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• Understanding how OpenGL blending works

  - by yuumei

  I am attempting to understand how OpenGL (ES) blending works. I am finding it difficult to understand the documentation and how the results of glBlendFunc and glBlendEquation effect the final pixel that is written. Do the source and destination out of glBlendFunc get added together with GL_FUNC_ADD by default? This seems wrong because "basic" blending of GL_ONE, GL_ONE would output 2,2,2,2 then (Source giving 1,1,1,1 and dest giving 1,1,1,1). I have written the following pseudo-code, what have I got wrong? struct colour { float r, g, b, a; }; colour blend_factor( GLenum factor, colour source, colour destination, colour blend_colour ) { colour colour_factor; float i = min( source.a, 1 - destination.a ); // From http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glBlendFunc.xml switch( factor ) { case GL_ZERO: colour_factor = { 0, 0, 0, 0 }; break; case GL_ONE: colour_factor = { 1, 1, 1, 1 }; break; case GL_SRC_COLOR: colour_factor = source; break; case GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR: colour_factor = { 1 - source.r, 1 - source.g, 1 - source.b, 1 - source.a }; break; // ... } return colour_factor; } colour blend( colour & source, colour destination, GLenum source_factor, // from glBlendFunc GLenum destination_factor, // from glBlendFunc colour blend_colour, // from glBlendColor GLenum blend_equation // from glBlendEquation ) { colour source_colour = blend_factor( source_factor, source, destination, blend_colour ); colour destination_colour = blend_factor( destination_factor, source, destination, blend_colour ); colour output; // From http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glBlendEquation.xml switch( blend_equation ) { case GL_FUNC_ADD: output = add( source_colour, destination_colour ); case GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT: output = sub( source_colour, destination_colour ); case GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT: output = sub( destination_colour, source_colour ); } return output; } void do_pixel() { colour final_colour; // Blending if( enable_blending ) { final_colour = blend( current_colour_output, framebuffer[ pixel ], ... ); } else { final_colour = current_colour_output; } } Thanks!

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• Get coordinates of arraylist

  - by opiop65

  Here's my map class: public class map{ public static final int CLEAR = 0; public static final ArrayList<Integer> STONE = new ArrayList<Integer>(); public static final int GRASS = 2; public static final int DIRT = 3; public static final int WIDTH = 32; public static final int HEIGHT = 24; public static final int TILE_SIZE = 25; // static int[][] map = new int[WIDTH][HEIGHT]; ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> map = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>(WIDTH * HEIGHT); enum tiles { air, grass, stone, dirt } Image air, grass, stone, dirt; Random rand = new Random(); public Map() { /* default map */ /*for(int y = 0; y < WIDTH; y++){ map[y][y] = (rand.nextInt(2)); System.out.println(map[y][y]); }*/ /*for (int y = 18; y < HEIGHT; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { map[x][y] = STONE; } } for (int y = 18; y < 19; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { map[x][y] = GRASS; } } for (int y = 19; y < 20; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { map[x][y] = DIRT; } }*/ for (int y = 0; y < HEIGHT; y++) { for(int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++){ map.set(x * WIDTH + y, STONE); } } try { init(null, null); } catch (SlickException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } render(null, null, null); } public void init(GameContainer gc, StateBasedGame sbg) throws SlickException { air = new Image("res/air.png"); grass = new Image("res/grass.png"); stone = new Image("res/stone.png"); dirt = new Image("res/dirt.png"); } public void render(GameContainer gc, StateBasedGame sbg, Graphics g) { for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < HEIGHT; y++) { switch (map.get(x * WIDTH + y)) { case CLEAR: air.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case STONE: stone.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case GRASS: grass.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case DIRT: dirt.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; } } } } public static boolean blocked(float x, float y) { return map[(int) x][(int) y] == STONE; } public static Rectangle blockBounds(int x, int y) { return (new Rectangle(x, y, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE)); } } Specifically I am looking at this: for (int x = 0; x < WIDTH; x++) { for (int y = 0; y < HEIGHT; y++) { switch (map.get(x * WIDTH + y).intValue()) { case CLEAR: air.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case STONE: stone.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case GRASS: grass.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; case DIRT: dirt.draw(x * TILE_SIZE, y * TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE); break; } } } How can I access the coordinates of my arraylist map and then draw the tiles to the screen? Thanks!

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• Textures of .x model deformed in XNA

  - by marc wellman

  I want to have a 3D model with textures built in SketchUp 8 be imported as a .x model in XNA. So far I have used several .x exporters like http://edecadoudal.googlepages.com/xExporter.rb 3D RAD zbylsxexporter With all of them I have the same problem: The model gets built correctly but the textures are deformed. The sizes of my texture files are multiples of four and inside Sketchup the model looks prefect. That's the texture file which is 256x256: And this is how it looks like in my XNA program: What can I do?

