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  • Are there other application layer firewalls like Microfot TMG (ISA) that do advanced http rules?

    - by Bret Fisher
    Since the old days ISA and now TMG have had several great features that I often want to deploy to my customers because of the enhanced functionality and security, but often the cost of an additinal server HW, Windows Server, and TMG license is too much to justify when compaired to a $300-500 appliance. Are there other gateway firewalls that can perform one or more of these application layer features: pre-auth incoming http traffic against AD/LDAP before sending packets to internal server (forms auth or basic creds popup)? read host headers of incoming http traffic (even on https) to a single public IP and route packets to different internal servers based on that host header?

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  • Looking for a central image database and tagging system for a group of users

    - by jstarek
    I'm doing IT support for a small volunteer organisation who needs to centrally store and organize around 2500 photos. Can anyone here recommend a database or similar system which matches the following criteria: Intuitive to use for users with little computer experience Multi-user support, ideally with integration in our existing LDAP user directory Should have a web-interface Not a hosted solution like Picasa (because we have a rather slow internet connection with very slow upload) Should allow tagging of images, sorting by various criteria and storing copyright information If there are native GNOME and/or Windows clients for the tool, that would be a great benefit. Many thanks in advance!

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  • Can vCenter 4 authenticate and authorize against a virtual directory server??

    - by iforeman
    Hi I am looking into Identity managment in our environment. We currently use Active Directory and Sun's Enterprise Directory server (6.3). I was wondering if I used the Virtual Directory Server of the Enterprise Directory server, would we be able to point the vCenter clients to this Directory service for authentication and authorization rather than at the AD source. The reason for this is that we have more users we want to add to the management role of this server but not all are in AD, a fair number are in the Sun LDAP v3. directory. Thanks in advance Ian

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  • How to deny access to disabled AD accounts via kerberos in pam_krb5?

    - by Phil
    I have a working AD/Linux/LDAP/KRB5 directory and authentication setup, with one small problem. When an account is disabled, SSH publickey authentication still allows user login. It's clear that kerberos clients can identify a disabled account, as kinit and kpasswd return "Clients credentials have been revoked" with no further password / interaction. Can PAM be configured (with "UsePAM yes" in sshd_config) to disallow logins for disabled accounts, where authentication is done by publickey? This doesn't seem to work: account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_krb5.so Please don't introduce winbind in your answer - we don't use it.

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  • linux intrusion detection software

    - by Sam Hammamy
    I have an Ubuntu VPS that I use for practice and deploying prototypes as I am a python developer. I recently started teaching my self sys admin tasks, like installing OpenLDAP. I happened to turn off the ufw firewall for just a minute, and when I ran an netstat command, I saw a foreign ip connected to ssh that I traced to china. I'd like to know a few things: 1) Is there any good network intrusion detection software, such that if any IP that's outside a specific range connects to the VPN, I can be notified? -- I am thinking about scripting this, but I'm pretty sure there's something useful out there and I believe in the wisdom of crowds. 2) How did this person gain access to my server? Is it because my firewall was down? Or is it because they browsed my LDAP directory and from there figured out a way to connect (there was a clear text password in the tree but it wasn't one used by the server's sshd)?

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  • Apache equivalent of vsftpd's local_enable

    - by Reinderien
    vsftpd has an option local_enable that allows FTP users to be directly mapped to local users. It even works without any extra effort with our Likewise Active Directory configuration. I've been looking all over, and I can't seem to find an equivalent for Apache .htaccess. The auth providers seem to be file, DBM, LDAP and DBD. None of these seem to allow for HTTP auth user mapping to local user accounts. Is there any way to do this? If not, why not? Thanks.

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  • Windows 2008 Group Policy Setting? - Migration Headache

    - by DevNULL
    I have a small domain of users that I just migrated from a linux domain running open-ldap. Our new servers are running Windows 2008 Standard. I've installed Active Directory and everything is working perfectly... except that the initial user privileges is pretty restrictive and I need to loosen it up a bit. For example once they login to their workstations, they can create new files and folders but can not modify existing files or start. I basically want to open it all up except for software installations. Can someone please help with with this migration headache?

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  • Which is the best way to sync and share contacts and calender between Thunderbird, iPhone and Android?

    - by bensch
    I would like to keep my contacts and a calendar synchronized between several desktops and cellphones. Is there a way to achieve this without using Google or similar organisations? I want to keep my data protected and safe, so an encrypted transfer would be useful. Do i need to install a service on my own rootserver? or are there any services available, that are safe? I read this post, but there is not mentioned not to use Google: Thunderbird contacts sync so no solutions with SoGo or LDAP. maybe Zimbra is a solution? or Funambol? I tried kolab, but had some unsolveable problems.

