argo:0 (local to host argo) UUID : 1596d0a1:5806e590:c56d0b27:765e3220 Events : 996387 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 0 0 0 removed 1 8 0 1 active sync /dev/sda The RAID is mounted successfully: friedrich@argo:~ ? sudo mount -l | grep md0 /dev/md0 on /mnt/raid type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) Basically my question are: Why do I only have 1 active device? What does the State removed at bottom mean? Also I noticed some strange error messages that I see on the console on system start and shutdown and always repeating in the background when I switch with Ctrl + Alt + F2: ... ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32) ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ... Are these errors related to the RAID? Something seems wrong with the SATA devices.. All together the system works (I can read and write to the mounted raid) but I always had these strange errors on startup shutdown (probably always in the background). Thx for your help

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  • Would an array of SSD drives be able to succesfully substitute the system memory?

    - by Florin Mircea
    I watched a few videos trying to answer this. This video (youtube.com/watch?v=eULFf6F5Ri8) shows a bunch of guys stacking 24 SSD's reaching a peak of around 2GBps r/w. That's under the limit of the worst DDR3 in this list (memorybenchmark.net/write_ddr3_amd.html) - that shows DDR3 memory performance varying from 2.78 to 6.55 Gb per second, but that video is over 3 years old. This video (youtube.com/watch?v=27GmBzQWwP0) shows a more optimistic situation, but for PCI-E SSD drives: 5 drives peaking at around 4Gb. And this other video shows that stacking up more than 3 SSD's doesn't realistically offer a substantial added performance. This and the fact that in all benchmarks the drives act quite poorly when dealing with small files (5k file read/write averaging from 10MB to around 30-40MBps) as opposed to how native memory handles such files, seems to indicate a definite NO to this question. Also, the write life cycle is indeed limited and the drives might wear out quickly, as kindly pointed out by paddy. However, I wanted to get more opinions on this. Would it be possible to at least obtain current memory performance with SSD's in RAID 0? And if so, in what circumstances? I am assuming using this configuration with a Windows OS that has a memory pagefile resident to that stack of SSD's, thus making it very fast to work with.

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  • Why are there so few Wireless N Dual Band adapter PCI cards, only USB adapters instead?

    - by daiphoenix
    There has been several Wireless N Dual Band routers/APs out in the market for quite some time now, and there are several Wireless N Dual Band USB adapters out there. But as for PCI/PCI-X card adapters, there seems to be only one (the Linksys WMP600N). Why is that? I find it very strange. Is it because the USB adapters are easier to install, and can be used on multiple computers? But if so, why isn't it the same case with single band (2.4 Ghz) wireless N adapters? Because for these ones there as many PCI card adapters as there are USB adapters. Also, can the USB adapters, despite the lack of external antenna, offer the same level of performance as a card with external antennas?

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  • Install Windows 8 Apps to custom directory

    - by Timothy Ford
    I'm running Windows 8 Pro on a laptop. I initially installed the OS just to fiddle round with it and get to know something I'd inevitably end up having to fix for someone. The problem being I only gave the partition about 32gb and that ran out pretty quick. I'd like to install office and get used to that as well but unfortunately I'm a few gigabytes short. I'd like to know if I can change the install location of office 2013 and other apps so that I can run them from another partition because there is no space left to the right of this partition I can't extend it.

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  • Windows 8.1 - Why are there multiple recovery partitions in the system?

    - by Abhiram
    DISKPART> list partition Partition ### Type Size Offset ------------- ---------------- ------- ------- Partition 1 System 500 MB 1024 KB Partition 2 OEM 40 MB 501 MB Partition 3 Reserved 128 MB 541 MB Partition 4 Recovery 490 MB 669 MB Partition 5 Primary 920 GB 1159 MB Partition 6 Recovery 350 MB 921 GB Partition 7 Recovery 9 GB 921 GB Above is the list of partitions on my system that I recently upgraded to Windows 8.1. Why are there multiple recovery partitions (4,6,7)? Shouldn't there be just one recovery partition? And what is the Reserved partition (#3) for?

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  • How to corrupt my hard disk ?

    - by amit
    Hi superuser, Please tell me how to corrupt my hard disk. I have Dell Inspiron 6400 & it's under complete cover insurance. Operating system is WindowS Vista Premium. So please tell me the method which actually work & damage/corrupt my hd.