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• Level and Player objects - which should contain which?

  - by Thane Brimhall

  I've been working on a several simple games, and I've always come to a decision point where I have to choose whether to have the Level object as an attribute of the Player class or the Player as an attribute of the Level class. I can see arguments for both: The Level should contain the player because it also contains every other entity. In fact it just makes sense this way: "John is in the room." It makes it a bit more difficult to move the player to a new level, however, because then each level has to pass its player object to an upcoming level. On the other hand, it makes programming sense to me to leave the player as the top-level object that is persistent between levels, and the environment changes because the player decides to change his level and location. It becomes very easy to change levels, because all I have to do is replace the level variable on the player. What's the most common practice here? Or better yet, is there a "right" way to architecture this relationship?

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• Farseer: Cutting body from texture

  - by Robin Betka

  Is it possible to cut a body from a texture in Farseer 3.0? I have a texture converted to a body with multiple fixtures ( using BayazitDecomposer, CreatePolygon method, ..) and can even do it as a BreakableBody. But when I try to cut it with the cutting tool, the fixture itself gets cutted but it's connections get discarded! So when I have 14 fixtures, and cut fixture 3 for example, fixture 3 gets cutted but 1,2 and 3-14 just go away. Is there a way to do it? It would work already if I could convert the texture into a body with 1 fixture only, but I haven't figured out it that's possible. BayazitDecomposer creates the multiple verticles, but letting it away creates something weird and I get assert messages all the time. I know I couldn't break it that way but I don't need that anyway when I could cut it. The breaking is just the work around I'm using now. Extending the cuttingtool to support multiple fixtures is very hard especially when you consider that in one cut multiple fixtures could be cutted and then connected again.

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• Split vector vs matrix notation for transformation

  - by seahorse

  Some rendering engines like Ogre prefer to use a individual vector based notation for transformations like the following Split vector notation: Net Transformation is represented by Scale vector = sx, sy, sz Transformation vector = tx, ty, tz Rotation Quaternion Vector = w,x,y,z Matrix notation: There are other engines which simply use a net combined transformation matrix. What are the advantages of the first notation over the second? Also for animation interpolation does it work in the first notation that we interpolate across the individual components and use the interpolated parts to get the net transformation? Is this another advantage?

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• Euler angles to Cartesian Coordinates for use with gluLookAt

  - by notrodash

  I have searched all of the internet but just couldn't find the answer. I am using LibGDX and this is part of my code that loops over and over: public void render() { GL11 gl = Gdx.gl11; float centerX = (float)Math.cos(yaw) * (float)Math.cos(pitch); float centerY = (float)Math.sin(yaw) * (float)Math.cos(pitch); float centerZ = (float)Math.sin(pitch); System.out.println(centerX+" "+centerY+" "+centerZ+" ~ "+GDXRacing.camera.position.x+" "+GDXRacing.camera.position.y+" "+GDXRacing.camera.position.z); Gdx.glu.gluLookAt(gl, GDXRacing.camera.position.x, GDXRacing.camera.position.y, GDXRacing.camera.position.z, centerX, centerY, centerZ, 0, 1, 0); if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.A)) { yaw--; } if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.D)) { yaw++; } } I might just be bad at the math, but I dont get it. Does someone have a good explanation and an idea about how to deal with this? I am trying to make a first person camera. By the way, the camera is translated by +10 on the Z axis. Currently when I run the application, this is what I get: Watch video in browser | Download video (for those who cant download the video, everything shakes in a clockwise/anticlockwise action, depending on if I increase or decrease the Yaw value) -Thank you. [edit] and with this code: public void render() { GL11 gl = Gdx.gl11; float centerX = (float)(MathUtils.cosDeg(yaw)*4); float centerY = 0; float centerZ = (float)(MathUtils.sinDeg(yaw)*4); System.out.println(centerX+" "+centerY+" "+centerZ+" ~ "+GDXRacing.camera.position.x+" "+GDXRacing.camera.position.y+" "+GDXRacing.camera.position.z); Gdx.glu.gluLookAt(gl, GDXRacing.camera.position.x, GDXRacing.camera.position.y, GDXRacing.camera.position.z, centerX, centerY, centerZ, 0, 1, 0); if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.A)) { yaw--; } if(Gdx.input.isKeyPressed(Keys.D)) { yaw++; } } it slowly swings from the left to the right. This approach worked for turning left and right for 2d games though. What am I doing wrong?