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  • mySQL Optimization Suggestions

    - by Brian Schroeter
    I'm trying to optimize our mySQL configuration for our large Magento website. The reason I believe that mySQL needs to be configured further is because New Relic has shown that our SELECT queries are taking a long time (20,000+ ms) in some categories. I ran MySQLTuner 1.3.0 and got the following results... (Disclaimer: I restarted mySQL earlier after tweaking some settings, and so the results here may not be 100% accurate): >> MySQLTuner 1.3.0 - Major Hayden <[email protected]> >> Bug reports, feature requests, and downloads at http://mysqltuner.com/ >> Run with '--help' for additional options and output filtering [OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.5.37-35.0 [OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture -------- Storage Engine Statistics ------------------------------------------- [--] Status: +ARCHIVE +BLACKHOLE +CSV -FEDERATED +InnoDB +MRG_MYISAM [--] Data in MyISAM tables: 7G (Tables: 332) [--] Data in InnoDB tables: 213G (Tables: 8714) [--] Data in PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA tables: 0B (Tables: 17) [--] Data in MEMORY tables: 0B (Tables: 353) [!!] Total fragmented tables: 5492 -------- Security Recommendations ------------------------------------------- [!!] User '@host5.server1.autopartsnetwork.com' has no password set. [!!] User '@localhost' has no password set. [!!] User 'root@%' has no password set. -------- Performance Metrics ------------------------------------------------- [--] Up for: 5h 3m 4s (5M q [317.443 qps], 42K conn, TX: 18B, RX: 2B) [--] Reads / Writes: 95% / 5% [--] Total buffers: 35.5G global + 184.5M per thread (1024 max threads) [!!] Maximum possible memory usage: 220.0G (174% of installed RAM) [OK] Slow queries: 0% (6K/5M) [OK] Highest usage of available connections: 5% (61/1024) [OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 512.0M/3.1G [OK] Key buffer hit rate: 100.0% (102M cached / 45K reads) [OK] Query cache efficiency: 66.9% (3M cached / 5M selects) [!!] Query cache prunes per day: 3486361 [OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (0 temp sorts / 812K sorts) [!!] Joins performed without indexes: 1328 [OK] Temporary tables created on disk: 11% (126K on disk / 1M total) [OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (61 created / 42K connections) [!!] Table cache hit rate: 19% (9K open / 49K opened) [OK] Open file limit used: 2% (712/25K) [OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 100% (5M immediate / 5M locks) [!!] InnoDB buffer pool / data size: 32.0G/213.4G [OK] InnoDB log waits: 0 -------- Recommendations ----------------------------------------------------- General recommendations: Run OPTIMIZE TABLE to defragment tables for better performance MySQL started within last 24 hours - recommendations may be inaccurate Reduce your overall MySQL memory footprint for system stability Enable the slow query log to troubleshoot bad queries Increasing the query_cache size over 128M may reduce performance Adjust your join queries to always utilize indexes Increase table_cache gradually to avoid file descriptor limits Read this before increasing table_cache over 64: http://bit.ly/1mi7c4C Variables to adjust: *** MySQL's maximum memory usage is dangerously high *** *** Add RAM before increasing MySQL buffer variables *** query_cache_size (> 512M) [see warning above] join_buffer_size (> 128.0M, or always use indexes with joins) table_cache (> 12288) innodb_buffer_pool_size (>= 213G) My my.cnf configuration is as follows... [client] port = 3306 [mysqld_safe] nice = 0 [mysqld] tmpdir = /var/lib/mysql/tmp user = mysql port = 3306 skip-external-locking character-set-server = utf8 collation-server = utf8_general_ci event_scheduler = 0 key_buffer = 512M max_allowed_packet = 64M thread_stack = 512K thread_cache_size = 512 sort_buffer_size = 24M read_buffer_size = 8M read_rnd_buffer_size = 24M join_buffer_size = 128M # for some nightly processes client sessions set the join buffer to 8 GB auto-increment-increment = 1 auto-increment-offset = 1 myisam-recover = BACKUP max_connections = 1024 # max connect errors artificially high to support behaviors of NetScaler monitors max_connect_errors = 999999 concurrent_insert = 2 connect_timeout = 5 wait_timeout = 180 net_read_timeout = 120 net_write_timeout = 120 back_log = 128 # this table_open_cache might be too low because of MySQL bugs #16244691 and #65384) table_open_cache = 12288 tmp_table_size = 512M max_heap_table_size = 512M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 512M open-files-limit = 8192 open-files = 1024 query_cache_type = 1 # large query limit supports SOAP and REST API integrations query_cache_limit = 4M # larger than 512 MB query cache size is problematic; this is typically ~60% full query_cache_size = 512M # set to true on read slaves read_only = false slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log slow_query_log = 0 long_query_time = 0.2 expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 1024M binlog_cache_size = 32K sync_binlog = 0 # SSD RAID10 technically has a write capacity of 10000 IOPS innodb_io_capacity = 400 innodb_file_per_table innodb_table_locks = true innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 30 # These servers have 80 CPU threads; match 1:1 innodb_thread_concurrency = 48 innodb_commit_concurrency = 2 innodb_support_xa = true innodb_buffer_pool_size = 32G innodb_file_per_table innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 innodb_log_buffer_size = 2G skip-federated [mysqldump] quick quote-names single-transaction max_allowed_packet = 64M I have a monster of a server here to power our site because our catalog is very large (300,000 simple SKUs), and I'm just wondering if I'm missing anything that I can configure further. :-) Thanks!

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  • Why are my log in times taking so long in Linux?

    - by Jamie
    In recent weeks, login times on my Ubuntu server have started timing out; both through SSH and the local command line console. Examination of the /var/auth.log yields nothing interesting. How can I diagnose long log in times on my Ubuntu server? I should mention, also, that no updates have been performed since the problem has started, and that the /, /boot/ and /usr/ file systems are mounted as readonly. [Edit] This is a stand alone machine, so it doesn't authenticate with Active Directory, LDAP etc. Also, the login prompt is responsive, as is the password prompt. Upon typing the password then CR, I'll timeout. After four a five tries, I will be able to login, although I'm worried this will start taking longer.

