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• Which programming language could I use for Natural Language Processing to extract clinical words?

  - by MACEE

  I am going to do entity extraction (like Named Entity Recognition) from clinical free text (unstructured raw text such as discharge summaries) and these entities could be any medical problem, medical tests or treatments. I am going to use one of i2b2 datasets (https://www.i2b2.org/) if case you are familiar with that. I am new to the NLP(Natural Language Processing) field and I need a programming language to support NLP tasks and also easily connect to the available libraries of machine learning algorithms like CRF. I don't know much java and I heard about Python, Perl and Scala but I am not sure which one would be the best option for this task?

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• What is So Unique About Node.js?

  - by Adrian Shum

  Recently there has been a lot of praise for Node.js. I am not a developer that has had much exposure to network application. From my bare understanding of Nodes.js, its strength is: we have only one thread handling multiple connections, providing an event-based architecture. However, for example in Java, I can create only one thread using NIO/AIO (which is non-blocking APIs from my bare understanding), and handle multiple connections using that thread, and I provide an event-based architecture to implement the data handling logic (shouldn't be that difficult by providing some callback etc) ? Given JVM being a even more mature VM than V8 (I expect it to run faster too), and event-based handling architecture seems to be something not difficult to create, I am not sure why Node.js is attracting so much attention. Did I miss some important points?

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• What is the Best way to learn c# programming and capability to do anything with C#?

  - by MSU

  I browsed all the answers given in Stackoverflow,i couldn't find my answer that's why i am writing this, so please don't mark this a duplicate. My case i want to get the capability of doing anything in C# from building applications to solving problems. I searched for and tried to read books. Then one of the experts said, reading books will not make any good for you, for learning you have to solve problems i.e. real world problems in C#, he gave me some sample problems, which i previously did in C++, i started doing, but the thing is that i know the internal logic of solving the problem or the algorithm to solve. But i don't know how to imepelement them using C# efficiently. so, the gap is, i can't think in C#, I know the message to passed but don't the exact way to pass it. I did a program to solve a problem, then find out there are much easier ways of doing it wherever i was doing it in tougher way. So, can you guys(C# experts) please enlighten me, what i need to get hold of the language and get the ability to code in C# proficiently?

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• Easiest modern programming language [closed]

  - by Goward Gerald

  What programming language is easiest nowadays, yet demanded in market? By easiest I mean least skill cap (and by skill cap I mean knowing all the frameworks and all the language abilities and constructions. Sure It doesnt mean you need to know 100% of EVERYTHING, but what language lets me get closer to this the most? Please don't suggest me basic, delphi or some other dead/half-dead/useless technologies.

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• What do you look for in a scripting language?

  - by Jon Purdy

  I'm writing a little embedded language for another project. While game development was not its original intent, it's starting to look like a good fit, and I figure I'll develop it in that vein at some point. Without revealing any details (to avoid bias), I'm curious to know: What features do you love in a scripting language for game development? If you've used Lua, Python, or another embedded language such as Tcl or Guile as your primary scripting language in a game project, what aspects did you find the most useful? Language features (lambdas, classes, parallelism) Implementation features (performance optimisations, JIT, hardware acceleration) Integration features (C, C++, or .NET bindings) Or something entirely different?

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• What to use C++ for?

  - by futlib

  I really love C++. However, I'm struggling to find good uses for it lately. It is still the language to use if you're building huge systems with huge performance requirements. Like backend/infrastructure code at Google and Facebook, or high-end games. But I don't get to do stuff like that. It's also a good choice for code that runs close to the hardware. I'd like to do more low-level stuff, but it isn't part of my job, and I can't think of useful private projects that would involve that. Traditionally, C++ was also a good choice for rich client applications, but those are mostly written in C# and Obj-C lately - and aren't really that important anymore, with everything being a web app. Or a mobile app, which are mostly written in Obj-C and Java. And of course, web-based desktop and mobile apps are quite prominent, too. At my job, I work mostly on web applications, using Java, JavaScript and Groovy. Java is a good/popular choice for non-Google-scale backends, Groovy (or Python, or Ruby or Node.js) is pretty good for the server-side of web apps and JavaScript is the only real choice for the client-side. Even the little games I'm writing in my spare time are lately mostly written in JavaScript, so they can run in the browser. So what would you suggest I could use C++ for? I'm aware that this question is very similar. However, I don't want to learn C++, I was a professional C++ programmer for years. I want to keep doing it and find good new use cases for it. I know that I can use C++ for web apps/games. I could even compile C++ to JavaScript with Emscripten. However, it doesn't seem like a good idea. I'm looking for something C++ is really good at to stay competent in the language. If your answer is: Just give up and forget C++, you'll probably never need it again, so be it.