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• Unity 5.1 audio issues (no sound in back channels)

  - by N0xus

  I've trying to bring in surround sound audio into my project. I've set my computer up to run in 5.1 and when I play a 6 channel audio through windows media player (it's a test audio that does left speaker, right speaker etc) it works fine. However, when I run it through Unity, all I get is the front 3 channels. I've set it in the Edit - project settings - audio to be 5.1 in there. I even set it in code with following: void Start() { AudioSettings.speakerMode = AudioSpeakerMode.Mode5point1; } How ever, when I run a debug line of: print ( AudioSettings.driverCaps); It tells me that Unity is only playing in stereo. Is there something I'm still not doing? I should also add I've ran 10 different tests using the 3D audio pan and spread options. I've set both to either being fully off, half way on and full. Still the same results.

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• Direct2D Transform

  - by James

  I have a beginner question about Direct2D transforms. I have a 20 x 10 bitmap that I would like to draw in different orientations. To start, I would like to draw it vertically with a destination rectangle of say: (left, top, right, bottom) (300, 300, 310, 320) The bitmap is wider than it is tall (20 x 10), but when I draw it vertically, it will be appear taller than it is wide (10 x 20). I know that I can use a rotation matrix like so: m_pRenderTarget->SetTransform( D2D1::Matrix3x2F::Rotation( 90.0f, D2D1::Point2F(<center of shape>)) ); But when I use this method to rotate my shape, the destination rectangle is still wider than it is tall. Maybe it would look something like this: (left, top, right, bottom) (280, 290, 300, 300) The destination rectangle is 20 x 10 but the bitmap appears on the screen as 10 x 20. I can't look at the destination rectangle in the debugger and compare it to: (left, top, right, bottom) (300, 300, 310, 320) Is there any simple way to say "I want to rotate it so that the image is rendered to exactly this destination rectangle after the rotation?" In this case, I would like to say "Please rotate the bitmap so that it appears on the screen at this location:" (left, top, right, bottom) (300, 300, 310, 320) If I can't do that, is there any way to find out the 10 x 20 destination rectangle where the bitmap is actually being rendered to the screen?

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• Unity Occlusion Portals: What and How?

  - by Nick Wiggill

  (Here I eat my words on Meta about posting Unity questions on Unity Answers... since that site is less responsive than this one.) Unity provides cell-based Occlusion Culling (via Umbra, I believe). However, a newer feature that it supports is Occlusion Portals. The question is, if BSP-based occlusion culling is already a feature of Unity, what do portals add, and how? PS. This question is not "What are portals?" -- I'm aware of the original Quake BSP-style portals -- which is partly why I find the explicit portal concept in Unity odd, since it uses BSP anyway.

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• Radiosity using a hemisphere

  - by P. Avery

  I'm working on a radiosity processor. I'm projecting scene geometry onto a hemisphere at a high order of tessellation during a visibility pass onto a 1024x1024 render target. The problem is that the edges of certain triangles are not being rendered to the item buffer( render target )...so when I test certain edges( or pixels during pixel shader ) for visibility during a reconstruction pass, visible edges are not identified and as a result the pixel for that edge is discarded. One solution was to increase the resolution of the item buffer( up to 4096x4096 )...this helped and more edges were visible, however, this was not fullproof. How do I increase visibility? Here is a screenshot of a scene after radiosity is applied: the seams are edges along a triangle face that were not visible due to the resolution of the item buffer... fixed the problem by sampling the item buffer w/8 points:

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• dynamic 2d texture creation in unity from script

  - by gman

  I'm coming from HTML5 and I'm used to having the 2D Canvas API I can use to generate textures. Is there anything similar in Unity3D? For example, let's say at runtime I want to render a circle, put 3 initials in the middle and then take the result and put that in a texture. In HTML5 I'd do this var initials = "GAT"; var textureWidth = 256; var textureHeight = 256; // create a canvas var c = document.createElement("canvas"); c.width = textureWidth; c.height = textureHeight; var ctx = c.getContext("2d"); // Set the origin to the center of the canvas ctx.translate(textureWidth / 2, textureHeight / 2); // Draw a yellow circle ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(255,255,0)"; // yellow ctx.beginPath(); var radius = (Math.min(textureWidth, textureHeight) - 2) / 2; ctx.arc(0, 0, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true); ctx.fill(); // Draw some black initials in the middle. ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(0,0,0)"; ctx.font = "60pt Arial"; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.fillText(initials, 0, 30); // now I can make a texture from that var tex = gl.createTexture(); gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, tex); gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, c); gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D); I know I can edit individual pixels in a Unity texture but is there any higher level API for drawing to texture in unity?

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• Rendering oily/polluted water?

  - by Fraser

  Any shader wizards out there have an idea of how to achieve an oily/polluted water effect, similar to this: Ideally, the water would not be uniformly oily, but instead the oil could be generated from some source (such as a polluting drain from a chemical plant) and then diffuse throughout the water body. My thought for this part would be to keep an "oil map" as a 2D texture that determines the density of oil at each point on the water surface. It would diffuse and move naturally with the water vel;ocity at that point (I have a wave-particle simulation for dynamic waves, and am already doing something similar for foam on the water surface). However, I'm not sure how physically correct that would be, since oil might not move at the same velocity as the water. And I have no idea how to make all those trippy colors :-). Thoughts?