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  • Configuring weblogic server console with external server urls, etc

    - by MeBigFatGuy
    there are obviously various 'canned' configuration options in oracle's weblogic server console for setting up data sources, jms queues, ldap servers etc, etc. What i want however is a way to configure other servers, mostly server urls, etc, in the console as well, and allow web applications running on the web server to access those configuration settings at runtime, probably through jndi names. Things like a document management server, a workflow server, etc. However I'm at a loss for how to configure custom jndi 'data sources' within wls' console. Is this possible?

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  • Block Domain User login

    - by Param
    I have created a Domain User id ( for example - Auser ). I have integrated my LDAP login with Firewall. I use this user to login in to firewall only. So, I want to block all the login for this User except on Firewall. Is there any way to accomplish this? As per my knowledge, we can specify :- By right click on Domain User -- Properties -- Account tab -- Logonto ( but here we have to specify Computer Name, we don't have any computer name for Firewall -- So i can't use this option ) Through Group Policy Window Setting -- Security Setting -- Local Policies -- User Rights Assignment -- Allow logon Locally (But it has to apply on Computer OU -- So i can't use this option also ) Any Other Option you know ??

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  • How can I prevent Apache from exposing a user's password?

    - by Marius Marais
    When using basic authentication (specifically via LDAP, but htpasswd also) with Apache, it makes the REMOTE_USER variable available to the PHP / Ruby / Python code underneath -- this is very useful for offloading authentication to the webserver. In our office environment we have lots of internal applications working like this over SSL, all quite secure. BUT: Apache exposes the PHP_AUTH_USER (=REMOTE_USER) and PHP_AUTH_PW variables to any application inside PHP. (PHP_AUTH_PW contains the plaintext password the user entered.) This means it's possible for the app to harvest usernames and passwords. Presumably the same information is available to Python and Ruby (all three are currently in use; PHP is being phased out). So how can I prevent Apache from doing this? One idea is to use Kerberos Negotiate authentication (which does not expose the password and has the benefit of being SSO), but that automatically falls back to Basic for some browsers (Chrome and in some cases Firefox), causing the password to be exposed again.

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  • Override template shell on linux system in Active Directory domain?

    - by benizi
    Is there an easy way to override the Samba "template shell = /bin/bash" setting on a per-user basis? This is for Linux systems joined to an Active Directory domain. Some users want /bin/bash. Others including myself want /bin/zsh. Is there some AD attribute I can set? Anything I've found via googling seems hackish at best (writing a script to replace /bin/sh -- maintenance hassle). A similar serverfault question Override LDAP shell seems OpenLDAP-oriented (but if someone knows how to get it working with AD, please say so).

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  • Restrict subversion to only allow certain functions

    - by Farseeker
    I'm in a bit of a situation. We have our private subversion server that we use for development, but one of our government clients is requesting access to our commit logs so that they can get an up-to-date picture of what we've been doing on the system. I don't have a problem with them reading our commit logs, but what I do have a problem with is them having access to our source code - they can't have read or write. The obvious solution is to do an svn log ourselves and give them an export, but they want direct SVN access as they apparently have an auditing solution that will import the svn log command automagically. So, is there a way I can set up access to a subversion repo and deny them access to everything except svn log? I don't care if I have to set up a virtualhost just for this, but it has to be done over http(s). We're also using LDAP for authentication if that makes any difference.

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  • Central Storage for windows user accounts homedirs .. hardware/software needed?

    - by mtkoan
    We have ~120+ users in our network, and are endeavoring to centralize logon authentication and home directory storage server-side. Most of the users are Windows 2000/XP machines, and a few running Mac OS X. Ideally the solution will be open-source-- can this all be managed from a Linux server running LDAP and Samba? Or would a hacked-NAS Box with a FreeNAS or similar suffice? Or is Micro$oft's Active Directory really the preference here. Is it viable to store PST files on this server for users to read from and write to? They are very large ~1.5gb. We have no mail server (or money) capable of Exchange or IMAP, only an old POP3. What kind of hardware horsepower and network architecture should we have for this kind of thing?

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  • How to get a windows domain server to recognize a linux machine by its name?

    - by CaCl
    In my company I ran into an issue where we have a linux machine that serves up a Subversion repository. Its hooked up via LDAP to the Active Directory. We got an account setup for an application and they set the Limited Workstations up so it didn't have full access to the network. The problem is that even though the hostname for our machine resolves correctly for me, the credentials for the application account seem to come back as not being allowed based on the name (the error was related to authorized workstations). I don't have access to any of the domain servers but it might be helpful to come at the management or high-level techs with some ideas, they don't seem to have a solution besides allowing all workstations for the user. Does anyone have any idea on how to get my linux machine to properly identify itself with the Domain machine by name?

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  • OSX : Setup for filestorage in medium business

    - by Franatique
    In our office every machine runs OSX. In search of an ideal storage and sharing solution we decided to let OSX Server handle all account information and auth requests whereas an 7TB QNAP provides NFS shares. All shares are published as mounts in the companywide LDAP. As it turns out, handling permissions in this situation is very clumsy (e.g. inherit permissions on newly created files). Unfortunately using NFS4 in combination with ACLs did not solve the problem. As a possible solution I set up a iSCSI connection between QNAP and the machine running OSX Server which in turn serves the LUN as AFP share. Permission handling works like a charm for this setup. Although I am a bit concerned about the performance of this setup. As we are a fast growing company we expect the solution to serve at least 100 clients while using files aprox. above 100MB each. Are there any known drawbacks of this solution?