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• I want to be a programmer! [closed]

  - by Mohamed Abd El Maged

  I am a doctor. I have a bachelor of medicine and general surgery. I want to change my career and work as a programmer in big companies such as Microsoft, Oracle, ... this is my dream ! I haven't got any degree in IT or Computer science. The question here is: Is it possible to achieve my dream and work as professional programmer in the future? Another question: if applicable, which certifications should I strive to get?

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• Besides macros, are there any other metaprogramming techniques?

  - by mhr

  I'm making a programming language, and, having spent some time in Lisp/Scheme, I feel that my language should be malleable. Should I use macros, or is there something else I might/should use? Is malleable syntax even a good idea? Is it perhaps too powerful a concept? EDIT: In doing some research, I found fexprs. I don't really understand what these are. Help with that in an answer too please. EDIT2: Is it possible to have a language with macros/something-of-a-similar-nature without having s-expressions?

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• "Imprinting" as a language feature?

  - by MKO

  Idea I had this idea for a language feature that I think would be useful, does anyone know of a language that implements something like this? The idea is that besides inheritance a class can also use something called "imprinting" (for lack of better term). A class can imprint one or several (non-abstract) classes. When a class imprints another class it gets all it's properties and all it's methods. It's like the class storing an instance of the imprinted class and redirecting it's methods/properties to it. A class that imprints another class therefore by definition also implements all it's interfaces and it's abstract class. So what's the point? Well, inheritance and polymorphism is hard to get right. Often composition gives far more flexibility. Multiple inheritance offers a slew of different problems without much benefits (IMO). I often write adapter classes (in C#) by implementing some interface and passing along the actual methods/properties to an encapsulated object. The downside to that approach is that if the interface changes the class breaks. You also you have to put in a lot of code that does nothing but pass things along to the encapsulated object. A classic example is that you have some class that implements IEnumerable or IList and contains an internal class it uses. With this technique things would be much easier Example (c#) [imprint List<Person> as peopleList] public class People : PersonBase { public void SomeMethod() { DoSomething(this.Count); //Count is from List } } //Now People can be treated as an List<Person> People people = new People(); foreach(Person person in people) { ... } peopleList is an alias/variablename (of your choice)used internally to alias the instance but can be skipped if not needed. One thing that's useful is to override an imprinted method, that could be achieved with the ordinary override syntax public override void Add(Person person) { DoSomething(); personList.Add(person); } note that the above is functional equivalent (and could be rewritten by the compiler) to: public class People : PersonBase , IList<Person> { private List<Person> personList = new List<Person>(); public override void Add(object obj) { this.personList.Add(obj) } public override int IndexOf(object obj) { return personList.IndexOf(obj) } //etc etc for each signature in the interface } only if IList changes your class will break. IList won't change but an interface that you, someone in your team, or a thirdparty has designed might just change. Also this saves you writing a whole lot of code for some interfaces/abstract classes. Caveats There's a couple of gotchas. First we, syntax must be added to call the imprinted classes's constructors from the imprinting class constructor. Also, what happends if a class imprints two classes which have the same method? In that case the compiler would detect it and force the class to define an override of that method (where you could chose if you wanted to call either imprinted class or both) So what do you think, would it be useful, any caveats? It seems it would be pretty straightforward to implement something like that in the C# language but I might be missing something :) Sidenote - Why is this different from multiple inheritance Ok, so some people have asked about this. Why is this different from multiple inheritance and why not multiple inheritance. In C# methods are either virtual or not. Say that we have ClassB who inherits from ClassA. ClassA has the methods MethodA and MethodB. ClassB overrides MethodA but not MethodB. Now say that MethodB has a call to MethodA. if MethodA is virtual it will call the implementation that ClassB has, if not it will use the base class, ClassA's MethodA and you'll end up wondering why your class doesn't work as it should. By the terminology sofar you might already confused. So what happens if ClassB inherits both from ClassA and another ClassC. I bet both programmers and compilers will be scratching their heads. The benefit of this approach IMO is that the imprinting classes are totally encapsulated and need not be designed with multiple inheritance in mind. You can basically imprint anything.