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• Lwjgl or opengl double pixels

  - by Philippe Paré

  I'm working in java with LWJGL and trying to double all my pixels. I'm trying to draw in an area of 800x450 and then stretch all the frame image to the complete 1600x900 pixels without them getting blured. I can't figure out how to do that in java, everything I find is in c++... A hint would be great! Thanks a lot. EDIT : I've tried drawing to a texture created in opengl by setting it to the framebuffer, but I can't find a way to use glGenTextures() in java... so this is not working... also I though about using a shader but I would not be able to draw only in the smaller region...

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• Spherical harmonics lighting - what does it accomplish?

  - by TravisG

  From my understanding, spherical harmonics are sometimes used to approximate certain aspects of lighting (depending on the application). For example, it seems like you can approximate the diffuse lighting cause by a directional light source on a surface point, or parts of it, by calculating the SH coefficients for all bands you're using (for whatever accuracy you desire) in the direction of the surface normal and scaling it with whatever you need to scale it with (e.g. light colored intensity, dot(n,l),etc.). What I don't understand yet is what this is supposed to accomplish. What are the actual advantages of doing it this way as opposed to evaluating the diffuse BRDF the normal way. Do you save calculations somewhere? Is there some additional information contained in the SH representation that you can't get out of the scalar results of the normal evaluation?

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• DrawIndexedPrimitives overdraws data in previous buffer if called in loop

  - by Daniel Excinsky

  I doubled the question from stackoverflow here, and will delete the opposite of a question that gave me the answer. I have the Draw method in one of my renderers, that loops through the dictionary and gets precollected and preinitialized buffers. When dictionary has only one element, everything is just fine. But with more elements what I get on the screen is only the data from the last buffer (I suppose, not sure) My Draw method: public void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { if (!_areStaticEffectsSet) { // blockEffect.Parameters["TextureAtlas"].SetValue(textureAtlas); blockEffect.Parameters["HorizonColor"].SetValue(World.HORIZONCOLOR); blockEffect.Parameters["NightColor"].SetValue(World.NIGHTCOLOR); blockEffect.Parameters["MorningTint"].SetValue(World.MORNINGTINT); blockEffect.Parameters["EveningTint"].SetValue(World.EVENINGTINT); blockEffect.Parameters["SunColor"].SetValue(World.SUNCOLOR); _areStaticEffectsSet = true; } blockEffect.Parameters["World"].SetValue(Matrix.Identity); blockEffect.Parameters["View"].SetValue(_player.CameraView); blockEffect.Parameters["Projection"].SetValue(_player.CameraProjection); blockEffect.Parameters["CameraPosition"].SetValue(_player.CameraPosition); blockEffect.Parameters["timeOfDay"].SetValue(_world.TimeOfDay); var viewFrustum = new BoundingFrustum(_player.CameraView * _player.CameraProjection); _graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; _graphicsDevice.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Texture2D> textureAtlas in textureAtlases) { blockEffect.Parameters["TextureAtlas"].SetValue(textureAtlas.Value); foreach (EffectPass pass in blockEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); //TODO: ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? VertexBuffer ? IndexBuffer foreach (Chunk chunk in _world.Chunks.Values) { if (chunk == null || chunk.IsDisposed) { continue; } if (chunk.BoundingBox.Intersects(viewFrustum) && chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key) != null) { lock (chunk) { if (chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key).IndexCount > 0) { VertexBuffer vertexBuffer = chunk.GetBlockVertexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key); IndexBuffer indexBuffer = chunk.GetBlockIndexBuffer(textureAtlas.Key); //if (chunk.DrawIndex == new Vector3i(0, 0, 0)) //{ //if (textureAtlas.Key == -1) //{ //var varray = new [] //{ //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(0,68,0), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)), //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(0,68,1), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)), //new VertexPositionTextureLight(new Vector3(1,68,0), new Vector2(0,1),1,new Vector3(0,0,0), new Vector3(1,1,1)) //}; //var iarray = new short[] {0, 1, 2}; //vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(_graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionTextureLight), varray.Length, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); //indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(_graphicsDevice, IndexElementSize.SixteenBits, iarray.Length, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); //vertexBuffer.SetData(varray); //indexBuffer.SetData(iarray); } } _graphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); _graphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; _graphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertexBuffer.VertexCount, 0, indexBuffer.IndexCount / 3); } } } } } } } Noteworthy things about the code: XNA version is 4.0. I've commented the debugging code in the loop, but left it for it may bring some insight. I try not only to change vertices/indices in the loop, but textureAtlas also. Code in the shader about textureAtlas: Texture TextureAtlas; sampler TextureAtlasSampler = sampler_state { texture = <TextureAtlas>; magfilter = POINT; minfilter = POINT; mipfilter = POINT; AddressU = WRAP; AddressV = WRAP; }; struct VSInput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float2 TexCoords1 : TEXCOORD0; float SunLight : COLOR0; float3 LocalLight : COLOR1; float3 Normal : NORMAL0; }; VertexPositionTextureLight is my own realization of IVertexType. So, do anybody know about this problem, or see the wrongness in my code (that's far more likely)?