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  • SFTP (or similar) server automated setup for group spaces

    - by spikeheap
    I need to build a dedicated machine which will be used to allow our clients to upload and download files in a secure manner. Each client has multiple users, and I would rather not hand out generic client users which are used by multiple people. Each client should have access to their files only, and no others. There is no use-case (yet) for multiple clients interacting with a single file or space. Is there an existing solution to automating the creation and maintenance of these accounts, preferably with a view to integration with LDAP? Currently it looks like if we want to use SFTP with chrooted spaces they will need to be set up manually (or an automation hand-rolled). If a solution exists for a different (but still secure) transfer method, such as FTPS, I'm all ears.

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  • Building a Student Storage server

    - by DobotJr
    I work for a school district. I've been put in charge of building a storage server for students. A place for them to work off of from school and home. My challenge is getting this to work from home. At school they login, authenticate, and they get a mapped drive to their folder on the server (S:\fileserver\studentname). My question is how can I make this available to students at home? The server is running Windows Server 2003 R1. I've got PHP, Apache, and MySQL working together. My idea is to write a script that will "crawl" through the directory containing all of the student folders, then create an instance of every file and folder in a MySQL DB. Create a login page that will use LDAP for authentication, and once they login to the server from home, they get a page with folders a files tied to their username. Has anyone out there ever put something like this together??

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  • Architecture for a business objects / database access layer

    - by gregmac
    For various reasons, we are writing a new business objects/data storage library. One of the requirements of this layer is to separate the logic of the business rules, and the actual data storage layer. It is possible to have multiple data storage layers that implement access to the same object - for example, a main "database" data storage source that implements most objects, and another "ldap" source that implements a User object. In this scenario, User can optionally come from an LDAP source, perhaps with slightly different functionality (eg, not possible to save/update the User object), but otherwise it is used by the application the same way. Another data storage type might be a web service, or an external database. There are two main ways we are looking at implementing this, and me and a co-worker disagree on a fundamental level which is correct. I'd like some advice on which one is the best to use. I'll try to keep my descriptions of each as neutral as possible, as I'm looking for some objective view points here. Business objects are base classes, and data storage objects inherit business objects. Client code deals with data storage objects. In this case, common business rules are inherited by each data storage object, and it is the data storage objects that are directly used by the client code. This has the implication that client code determines which data storage method to use for a given object, because it has to explicitly declare an instance to that type of object. Client code needs to explicitly know connection information for each data storage type it is using. If a data storage layer implements different functionality for a given object, client code explicitly knows about it at compile time because the object looks different. If the data storage method is changed, client code has to be updated. Business objects encapsulate data storage objects. In this case, business objects are directly used by client application. Client application passes along base connection information to business layer. Decision about which data storage method a given object uses is made by business object code. Connection information would be a chunk of data taken from a config file (client app does not really know/care about details of it), which may be a single connection string for a database, or several pieces connection strings for various data storage types. Additional data storage connection types could also be read from another spot - eg, a configuration table in a database that specifies URLs to various web services. The benefit here is that if a new data storage method is added to an existing object, a configuration setting can be set at runtime to determine which method to use, and it is completely transparent to the client applications. Client apps do not need to be modified if data storage method for a given object changes. Business objects are base classes, data source objects inherit from business objects. Client code deals primarily with base classes. This is similar to the first method, but client code declares variables of the base business object types, and Load()/Create()/etc static methods on the business objects return the appropriate data source-typed objects. The architecture of this solution is similar to the first method, but the main difference is the decision about which data storage object to use for a given business object is made by the business layer, not the client code. I know there are already existing ORM libraries that provide some of this functionality, but please discount those for now (there is the possibility that a data storage layer is implemented with one of these ORM libraries) - also note I'm deliberately not telling you what language is being used here, other than that it is strongly typed. I'm looking for some general advice here on which method is better to use (or feel free to suggest something else), and why.

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  • Node.js, Cygwin and Socket.io walk into a bar... Node.js throws ENOBUFS and everyone dies...