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  • Recover data from a Windows Dynamic Volume Spanned Disk

    - by iCe
    I have a dynamic volume created with two spanned partitions over two disk. Recently, one disk has started failing, and I want to copy the data inside that disk to another disk, before replacing it. However I don't know how to select only what is inside the failing disk, because the partitions spans across both disks. Maybe imaging the entire disk should do the work? Or I have to copy all the data from both disks? Thanks in advance!

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  • Check the disk for problems on Debian Lenny

    - by Equ
    Hi guys! I just bought a VPS hosting with Debian Lenny (I'm new to all this world). I've managed to install and setup everthing I need pretty well. My testing website works fast as expected most of the time, but sometimes it is really slow (response time is about 5-10 seconds). I checked everything and seems that there are may be some disk issues. How can I check the disk for problems/performance? What else could possible cause such a behaviour? Thank you!

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  • Can I change from BIOS IDE mode to AHCI mode at any time?

    - by Software Monkey
    Currently my Windows 7 computer is crashing during startup, after loading the AMD achix64s.sys driver, if I enable BIOS AHCI mode for the disks. It boots fine with IDE mode. Since I need my computer working, I am wondering if I can just use IDE mode for now, and later change to AHCI mode, when I figure out what is wrong. Background: I was running RAID mode, which needed additional drivers to install/boot Windows. But the MoBo RAID is flaky so I'm trying to switch to using a Windows mirrored volume instead - for that I expected to use AHCI mode.

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  • Is it wise to use SSHDs (Solid state hybrid drives) on a server?

    - by Seb
    I have a bunch of servers with very heavy I/O that currently use SATA3/SAS drives, but do suffer from I/O wait on the SATA drives, and I have just been alerted to the existence of SSHDs which cost the same for 1TB as the 1TB SATA drives that we currently use. However, previously (until Seagate shipped their first 3.5" SSHD in March) they seemed to be exclusively for Netbooks/Notebooks, which leads me to suspect they're not exactly built for the heavy I/O they'd be in for with my servers. So, would an SSHD give me a performance boost over my SATA3 drives in a heavy I/O environment (such as multiple very large high speed file transfers) or is it best to stick with SATA3 with I/O wait??

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  • How to accelerate and notice failure of potentially faulty disks

    - by rainier
    Hey, I got a bunch of 'used' servers, whose disks should have been checked, but they have been shipped around the county in crate which can't help. I just had one disk go bad (despite being mirrored, currently trying to get more details). The server was fine for about a week before everything ground to a halt this afternoon. Is there any way 'accelerate' the failure of faulty disks, with the goal of bringing the disk to failure before we launch production services? Would doing lots of I/O with 'dd' or 'iozone' be a good way to test these potentially faulty disks? Any other tests/tools that would help recognized failures before they happen?

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  • spontaneous hard disk password

    - by sc
    I had an HP proliant server go down recently. All of the sudden the sas controller (e200i) would not see any of the physical disks. New disks were detected just fine. I thought it was odd that all 6 disks would go down at one time so sent them to a data recovery firm to find out what happened. I'm being told that, somehow, all of the disks were spontaneously password protected. These are Hitachi 2.5" drives and I guess this is something of a known issue. The company has worked for a while to try and recover them, with no luck. Has anyone had experience with this? Any recommendations for how to recover the drives or a company that might have the expertise to do so?

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  • Ubuntu not booting after install from USB (kernel panic?)

    - by user287782
    After booting fine frome a live USB I installed it and everything was going swimmingly but when I try to boot from the hard drive it just stops and I have to do a hard reboot. I tried booting into grub as recommended in other questions but it wouldn't work. Here is a photo of the boot once stuck: Same for recovery boot: I've got an Asus K43SJ laptop with an intel i5, 4Gb of RAM, an nVidia GeForce GT 520M and a 750Gb hard drive.

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  • Web site kills hard disk I/O, how to prevent?

    - by Taras Voynarovsky
    The situation: I have a server, on which we have 2-3 projects. Starting not long ago, the server started hanging up (We could not connect to it by ssh, and the connected clients had to wait 20 minutes for top to give results) Early today I managed to execute gstat while it was in this state and saw, that it stays on 100% on da0, da0s1 and da0s1f. I dont quite know what those ids meen, but I understand that some processes just kill the HD by bombing it down with requests. I ask of some propositions. I dont know how to find the culpit and can't prevent this. I have freebsd on server.

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  • Win2003 R2 - 1.5TB disks not identified

    - by JohnyD
    I just installed 4 1.5TB hard disks (WD) in two servers (2 in each). Upon reboot they are not showing up in the disk manager whatsoever. I'm running Windows Server 2003 EE (32bit) with 8GB ram. They both currently have mirrored 300GB sata disks. Why aren't they being recognized? Is there a disk size limit for win2k3 r2?