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• XNA C# How to draw fonts in different color

  - by XNA newbie

  I'm doing a simple chat system with XNA C#. It is a chatbox that contains 5 lines of chat typed by the users. Something like a MMORPG chatting system. [User1name] says: Hi [User2name] says: Hello [User1name] says: What are you doing? [User2name] says: I'm fine [System] The time is now 1:03AM. When the user pressed 'ENTER', the text he entered will be added inside an ArrayList chatList.Add(s); For displaying the text he entered, I used for (int i = 0; i < chatList.Count(); i++) { spriteBatch.DrawString(font, chatList[i], new Vector2(40, arr1[i]), Color.Yellow); } *arr1[i] contains 5 y-axis points to print my 5 line of chats in the chatbox Question1: What if I have another type of message which will be added into ChatList (something like a system message). I need the System Message to be printed out in red color. And if the user keeps on chatting, the chat box will be updated according: (MAX 5 LINES) The newest chat will be shown below, and the oldest one will be deleted if they reached the max 5 lines. [User2name] says: Hello [User1name] says: What are you doing? [User2name] says: I'm fine [System] The time is now 1:03AM. [User1name] says: Ok, great to hear that! I'm having trouble to print each line color according to their msg type. For normal msg, it should be yellow. For system msg, it should be red. Question2: And for the next problem, I need the chat texts to be white color, while the names of the user is yellow (like warcraft3 chat system). How do I do that? I have a hard time thinking of a solution for these to work. Advise needed.

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• Boat passing under a bridge in a 2D tile based RTS

  - by aleguna

  I'm writing a 2D tile based RTS. And I want to add a 'pseudo 3D' feature to it - bridges over the rivers. I havent't start any coding yet, just trying to think how it fits the collision detection model. A boat passing under the bridge and a unit moving over the bridge will eventually occupy the same cell on the map. How to prement them from colliding? Is there a common approach to solve such a problem? Or I need to implement a 3D world to do this?

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• How exactly does XNA's SpriteBatch work?

  - by David Gouveia

  To be more precise, if I needed to recreate this functionality from scratch in another API (e.g. in OpenGL) what would it need to be capable of doing? I do have a general idea of some of the steps, such as how it prepares an orthographic projection matrix and creates a quad for each draw call. I'm not too familiar, however, with the batching process itself. Are all quads stored in the same vertex buffer? Does it need an index buffer? How are different textures handled? If possible I'd be grateful if you could guide me through the process from when SpriteBatch.Begin() is called until SpriteBatch.End(), at least when using the default Deferred mode.

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• Not getting desired results with SSAO implementation