    - by A Wizard Did It
    I'm hoping someone here can help me out, I'm not having much luck figuring this out myself. I'm running node.js version 0.3.1 on Cygwin. I'm using Connect and Socket.io. I seem to be having some random problems with DNS or something, I haven't quite figured it out. The end result is that I the server is running fine, but when a browser attempts to connect to it the initial HTTP Request works, Socket.io connects, and then the server dies (output below). I don't think it has anything to do with the HTTP request because the server gets a lot data posted to it, and it was receiving requests and responding up until my connection that killed it. I've googled around and the closest thing I've found is DNS being set improperly. It's a network program meant to run only on an internal network, so I've set the nameserver x.x.x.x in my /etc/resolv.conf to the internal DNS. I've also added nameserver 8.8.8.8 in addition. I'm not sure what else to check, but would be grateful of any help. In node.exe.stackdump Exception: STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION at eip=610C51B9 eax=00000000 ebx=00000001 ecx=00000000 edx=00000308 esi=00000000 edi=010FCCB0 ebp=010FCAEC esp=010FCAC4 program=\\?\E:\cygwin\usr\local\bin\node.exe, pid 3296, thread unknown (0xBEC) cs=0023 ds=002B es=002B fs=0053 gs=002B ss=002B Stack trace: Frame Function Args 010FCAEC 610C51B9 (00000000, 00000000, 00000000, 00000000) 010FCBFC 610C5B55 (00000000, 00000000, 00000000, 00000000) 010FCCBC 610C693A (FFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF, 750334F3, FFFFFFFE) 010FCD0C 61027CB2 (00000002, F4B994D5, 010FCE64, 00000002) 010FCD98 76306B59 (00000002, 010FCDD4, 763069A4, 00000002) End of stack trace Node Output: node.js:50 throw e; // process.nextTick error, or 'error' event on first tick ^ Error: ENOBUFS, No buffer space available at doConnect (net.js:642:19) at net.js:803:9 at dns.js:166:30 at IOWatcher.callback (dns.js:48:15) EDIT I'm hitting an LDAP server using http.createClient immediately after a client connects to get information, and that seems to be where the problem is that is causing ENOBUFS. I've edited the source to include && errno != ENOBUFS which now prevents the server from dying, however now the LDAP request isn't working. I'm not sure what the problem is that would cause that though. As I mentioned this is an internal only application, so I set the DNS servers in /etc/resolv.conf to the DNS servers that are being applied to the host machine. Not sure if this is part of the issue? EDIT 2 Here's some output from gdb --args ./node_g --debug ../myscript.js. I'm not sure if this is related to ENOBUFS, however, as it seems to be disconnecting immediately after connection with Socket.io [New thread 672.0x100] Error: dll starting at 0x76e30000 not found. Error: dll starting at 0x76250000 not found. Error: dll starting at 0x76e30000 not found. Error: dll starting at 0x76f50000 not found. [New thread 672.0xc90] [New thread 672.0x448] debugger listening on port 5858 [New thread 672.0xbf4] 14 Jan 18:48:57 - socket.io ready - accepting connections [New thread 672.0xed4] [New thread 672.0xd68] [New thread 672.0x1244] [New thread 672.0xf14] 14 Jan 18:49:02 - Initializing client with transport "websocket" assertion "b[1] == 0" failed: file "../src/node.cc", line 933, function: ssize_t node::DecodeWrite(char*, size_t, v8::Handle<v8::Value>, node::encoding) Program received signal SIGABRT, Aborted. 0x7724f861 in ntdll!RtlUpdateClonedSRWLock () from /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/ntdll.dll (gdb) backtrace #0 0x7724f861 in ntdll!RtlUpdateClonedSRWLock () from /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/ntdll.dll #1 0x7724f861 in ntdll!RtlUpdateClonedSRWLock () from /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/ntdll.dll #2 0x75030816 in WaitForSingleObjectEx () from /cygdrive/c/Windows/syswow64/KernelBase.dll #3 0x0000035c in ?? () #4 0x00000000 in ?? () (gdb)

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  • From Binary to Data Structures