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  • Program to swap files between drives?

    - by josi
    Has anyone built a program/script to transfer files between 2 hard drives, but like if both are near full....so one copies 1 file over then the other copies the other file, then they delete the files that were copied? Kind of annoying, have a 6tb raid at about 4tb full, then 1 4.5tb basically full, can't really swap them easily....without doing many copies and deletes of files.... Anyone know a way to make them just swap? lol

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  • DVD stops working in windows 7 64 bit

    - by Skadlig
    I have the same problem as described in this question: http://superuser.com/questions/105928/dvd-cd-rom-drives-stop-working-in-windows-7 I know I have got some games that are using starforce and/or securerom. What I don't have is the upper and lower filter in my registry tag. Oh and a reboot temporarily fixes my problem. After a random time though it goes missing again. I found a Microsoft knowledge base article regarding this but since I didn't have the filter tags they couldn't help me. Does anyone have any other tips bar removing the despicable drm:s? I would like to go on playing my games so that is not really an option for me.

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  • Computer making strange sound when turned on, ever since power outage

    - by Dot NET
    Recently we experienced a power outage, and the PC was off. However, once the power came back, I switched on the PC and heard a strange noise - almost as if the hard disk or fans were struggling to work. I can't really describe the sound, but it's a laboured, loud sound almost like a jack-hammer. This has been persisting ever since the power outage, however the noise stops after around 10 minutes or so, and doesn't start again until the computer is turned off and on again. At first I thought it had something to do with the HDD, but all my files are intact, chkdsk did not report any issues and performance is 100% unchanged, even in games (so the gfx card is fine, and so is the HDD most likely). My PC setup basically has around 3 cooling fans, but I'm not sure if it's one of these either as the noise actually stops after 10 minutes or so, and if I leave the PC on for 4 hours (for example) the noise never starts again. It's there solely when turning on the PC. I haven't got a UPS, and it's important to note that the computer was not on when the power went out - it was merely plugged in. I then promptly unplugged the PC once the power was out, and only plugged it in again when the power came back. Could it be the power supply? Unfortunately I can't open my tower as I would void the warranty. Are there any tests which I could carry out without voiding the warranty?

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  • Win7 'locking' process/files/folders?

    - by Dynde
    I've had a fair bit problems with sometimes files/folders/processes being 'locked' by Windows. The weird thing is, it's not like the traditional sense, I think, where tools like UnlockIT and wholockme would work. It seems that just giving it a little often helps - making me think it could either be the HDD, the memory, or something in Windows. A scenario: I go into a folder - don't open anything at all, go back up, cut or drag-move the folder to someplace else, it says "Action can't be completed because the folder or a file in it is open in another program". Waiting sometimes 20 seconds sometimes a little longer, and I can move it. Another scenario is deleting a bunch of files in a folder, and it appears that everything is gone, but then suddenly after a few seconds an .exe file pops back up, and I can't delete it. Waiting a few minutes, then pressing refresh and it's gone. I have the strangest feeling that there's a problem with either HDD or memory. I already tried disabling Windows indexing service with no luck. Does anyone have any ideas? EDIT: I should say, that I have a very fast system, 16 GB DDR3 RAM, i7-2600k CPU, SSD main HDD, so I really should not be experiencing any sort of problems, where one might say that it's "reasonable" for the system not to respond right away. Edit2: And I updated SSD firmware a couple months ago, so it shouldn't be bad release FW either

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  • ASUS P5B Plus motherboard - no any drives found - how to restore RAID array?

    - by Moha
    We have a small server machine with an ASUS P5B Plus motherboard and 4 SATA HDDs. The HDDs were configured in a RAID10 array. Up until now, everything worked fine, but now the system doesn't recognize the drives. BIOS is set to RAID, jMicron controller is set to RAID, yet I can't see any of the drives in the BIOS setup, and jMicron BIOS tells me "no any drives found" The HDDs all spin up, I hear no clicking sounds or anything that would suggest HDD error. I did a search on this problem and replaced the SATA cables as suggested, but nothing's changed. What I have in mind is checking the CMOS battery and resetting the BIOS to use IDE mode, but I don't know if it will ruin the RAID system on the HDDs. It is not a critical server and there's only one database running on it (which I have backup of), but I don't want to setup the server from scratch if not necessary. What should I try to restore the RAID array and put the server back to working order?

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