  - by user1294203

  After having implemented deferred rendering, I tried my luck with a SSAO implementation using this Tutorial. Unfortunately, I'm not getting anything that looks like SSAO, you can see my result below. You can see there is some weird pattern forming and there is no occlusion shading where there needs to be (i.e. in between the objects and on the ground). The shaders I implemented follow: #VS #version 330 core uniform mat4 invProjMatrix; layout(location = 0) in vec3 in_Position; layout(location = 2) in vec2 in_TexCoord; noperspective out vec2 pass_TexCoord; smooth out vec3 viewRay; void main(void){ pass_TexCoord = in_TexCoord; viewRay = (invProjMatrix * vec4(in_Position, 1.0)).xyz; gl_Position = vec4(in_Position, 1.0); } #FS #version 330 core uniform sampler2D DepthMap; uniform sampler2D NormalMap; uniform sampler2D noise; uniform vec2 projAB; uniform ivec3 noiseScale_kernelSize; uniform vec3 kernel[16]; uniform float RADIUS; uniform mat4 projectionMatrix; noperspective in vec2 pass_TexCoord; smooth in vec3 viewRay; layout(location = 0) out float out_AO; vec3 CalcPosition(void){ float depth = texture(DepthMap, pass_TexCoord).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); vec3 ray = normalize(viewRay); ray = ray / ray.z; return linearDepth * ray; } mat3 CalcRMatrix(vec3 normal, vec2 texcoord){ ivec2 noiseScale = noiseScale_kernelSize.xy; vec3 rvec = texture(noise, texcoord * noiseScale).xyz; vec3 tangent = normalize(rvec - normal * dot(rvec, normal)); vec3 bitangent = cross(normal, tangent); return mat3(tangent, bitangent, normal); } void main(void){ vec2 TexCoord = pass_TexCoord; vec3 Position = CalcPosition(); vec3 Normal = normalize(texture(NormalMap, TexCoord).xyz); mat3 RotationMatrix = CalcRMatrix(Normal, TexCoord); int kernelSize = noiseScale_kernelSize.z; float occlusion = 0.0; for(int i = 0; i < kernelSize; i++){ // Get sample position vec3 sample = RotationMatrix * kernel[i]; sample = sample * RADIUS + Position; // Project and bias sample position to get its texture coordinates vec4 offset = projectionMatrix * vec4(sample, 1.0); offset.xy /= offset.w; offset.xy = offset.xy * 0.5 + 0.5; // Get sample depth float sample_depth = texture(DepthMap, offset.xy).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (sample_depth - projAB.x); if(abs(Position.z - linearDepth ) < RADIUS){ occlusion += (linearDepth <= sample.z) ? 1.0 : 0.0; } } out_AO = 1.0 - (occlusion / kernelSize); } I draw a full screen quad and pass Depth and Normal textures. Normals are in RGBA16F with the alpha channel reserved for the AO factor in the blur pass. I store depth in a non linear Depth buffer (32F) and recover the linear depth using: float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); where projAB.y is calculated as: and projAB.x as: These are derived from the glm::perspective(gluperspective) matrix. z_n and z_f are the near and far clip distance. As described in the link I posted on the top, the method creates samples in a hemisphere with higher distribution close to the center. It then uses random vectors from a texture to rotate the hemisphere randomly around the Z direction and finally orients it along the normal at the given pixel. Since the result is noisy, a blur pass follows the SSAO pass. Anyway, my position reconstruction doesn't seem to be wrong since I also tried doing the same but with the position passed from a texture instead of being reconstructed. I also tried playing with the Radius, noise texture size and number of samples and with different kinds of texture formats, with no luck. For some reason when changing the Radius, nothing changes. Does anyone have any suggestions? What could be going wrong?

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• 3D Paint tool in Maya

  - by Joris

  Hey everyone, could someone help me out on this question? When I am trying to texture objects in maya (for example a barrel) I want to texture it with a brush. When I try to use the 3D painting tool it al gets black even when I have a image file selected. Also the resolution is very very low of the models and textures in maya, though the texture image is very high quality. Can someone please help me? Thanks so much for helping.

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• Blender: How to "meshify" an object I made from Bezier curves

  - by capcom

  I made a star shape using Bezier curves, and extruded it (see pic below): What I want to do is give it a rounder look - not just around the edges by using beveling. I want it to kind of look like this (well, that shape anyway): How would I go about doing this? Please keep in mind that I am extremely new to Blender. I thought that I could somehow turn this star into those default shapes that have tonnes of squares which I could pull out, and apply a mirror to it so that the same thing happens on both sides. I really don't know how to do it, and would appreciate your help.

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• OpenGL problem with FBO integer texture and color attachment