    - by Cédric Menzi
    Table of Contents Introduction PE file format and COFF header COFF file header BaseCoffReader Byte4ByteCoffReader UnsafeCoffReader ManagedCoffReader Conclusion History This article is also available on CodeProject Introduction Sometimes, you want to parse well-formed binary data and bring it into your objects to do some dirty stuff with it. In the Windows world most data structures are stored in special binary format. Either we call a WinApi function or we want to read from special files like images, spool files, executables or may be the previously announced Outlook Personal Folders File. Most specifications for these files can be found on the MSDN Libarary: Open Specification In my example, we are going to get the COFF (Common Object File Format) file header from a PE (Portable Executable). The exact specification can be found here: PECOFF PE file format and COFF header Before we start we need to know how this file is formatted. The following figure shows an overview of the Microsoft PE executable format. Source: Microsoft Our goal is to get the PE header. As we can see, the image starts with a MS-DOS 2.0 header with is not important for us. From the documentation we can read "...After the MS DOS stub, at the file offset specified at offset 0x3c, is a 4-byte...". With this information we know our reader has to jump to location 0x3c and read the offset to the signature. The signature is always 4 bytes that ensures that the image is a PE file. The signature is: PE\0\0. To prove this we first seek to the offset 0x3c, read if the file consist the signature. So we need to declare some constants, because we do not want magic numbers.   private const int PeSignatureOffsetLocation = 0x3c; private const int PeSignatureSize = 4; private const string PeSignatureContent = "PE";   Then a method for moving the reader to the correct location to read the offset of signature. With this method we always move the underlining Stream of the BinaryReader to the start location of the PE signature.   private void SeekToPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // seek to the offset for the PE signagure br.BaseStream.Seek(PeSignatureOffsetLocation, SeekOrigin.Begin); // read the offset int offsetToPeSig = br.ReadInt32(); // seek to the start of the PE signature br.BaseStream.Seek(offsetToPeSig, SeekOrigin.Begin); }   Now, we can check if it is a valid PE image by reading of the next 4 byte contains the content PE.   private bool IsValidPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // read 4 bytes to get the PE signature byte[] peSigBytes = br.ReadBytes(PeSignatureSize); // convert it to a string and trim \0 at the end of the content string peContent = Encoding.Default.GetString(peSigBytes).TrimEnd('\0'); // check if PE is in the content return peContent.Equals(PeSignatureContent); }   With this basic functionality we have a good base reader class to try the different methods of parsing the COFF file header. COFF file header The COFF header has the following structure: Offset Size Field 0 2 Machine 2 2 NumberOfSections 4 4 TimeDateStamp 8 4 PointerToSymbolTable 12 4 NumberOfSymbols 16 2 SizeOfOptionalHeader 18 2 Characteristics If we translate this table to code, we get something like this:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public MachineType Machine; public ushort NumberOfSections; public uint TimeDateStamp; public uint PointerToSymbolTable; public uint NumberOfSymbols; public ushort SizeOfOptionalHeader; public Characteristic Characteristics; } BaseCoffReader All readers do the same thing, so we go to the patterns library in our head and see that Strategy pattern or Template method pattern is sticked out in the bookshelf. I have decided to take the template method pattern in this case, because the Parse() should handle the IO for all implementations and the concrete parsing should done in its derived classes.   public CoffHeader Parse() { using (var br = new BinaryReader(File.Open(_fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))) { SeekToPeSignature(br); if (!IsValidPeSignature(br)) { throw new BadImageFormatException(); } return ParseInternal(br); } } protected abstract CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br);   First we open the BinaryReader, seek to the PE signature then we check if it contains a valid PE signature and rest is done by the derived implementations. Byte4ByteCoffReader The first solution is using the BinaryReader. It is the general way to get the data. We only need to know which order, which data-type and its size. If we read byte for byte we could comment out the first line in the CoffHeader structure, because we have control about the order of the member assignment.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { CoffHeader coff = new CoffHeader(); coff.Machine = (MachineType)br.ReadInt16(); coff.NumberOfSections = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.TimeDateStamp = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.PointerToSymbolTable = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.NumberOfSymbols = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.SizeOfOptionalHeader = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.Characteristics = (Characteristic)br.ReadInt16(); return coff; }   If the structure is as short as the COFF header here and the specification will never changed, there is probably no reason to change the strategy. But if a data-type will be changed, a new member will be added or ordering of member will be changed the maintenance costs of this method are very high. UnsafeCoffReader Another way to bring the data into this structure is using a "magically" unsafe trick. As above, we know the layout and order of the data structure. Now, we need the StructLayout attribute, because we have to ensure that the .NET Runtime allocates the structure in the same order as it is specified in the source code. We also need to enable "Allow unsafe code (/unsafe)" in the project's build properties. Then we need to add the following constructor to the CoffHeader structure.   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { unsafe { fixed (byte* packet = &data[0]) { this = *(CoffHeader*)packet; } } } }   The "magic" trick is in the statement: this = *(CoffHeader*)packet;. What happens here? We have a fixed size of data somewhere in the memory and because a struct in C# is a value-type, the assignment operator = copies the whole data of the structure and not only the reference. To fill the structure with data, we need to pass the data as bytes into the CoffHeader structure. This can be achieved by reading the exact size of the structure from the PE file.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { return new CoffHeader(br.ReadBytes(Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)))); }   This solution is the fastest way to parse the data and bring it into the structure, but it is unsafe and it could introduce some security and stability risks. ManagedCoffReader In this solution we are using the same approach of the structure assignment as above. But we need to replace the unsafe part in the constructor with the following managed part:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { IntPtr coffPtr = IntPtr.Zero; try { int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)); coffPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, coffPtr, size); this = (CoffHeader)Marshal.PtrToStructure(coffPtr, typeof(CoffHeader)); } finally { Marshal.FreeHGlobal(coffPtr); } } }     Conclusion We saw that we can parse well-formed binary data to our data structures using different approaches. The first is probably the clearest way, because we know each member and its size and ordering and we have control about the reading the data for each member. But if add member or the structure is going change by some reason, we need to change the reader. The two other solutions use the approach of the structure assignment. In the unsafe implementation we need to compile the project with the /unsafe option. We increase the performance, but we get some security risks.

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  • Add keyboard languages to XP, Vista, and Windows 7