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• What do you code first to learn a new language, library, or framework?

  - by Griffin

  Every language, framework, and library has its own syntax, quirks, and pitfalls. What Program, Game, etc. do you code in order to learn these unique characteristics? How do you decide on what previous programming experience is applicable? I'd imagine that the task would have to be complicated enough to force you to use applicable programming techniques and idioms, but simple enough that it wouldn't take a ton of time.

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• Benefits of classic OOP over Go-like language

  - by tylerl

  I've been thinking a lot about language design and what elements would be necessary for an "ideal" programming language, and studying Google's Go has led me to question a lot of otherwise common knowledge. Specifically, Go seems to have all of the interesting benefits from object oriented programming without actually having any of the structure of an object oriented language. There are no classes, only structures; there is no class/structure inheritance -- only structure embedding. There aren't any hierarchies, no parent classes, no explicit interface implementations. Instead, type casting rules are based on a loose system similar to duck-typing, such that if a struct implements the necessary elements of a "Reader" or a "Request" or an "Encoding", then you can cast it and use it as one. Does such a system obsolete the concept of OOP? Or is there something about OOP as implemented in C++ and Java and C# that is inherently more capable, more maintainable, somehow more powerful that you have to give up when moving to a language like Go? What benefit do you have to give up to gain the simplicity that this new paradigm represents?

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• undefined control sequence in a NOWEB document

  - by Jean Baldraque

  I'm writing a TeX-noweb document. I compile it with noweave -tex -filter "elide comment:*" texcode.nw > documentation.tex but when I try to compile the resulting file with xetex -halt-on-error documentation.tex I obtain the following error message ! Undefined control sequence. <argument> ...on}\endmoddef \nwstartdeflinemarkup \nwenddeflinemarkup It seems that \nwenddeflinemarkup is not recognized. If i delete from the document all the sequences \nwstartdeflinemarkup\nwenddeflinemarkup the document compile without exceptions. What can be the problem?

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• Class as first-class object

  - by mrpyo

  Could a class be a first-class object? If yes, how would the implementation look? I mean, how could syntax for dynamically creating new classes look like? EDIT: I mean what example syntax could look like (I'm sorry, English is not my native language), but still I believe this question makes sense - how you give this functionality while keeping language consistent. For example how you create reference for new type. Do you make reference first-class object too and then use something like this: Reference<newType> r = new Reference<newType>(); r.set(value); Well this could get messy so you may just force user to use Object type references for dynamically created classes, but then you loose type-checking. I think creating concise syntax for this is interesting problem which solving could lead to better language design, maybe language which is metalanguage for itself (I wonder if this is possible).

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• Recommendation for Improving Programming Skills

  - by Moaz ELdeen

  I'm 25, I know C++ syntax since 9 years.. but It seems that I have copied so much code, and I didn't learn that much and didn't solve a lot of algorithms in my own. Currently I'm working for computer vision programmer as a junior and I have difficulity of doing algorithms like blob tracking or object tracking, writing algorithms like KNN, Quadtree,..etc. I don't know what to do, or what to improve, I tried to write asteriods game, I have finished it, and here you can watch it https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jw0L4aCB4TU What should I do more to enhance my skills ?

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• Is there a point to writing in C or C++ instead of C# without knowing specifically what would make a program faster?