  - by Grieverheart

  In my simple renderer, I have 2 FBOs one that contains diffuse, normals, instance ID and depth in that order and one that I use store the ssao result. The textures I use for the first FBO are RGB8, RGBA16F, R32I and GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F for the depth. For the second FBO I use an R16F texture. My rendering process is to first render to everything I mentioned in the first FBO, then bind depth and normals textures for reading for the ssao pass and write to the second FBO. After that I bind the second FBO's texture for reading in my blur shader and bind the first FBO for writing. What I intend to do is to write the blurred ssao value to the alpha component of the Normals texture. Here are where the problems start. First of all, I use shading language 3.3, which my graphics card does support. I manage ouputs in my shaders using layout(location = #). Now, the normals texture should be bound to color attachment 1, but when I use 1, it seems to write to my diffuse texture which should be in color attachment 0. When I instead use layout(location = 0), it gets correctly written to my normals texture. Besides this, my instance ID texture also gets resets after running the blur shader which is weird because if I use a float texture and write to it instanceID / nInstances, the texture doesn't get reset after the blur shader has ran. Here is how I prepare my first FBO: bool CGBuffer::Init(unsigned int WindowWidth, unsigned int WindowHeight){ //Create FBO glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_fbo); glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fbo); //Create gbuffer and Depth Buffer Textures glGenTextures(GBUFF_NUM_TEXTURES, &m_textures[0]); glGenTextures(1, &m_depthTexture); //prepare gbuffer for(unsigned int i = 0; i < GBUFF_NUM_TEXTURES; i++){ glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_textures[i]); if(i == GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_NORMAL) glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, WindowWidth, WindowHeight, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL); else if(i == GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_DIFFUSE) glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB8, WindowWidth, WindowHeight, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL); else if(i == GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_ID) glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_R32I, WindowWidth, WindowHeight, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, GL_INT, NULL); else{ std::cout << "Error in FBO initialization" << std::endl; return false; } glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_textures[i], 0); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP); } //prepare depth buffer glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_depthTexture); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F, WindowWidth, WindowHeight, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL); glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_depthTexture, 0); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri (GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE, GL_NONE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP); GLenum DrawBuffers[] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2}; glDrawBuffers(GBUFF_NUM_TEXTURES, DrawBuffers); GLenum Status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER); if(Status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE){ std::cout << "FB error, status 0x" << std::hex << Status << std::endl; return false; } //Restore default framebuffer glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0); return true; } where I use an enum defined as, enum GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE{ GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_DIFFUSE, GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_NORMAL, GBUFF_TEXTURE_TYPE_ID, GBUFF_NUM_TEXTURES }; Am I missing some kind of restriction? Does the color attachment of the FBO's textures somehow gets reset i.e. I'm using a re-size function which re-sizes the textures of the FBO but should I perhaps call glFramebufferTexture2D again too? EDIT: Here is the shader in question: #version 330 core uniform sampler2D aoSampler; uniform vec2 TEXEL_SIZE; // x = 1/res x, y = 1/res y uniform bool use_blur; noperspective in vec2 TexCoord; layout(location = 0) out vec4 out_AO; void main(void){ if(use_blur){ float result = 0.0; for(int i = -1; i < 2; i++){ for(int j = -1; j < 2; j++){ vec2 offset = vec2(TEXEL_SIZE.x * i, TEXEL_SIZE.y * j); result += texture(aoSampler, TexCoord + offset).r; // -0.004 because the texture seems to be a bit displaced } } out_AO = vec4(vec3(0.0), result / 9); } else out_AO = vec4(vec3(0.0), texture(aoSampler, TexCoord).r); }

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• Typical collision detection

  - by marcg11

  I would like to know how is the typical collision detection of most games. For example, you control a character which can move in 2 dimensional directions (except up and down). Now lets asume he walks into a wall, most of the games depending on character angle and the BB normal face will only stop the player in one axis, but will continue moving in the other along the wall axis. How is that done? I've only managed to stop the character from going through the wall by seting the position to the last one in the past frame if the new position colllisions the bounding box. But this just makes the player stop sharply and unrealisticly.

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• XNA shield effect with a Primative sphere problem