    - by Matthew Guay
    Do you regularly need to type in multiple languages in Windows?  Here we’ll show you the easy way to add and change input languages to your keyboard in XP, Vista, and Windows 7. Windows Vista and 7 come preinstalled with support for viewing a wide variety of languages, so adding an input language is fairly simply.  Adding an input language is slightly more difficult in XP, and requires installing additional files if you need an Asian or Complex script language.  First we show how to add an input language in Windows Vista and 7; it’s basically the same in both versions.  Then, we show how to add a language to XP, and also how to add Complex Script support.  Please note that this is only for adding an input language, which will allow you to type in the language you select.  This does not change your user interface language. Change keyboard language in Windows 7 and Vista It is fairly simple to add or change a keyboard language in Windows 7 or Vista.  In Windows 7, enter “keyboard language” in the Start menu search box, and select “Change keyboards or other input methods”. In Windows Vista, open Control Panel and enter “input language” in the search box and select “Change keyboards or other input methods”.  This also works in Windows 7. Now, click Change Keyboards to add another keyboard language or change your default one. Our default input language is US English, and our default keyboard is the US keyboard layout.  Click Add to insert another input language while still leaving your default input language installed. Here we selected the standard Thai keyboard language (Thai Kedmanee), but you can select any language you want.  Windows offers almost any language you can imagine, so just look for the language you want, select it, and click Ok. Alternately, if you want, you can click Preview to see your layout choice before accepting it.  This is only the default characters, not ones that will be activated with Shift or other keys (many Asian languages use many more characters than English, and require the use of Shift and other keys to access them all).  Once your finished previewing, click close and then press Ok on the previous dialog. Now you will see both of your keyboard languages in the Installed services box.  You can click Add to go back and get more, or move your selected language up or down (to change its priority), or simply click Apply to add the new language. Also, you can now change the default input language from the top menu.  This is the language that your keyboard will start with when you boot your computer.  So, if you mainly use English but also use another language, usually it is best to leave English as your default input language. Once you’ve pressed Apply or Ok, you will see a new icon beside your system tray with the initials of your default input language. If you click it, you can switch between input languages.  Alternately you can switch input languages by pressing Alt+Shift on your keyboard. Some complex languages, such as Chinese, may have extra buttons to change input modes to accommodate their large alphabet. If you would like to change the keyboard shortcut for changing languages, go back to the Input Languages dialog, and select the “Advanced Key Settings” tab.  Here you can change settings for Caps Lock and change or add key sequences to change between languages. Also, the On-Screen keyboard will display the correct keyboard language (here the keyboard is displaying Thai), which can be a helpful reference if your physical keyboard doesn’t have your preferred input language printed on it.  To open this, simply enter “On-Screen keyboard” in the start menu search, or click All Programs>Accessories>On-Screen keyboard. Change keyboard language in Windows XP The process for changing the keyboard language in Windows XP is slightly different.  Open Control Panel, and select “Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options”.   Select “Add other languages”. Now, click Details to add another language.  XP does not include support for Asian and complex languages by default, so if you need to add one of those languages we have details for that below. Click Add to add an input language. Select your desired language from the list, and choose your desired keyboard layout if your language offers multiple layouts.  Here we selected Canadian French with the default layout. Now you will see both of your keyboard languages in the Installed services box.  You can click Add to go back and add more, or move your selected language up or down (to change its priority), or simply click Apply to add the new language. Once you’ve pressed Apply or Ok, you will see a new icon beside your system tray with the initials of your default input language. If you click it, you can switch between input languages.  Alternately you can switch input languages by pressing Alt+Shift on your keyboard. If you would like to change the keyboard shortcut for changing languages, go back to the Input Languages dialog, and click the “Key Settings” button on the bottom of the dialog.  Here you can change settings for Caps Lock and change or add key sequences to change between languages. Add support to XP for Asian and Complex script languages Windows XP does not include support for Asian and Complex script languages by default, but you can easily add them to your computer.  This is useful if you wish to type in one of these languages, or simply want to read text written in these languages, since XP will not display these languages correctly if they are not installed.  If you wish to install Chinese, Japanese, and/or Korean, check the “Install files for East Asian languages” box.  Or, if you need to install a complex script language (including Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Hebrew, the Indic languages, Thai, and Vietnamese), check the “Install files for complex script and right-to-left languages” box.   Choosing either of these options will open a prompt reminding you that this option will take up more disk space.  Support for complex languages will require around 10Mb of hard drive space, but East Asian language support may require 230 Mb or more free disk space.  Click Ok, and click apply to install your language files. You may have to insert your XP CD into your CD drive to install these files.  Insert the disk, and then click Ok. Windows will automatically copy the files, including fonts for these languages… …and then will ask you to reboot your computer to finalize the settings.  Click Yes, and then reopen the “Add other languages” dialog when your computer is rebooted, and add a language as before.     Now you can add Complex and/or Asian languages to XP, just as above.  Here is the XP taskbar language selector with Thai installed. Conclusion Unfortunately we haven’t found a way to add Asian and complex languages in XP without having an XP disc. If you know of a way, let us know in the comments. (No downloading the XP disc from torrent site answers please) Adding an input language is very important for bilingual individuals, and can also be useful if you simply need to occasionally view Asian or Complex languages in XP.  And by following the correct instructions for your version of Windows, it should be very easy to add, change, and remove input languages. Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Show Keyboard Shortcut Access Keys in Windows VistaKeyboard Ninja: 21 Keyboard Shortcut ArticlesAnother Desktop Cube for Windows XP/VistaThe "Up" Keyboard Shortcut for Windows 7 or Vista ExplorerWhat is ctfmon.exe And Why Is It Running? TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 PCmover Professional Make your Joomla & Drupal Sites Mobile with OSMOBI Integrate Twitter and Delicious and Make Life Easier Design Your Web Pages Using the Golden Ratio Worldwide Growth of the Internet How to Find Your Mac Address Use My TextTools to Edit and Organize Text

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  • Our Look at Opera 10.50 Web Browser