  - by user828584

  I wrote a small library in Python for handling the xbox 360's STFS files to be used on my web applications. I would like to rewrite it for use in the many desktop programs people are writing for 360 game modding, but I'm not quite if I should continue using C# or delve into C++ or even C. STFS is an in-file file system used by the xbox 360 and the job of the library would be extracting/injecting files, which could take noticeable amounts of time to do. What I know in C# comes from internet tutorials and resources, as would anything I learn about C++, so what I'm asking is if it's better to bring myself to a slightly lower-level language without knowing beforehand the features of the language that increase performance, or continue assuming that compiler optimizations and that my lack of experience will mean that the language I choose won't matter.

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• How does Python compile some its code in C?

  - by Howcan

  I read that some constructs of Python are more efficient because they are compiled in C. https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonSpeed/PerformanceTips Some of the examples used were map() and filter(). I was wondering how Python is able to do this? It's generally interpreted, so how does some of the code get compiled while another is interpreted - and in a different language? Why not just compile the whole thing?

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• What can be done against language inertia?

  - by gerrit

  Often, projects use programming language X, but would use programming language Y if they were started from scratch. For example, big numerical models may be written entirely in Fortran. Whereas this might be a reasonable choice for the components that need to run fast (alternative would be C or C++), it might be a poor choice for components that either do not need to run fast (such as things dealing with human input or simple visualisations), or where runtime is not the limiting factor (such as I/O, particularly when from the network). Another example may be when a project is built using a propriety language (such as Matlab; no, FOSS clones are not good enough) and was started at a time when FOSS alternatives were not viable, but ten years later, they are; and it would be beneficial to migrate. However, due to language inertia, a migration does not happen. Code that works should not be touched, porting code is a time-consuming, expensive process, and programmers are familiar in language X but not necessarily in language Y. Still, in the long term, a migration would likely be beneficial. Can anything be done to mitigate the problems associated with language inertia? Are there any notable examples of big projects that have successfully overcome this problem? Or is a project bound to stick forever with the initial choices?

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• How to process large files in NetLogo? [closed]

  - by user65597

  I am running into problems in NetLogo with large *.csv / *.txt files. The documents can consist of about 1 million data sets and I need to read them (to eventually create a diagram based on the data). With the most straightforward source code, my program needs about 2 minutes to process these files. How should I approach reading such large data files faster in NetLogo? Is NetLogo even suitable for such tasks (as it seems to be designed more for teaching and learning)?

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• How can we integrate use of a foreign language into an internship?

  - by ChrisRamakers

  We have a few interns here that have orders from college to integrate speaking, reading, and writing French into their internship. All of them are working on developing their own web application, and I'm wondering how we can integrate French into their projects. Here are some things I've come up with: Translate the whole project front-end to French Write French documentation for the project Promote the application in a French community Speak French (exclusively?) to our project managers Any other ideas or suggestions? Does anyone else have experience with this?

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• Single or multiple return statements in a function [on hold]

  - by Juan Carlos Coto

  When writing a function that can have several different return values, particularly when different branches of code return different values, what is the cleanest or sanest way of returning? Please note the following are really contrived examples meant only to illustrate different styles. Example 1: Single return def my_function(): if some_condition: return_value = 1 elif another_condition: return_value = 2 else: return_value = 3 return return_value Example 2: Multiple returns def my_function(): if some_condition: return 1 elif another_condition: return 2 else: return 3 The second example seems simpler and is perhaps more readable. The first one, however, might describe the overall logic a bit better (the conditions affect the assignment of the value, not whether it's returned or not). Is the second way preferable to the first? Why?