  - by Sparky41

  I'm having issue with a shield effect i'm trying to develop. I want to do a shield effect that surrounds part of a model like this: http://i.imgur.com/jPvrf.png I currently got this: http://i.imgur.com/Jdin7.png (The red likes are a simple texture a black background with a red cross in it, for testing purposes: http://i.imgur.com/ODtzk.png where the smaller cross in the middle shows the contact point) This sphere is drawn via a primitive (DrawIndexedPrimitives) This is how i calculate the pieces of the sphere using a class i've called Sphere (this class is based off the code here: http://xbox.create.msdn.com/en-US/education/catalog/sample/primitives_3d) public class Sphere { // During the process of constructing a primitive model, vertex // and index data is stored on the CPU in these managed lists. List vertices = new List(); List indices = new List(); // Once all the geometry has been specified, the InitializePrimitive // method copies the vertex and index data into these buffers, which // store it on the GPU ready for efficient rendering. VertexBuffer vertexBuffer; IndexBuffer indexBuffer; BasicEffect basicEffect; public Vector3 position = Vector3.Zero; public Matrix RotationMatrix = Matrix.Identity; public Texture2D texture; /// <summary> /// Constructs a new sphere primitive, /// with the specified size and tessellation level. /// </summary> public Sphere(float diameter, int tessellation, Texture2D text, float up, float down, float portstar, float frontback) { texture = text; if (tessellation < 3) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("tessellation"); int verticalSegments = tessellation; int horizontalSegments = tessellation * 2; float radius = diameter / 2; // Start with a single vertex at the bottom of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Down * ((radius / up) + 1), Vector3.Down, Vector2.Zero);//bottom position5 // Create rings of vertices at progressively higher latitudes. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 1; i++) { float latitude = ((i + 1) * MathHelper.Pi / verticalSegments) - MathHelper.PiOver2; float dy = (float)Math.Sin(latitude / up);//(up)5 float dxz = (float)Math.Cos(latitude); // Create a single ring of vertices at this latitude. for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { float longitude = j * MathHelper.TwoPi / horizontalSegments; float dx = (float)(Math.Cos(longitude) * dxz) / portstar;//port and starboard (right)2 float dz = (float)(Math.Sin(longitude) * dxz) * frontback;//front and back1.4 Vector3 normal = new Vector3(dx, dy, dz); AddVertex(normal * radius, normal, new Vector2(j, i)); } } // Finish with a single vertex at the top of the sphere. AddVertex(Vector3.Up * ((radius / down) + 1), Vector3.Up, Vector2.One);//top position5 // Create a fan connecting the bottom vertex to the bottom latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(0); AddIndex(1 + (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(1 + i); } // Fill the sphere body with triangles joining each pair of latitude rings. for (int i = 0; i < verticalSegments - 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < horizontalSegments; j++) { int nextI = i + 1; int nextJ = (j + 1) % horizontalSegments; AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); AddIndex(1 + i * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + nextJ); AddIndex(1 + nextI * horizontalSegments + j); } } // Create a fan connecting the top vertex to the top latitude ring. for (int i = 0; i < horizontalSegments; i++) { AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 1); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - (i + 1) % horizontalSegments); AddIndex(CurrentVertex - 2 - i); } //InitializePrimitive(graphicsDevice); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new vertex to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddVertex(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 texturecoordinate) { vertices.Add(new VertexPositionNormal(position, normal, texturecoordinate)); } /// <summary> /// Adds a new index to the primitive model. This should only be called /// during the initialization process, before InitializePrimitive. /// </summary> protected void AddIndex(int index) { if (index > ushort.MaxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index"); indices.Add((ushort)index); } /// <summary> /// Queries the index of the current vertex. This starts at /// zero, and increments every time AddVertex is called. /// </summary> protected int CurrentVertex { get { return vertices.Count; } } public void InitializePrimitive(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) { // Create a vertex declaration, describing the format of our vertex data. // Create a vertex buffer, and copy our vertex data into it. vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(VertexPositionNormal), vertices.Count, BufferUsage.None); vertexBuffer.SetData(vertices.ToArray()); // Create an index buffer, and copy our index data into it. indexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(graphicsDevice, typeof(ushort), indices.Count, BufferUsage.None); indexBuffer.SetData(indices.ToArray()); // Create a BasicEffect, which will be used to render the primitive. basicEffect = new BasicEffect(graphicsDevice); //basicEffect.EnableDefaultLighting(); } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using the specified effect. Unlike the other /// Draw overload where you just specify the world/view/projection matrices /// and color, this method does not set any renderstates, so you must make /// sure all states are set to sensible values before you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Effect effect) { GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice = effect.GraphicsDevice; // Set our vertex declaration, vertex buffer, and index buffer. graphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); graphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Additive; foreach (EffectPass effectPass in effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { effectPass.Apply(); int primitiveCount = indices.Count / 3; graphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertices.Count, 0, primitiveCount); } graphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } /// <summary> /// Draws the primitive model, using a BasicEffect shader with default /// lighting. Unlike the other Draw overload where you specify a custom /// effect, this method sets important renderstates to sensible values /// for 3D model rendering, so you do not need to set these states before /// you call it. /// </summary> public void Draw(Camera camera, Color color) { // Set BasicEffect parameters. basicEffect.World = GetWorld(); basicEffect.View = camera.view; basicEffect.Projection = camera.projection; basicEffect.DiffuseColor = color.ToVector3(); basicEffect.TextureEnabled = true; basicEffect.Texture = texture; GraphicsDevice device = basicEffect.GraphicsDevice; device.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; if (color.A < 255) { // Set renderstates for alpha blended rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; } else { // Set renderstates for opaque rendering. device.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; } // Draw the model, using BasicEffect. Draw(basicEffect); } public virtual Matrix GetWorld() { return /*world */ Matrix.CreateScale(1f) * RotationMatrix * Matrix.CreateTranslation(position); } } public struct VertexPositionNormal : IVertexType { public Vector3 Position; public Vector3 Normal; public Vector2 TextureCoordinate; /// <summary> /// Constructor. /// </summary> public VertexPositionNormal(Vector3 position, Vector3 normal, Vector2 textCoor) { Position = position; Normal = normal; TextureCoordinate = textCoor; } /// <summary> /// A VertexDeclaration object, which contains information about the vertex /// elements contained within this struct. /// </summary> public static readonly VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration ( new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Position, 0), new VertexElement(12, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.Normal, 0), new VertexElement(24, VertexElementFormat.Vector2, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 0) ); VertexDeclaration IVertexType.VertexDeclaration { get { return VertexPositionNormal.VertexDeclaration; } } } A simple call to the class to initialise it. The Draw method is called in the master draw method in the Gamecomponent. My current thoughts on this are: The direction of the weapon hitting the ship is used to get the middle position for the texture Wrap a texture around the drawn sphere based on this point of contact Problem is i'm not sure how to do this. Can anyone help or if you have a better idea please tell me i'm open for opinion? :-) Thanks.

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