    - by Asian Angel
    Everyone has been talking about the newest version of Opera recently but perhaps you have not looked at it too closely yet. Today we will take a look at 10.50 and let you see what this “new browser” is all about. The New Engines Carakan JavaScript Engine: Runs web applications up to 7 times faster than its predecessor Futhark Vega Graphics Library: Enables super fast and smooth graphics on everything from tab switching to webpage animation Presto 2.5: Provides support for HTML5, CSS2.1 and the latest CSS3 standards A Look at the Features Available If you have installed or used older versions of Opera before then the default look after a clean install will probably seem rather different. The main differences in appearance are mainly located within the “glass border” areas of the browser. The “Speed Dial” setup looks and works just as well as in previous versions. You can set a favorite wallpaper or image as your background and choose the number of “dials” using the “Configure Speed Dial Command”. One of the “standout” differences is the “O Button”. All of the menus have been condensed into this single access point but it only takes a few moments to find what you are looking for. If you have used the style before in earlier versions of Opera some of the items have been moved around. For those who prefer the “Menu Bar” that can be easily restored using the “Show Menu Bar Command”. If desired you can actually “extend” the “Tab Bar” downwards to display thumbnails of your open tabs. Just use your mouse to grab the bottom of the “Tab Bar” and adjust it to suit your personal needs. The only problem with this feature is that it will quickly use up a good sized portion of your available UI and browser window space. The “Password Manager” is ready to access when needed…the background for the button will turn a shiny metallic blue when you open a webpage that you have “Login Information” saved for. One of the new features is a small “Recycle Bin Button” in the upper right corner. Clicking on this will display a list of recently closed tabs letting you have easy access to any tabs that you may have accidentally closed. This is definitely a great feature to have as an easy access button. For those who were used to how the “Zoom Feature” looked before it has a new “look” to it. Instead of the pop-up menu-type listing of “view sizes” present before you now have a slider button that you can use to adjust the zooming level. For our default setup here the “Sidebar Panels” available were: “Bookmarks, Widgets, Unite, Notes, Downloads, History, & Panels”. Additional panels such as “Links, Windows, Search, Info, etc.” are available if you want and/or need them (accessible using the “Panels Plus Sign Button”). The “Opera Link Button” makes it easy for you to synchronize your “Speed Dial, Bookmarks, Personal Bar, Custom Searches, History & Notes”. Note: “Opera Link” requires an account and can be signed up for using the link provided below. Want to share files with your family and friends? “Unite” allows you to do that and more. With “Unite” you can: “Stream Music, Show Photo Galleries, Share Files and/or Folders, & host webpages directly from your browser”. We have a more in-depth look at “Unite” in our article here. Note: Use of “Unite” requires an Opera account. Got a slow internet connection? “Opera Turbo” can help with that by running the web traffic through their “compression servers” to speed up your web browsing. Keep in mind that “Opera Turbo” will not engage if you are accessing a secure website (i.e. your bank’s website) thus preserving your security. Note: “Opera Turbo” can be set up to automatically detect slow internet connections (i.e. crowded Wi-Fi in a cafe). Opera has a built-in “Private Browsing Mode” now for those who prefer anonymous browsing and want to keep the “history records clean” on their computer. To access it go to “Tabs and windows” and select “New private tab” or “New private window” as desired. When you open your new “Private Tab or Window” you will see the following message with details on how Opera will handle browsing information and a large “door hanger symbol”. Notice that the one tab is locked into “Private Browsing Mode” while the others are still working in “Regular Browsing Mode”. Very nice! A miniature version of the “door hanger symbol” will be present on any tab that is locked into “Private Browsing Mode”. If you are using Windows 7 then you will love how things look from your “Taskbar”. Here you can see four very nice looking thumbnails for the tabs that we had open. All that you have to do is click on the desired thumbnail… The “Context Menu” looks just as lovely as the thumbnails and definitely has some terrific functionality built into it. Add Enhanced Aero Capability If you love “Aero” and want more for your new Opera install then we have the perfect theme for you. The theme’s name is Z1-AV69 and once you have downloaded it you will need to place it in the “Skins Subfolder” in Opera’s “Program Files Folder”. Note: For our example we used version 1.10 but version 2.00 is now available (link provided below). Once you have restarted Opera, go to the “O Menu” and select “Appearance”. When the “Appearance Window” opens click on “Z1-Glass Skin” and then click “OK”. All of a sudden you will have more “Aero Goodness” to enjoy. Compare this screenshot with the one at the top of this article…the only part that is not transparent now is the browser window area itself. Want even more “Aero Goodness”? Right click on the “Tab Bar” and set “Tab Bar Placement” to “Left”. Note: You can achieve the same effect by setting the “Tab Bar Placement” to “Right”. With the “Speed Dial” visible you will be able to see your wallpaper with ease. While this is obviously not for everyone it does make for a great visual trick. Portable Versions Perhaps you need this wonderful new version of Opera to go with you wherever you do during the day. Not a problem…just visit the Opera USB website to choose a version that works best for you. You can select from “Zip or Exe” setup files and if needed update an older portable version using a “Zipped Update Files Package”. If you are updating an older version keep in mind that you will need to delete the old “OperaUSB.exe. File” due to changes with the new setup files. During our tests updating older portable versions went well for the most part but we did experience a few “odd UI quirks” here and there…so we recommend setting up a clean install if possible. Conclusion The new 10.50 release is a pleasure to use and is a recommended install for your system. Whether you are considering trying Opera for the first time or have been using it for a bit we think that you will pleased with everything that the 10.50 release has to offer. For those who would like to add User Scripts to Opera be certain to look at our how-to article here. Links Download Opera 10.50 for your location (Windows) Get the latest Snapshot versions for Linux & Mac Sign up for an Opera Link account View In-Depth detail on Opera 10.50’s features Download the Z1-AV69 Aero Theme Download Portable Opera 10.50 Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Set the Speed Dial as the Opera Startup PageSet Up User Scripts in Opera BrowserScan Files for Viruses Before You Download With Dr.WebTurn Your Computer into a File, Music, and Web Server with Opera UniteSet the Default Browser on Ubuntu From the Command Line TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 PCmover Professional Make your Joomla & Drupal Sites Mobile with OSMOBI Integrate Twitter and Delicious and Make Life Easier Design Your Web Pages Using the Golden Ratio Worldwide Growth of the Internet How to Find Your Mac Address Use My TextTools to Edit and Organize Text

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