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• Go/Obj-C style interfaces with ability to extend compiled objects after initial release

  - by Skrylar

  I have a conceptual model for an object system which involves combining Go/Obj-C interfaces/protocols with being able to add virtual methods from any unit, not just the one which defines a class. The idea of this is to allow Ruby-ish open classes so you can take a minimalist approach to library development, and attach on small pieces of functionality as is actually needed by the whole program. Implementation of this involves a table of methods marked virtual in an RTTI table, which system functions are allowed to add to during module initialization. Upon typecasting an object to an interface, a Go-style lookup is done to create a vtable for that particular mapping and pass it off so you can have comparable performance to C/C++. In this case, methods may be added /afterwards/ which were not previously known and these new methods allow newer interfaces to be satisfied; while I like this idea because it seems like it would be very flexible (disregarding the potential for spaghetti code, which can happen with just about any model you use regardless). By wrapping the system calls for binding methods up in a set of clean C-compatible calls, one would also be able to integrate code with shared libraries and retain a decent amount of performance (Go does not do shared linking, and Objective-C does a dynamic lookup on each call.) Is there a valid use-case for this model that would make it worth the extra background plumbing? As much as this Dylan-style extensibility would be nice to have access to, I can't quite bring myself to a use case that would justify the overhead other than "it could make some kinds of code more extensible in future scenarios."

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• What is Perl's relation with hackers?

  - by K.Steff

  I know Perl is a language revered by many hackers (as in hacker vs cracker) and respected by many good programmers for its expressiveness. I also realize it is useful to know and it's very handy at generalizing common Unix tasks (Unix here includes Linux and Cygwin). I also know that being a good hacker probably means you're a good programmer in general (references on this one are sparse around the web, but about everything Paul Graham has ever written seems approving of this statement to me). So my question is whether there is a reason that attracts hackers to Perl in particular? Will learing Perl improve my general programming, problem-solving and hacking skills if done properly? Does it present unique tools that are more useful to a hacker?

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• Programming habits, patterns, and standards that have developed out of appeal to tradition/by mistake? [closed]

  - by user828584

  Being self-taught, the vast majority of what I know about programming has come from reading other peoples' code on websites like this. I'm starting to wonder if I've developed bad or otherwise pointless habits from other people, or even just made invalid assumptions. For example, in javascript, void 0 is used in a lot of places, and until I saw this, I just assumed it was necessary and that 0 had some significance. Also, the http header, referer is misspelled but hasn't been changed because it would break a lot of applications. Also mentioned in Code Complete 2: The architecture should describe the motivations for all major decisions. Be wary of “we’ve always done it that way” justifications. One story goes that Beth wanted to cook a pot roast according to an award-winning pot roast recipe handed down in her husband’s family. Her husband, Abdul, said that his mother had taught him to sprinkle it with salt and pepper, cut both ends off, put it in the pan, cover it, and cook it. Beth asked, “Why do you cut both ends off?” Abdul said, “I don’t know. I’ve always done it that way. Let me ask my mother.” He called her, and she said, “I don’t know. I’ve always done it that way. Let me ask your grandmother.” She called his grandmother, who said, “I don’t know why you do it that way. I did it that way because it was too big to fit in my pan.” What are some other examples of this?

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• Why Nodes.js being that "unique"?

  - by Adrian Shum

  Recently years there are lots of praise to Nodes.js. I am not a developer that have much exposure on network application. From my bare understanding of Nodes.js, its strength is: We are having only on thread handling multiple connections, providing a event-based architecture. However, for example in Java, what if I am having only one thread, using NIO/AIO (which is non-blocking APIs from my bare understanding), and handle multiple connections using that thread, and I provide an event-based architecture to implement the data handling logic (shouldn't be that difficult by providing some callback etc) ? Given JVM being a even more mature VM than V8 (I expect it run faster too), and event-based handling architecture seems not something difficult to create. I am not sure why Nodes.js is attracting so much attention. Did I miss some important points?

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• How to make a non-english clone of CoffeeScript?

  - by Ans

  I want to make a non-english programming language that is identical to what CoffeeScript is to JavaScript. What I mean is that I don't want to build my own design or syntax. Just want to have a non-english programming language that compiles to JavaScript. I want to follow everything CoffeeScript fellows so I don't really want to make any design decisions. For example: This is coffeescript: number = 42 opposite = true number = -42 if opposite I want my language to be something like: ??? = 42 ??? = ???? ??? = -42 ??? ??? that get compiled to: var number, opposite; number = 42; opposite = true; if (opposite) { number = -42; }

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