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• Installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2

  - by Chris

  Hello all I'm having some difficulty installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2 I have compiled a giant list of every single step I have taken so far I installed RHEL 6.2 on VMWARE it did it's easy install automatically I Selected 4gb of memory Selected max size of 80Gb Selected 2 processors Sorry for the bad styling copy paste isn't working correctly The version of oracle i downloaded is Linux x86-64 11.2.0.1 I am installing this on a local machine NOT a remote machine I followed the following documentation http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e24326/toc.htm I bolded the steps which I was least sure about from my research Easy installed with RHEL 6.2 for VMWARE Registered with red hat so I can get updates Reinstalled vmware-tools by pressing enter at every choice Sudo yum update at the end something about GPG key selected y then y Checked Memory Requirements grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 3921368 kb uname -m x86_64 grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo SwapTotal: 6160376 kb free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3921368 2032012 1889356 0 76216 1533268 -/+ buffers/cache: 422528 3498840 Swap: 6160376 0 6160376 df -h /dev/shm Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm df -h /tmp Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 291M 58M 219M 21% /boot All looked fine to me except maybe for swap? Software Requirements cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.4.5 20110214 (Red Hat 4.4.5-6) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Wed Nov 9 08:03:13 EST 2011 uname -r 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 (same as above but whatever) According to the tutorial should be On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 or later These are the versions of software I have installed binutils-2.20.51.0.2-5.28.el6.x86_64 compat-libcap1-1.10-1.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-69.el6.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33.i686 0:3.2.3-69.el6 gcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 gcc-c++.x86_64 0:4.4.6-3.el6 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.i686 glibc-devel-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.47.el6_2.12 ksh.x86_64 0:20100621-12.el6_2.1 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.i686 libstdc++-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libstdc++.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 make-3.81-19.el6.x86_64 sysstat-9.0.4-18.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 8. Probably screwed up here or step 9 /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall /usr/sbin/groupadd dba(not sure why this isn't in the tutorial) /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle passwd oracle /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem Xkernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 kernel.shmmni = 4096 vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 0 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max Xfs.file-max = 384629 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range Xnet.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 32768 61000 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default Xnet.core.rmem_default = 124928 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max Xnet.core.rmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max Xnet.core.wmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default Xnet.core.wmem_default = 124928 Here is my sysctl.conf file I only added the items that were bigger: Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux # For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and sysctl.conf(5) for more details. Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Controls source route verification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 Do not accept source routing net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq = 0 Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 Controls the use of TCP syncookies net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 Disable netfilter on bridges. net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0 Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes kernel.msgmnb = 65536 Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue kernel.msgmax = 65536 Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 /sbin/sysctl -p net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 kernel.sysrq = 0 kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables" is an unknown key kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.msgmax = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 su - oracle ulimit -Sn 1024 ulimit -Hn 1024 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Hu 30482 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Ss 10240 ulimit -Hs unlimited su - nano /etc/security/limits.conf *added to the end of the file * oracle soft nproc 2047 oracle hard nproc 16384 oracle soft nofile 1024 oracle hard nofile 65536 oracle soft stack 10240 exit exit su - mkdir -p /app/ chown -R oracle:oinstall /app/ chmod -R 775 /app/ 9. THIS IS PROBABLY WHERE I MESSED UP I then exited out of the root account so now I'm back in my account chris then I su - oracle echo $SHELL /bin/bash umask 0022 (so it should be set already to what is neccesary) Also from what I have read I do not need to set the DISPLAY variable because I'm installing this on the localhost I then opened the .bash_profile of the oracle and changed it to the following .bash_profile Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH ORACLE_BASE=/app/oracle ORACLE_SID=orcl export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID I then shutdown the virtual machine shared my desktop folder from my windows 7 then turned back on the virtual machine logged in as chris opened up a terminal then: su - for some reason the shared folder didn't appear so I reinstalled vmware tools again and restarted then same as before su - cp -R linux_oracle/database /db; chown -R oracle:oinstall /db; chmod -R 775 /db; ll /db drwxrwxr-x. 8 oracle oinstall 4096 Jun 5 06:20 database exit su - oracle cd /db/database ./runInstaller AND FINALLY THE INFAMOUS JAVA:132 ERROR MESSAGE Starting Oracle Universal Installer... Checking Temp space: must be greater than 80 MB. Actual 65646 MB Passed Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 6015 MB Passed Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors. Actual 16777216 Passed Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM. Please wait ...[oracle@localhost database]$ Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM/jdk/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so: libXext.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1647) at java.lang.Runtime.load0(Runtime.java:769) at java.lang.System.load(System.java:968) at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1668) at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:822) at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:993) at sun.security.action.LoadLibraryAction.run(LoadLibraryAction.java:50) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.awt.Toolkit.loadLibraries(Toolkit.java:1509) at java.awt.Toolkit.(Toolkit.java:1530) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.isLowResolution(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.plastic.PlasticLookAndFeel.(PlasticLookAndFeel.java:122) at java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:242) at javax.swing.SwingUtilities.loadSystemClass(SwingUtilities.java:1783) at javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.java:480) at oracle.install.commons.util.Application.startup(Application.java:758) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:164) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:181) at oracle.install.commons.base.driver.common.Installer.startup(Installer.java:265) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.startup(DBInstaller.java:114) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.main(DBInstaller.java:132)

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• Removing grub and getting a dual boot of Linux Mint and Win 8.1 working after failed attempt

  - by ThroatOfWinter57

  I gave the details of my problem at reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/27qrun/more_specific_questions_about_failed_win_81mint/ tl;dr: I deleted the /, /home, and swap partitions I made for mint after realizing my installation couldn't be booted into and gave the space back to my windows partition. Running boot-repair on my mint live session messed stuff up. Now I can't even boot to my live session usb because grub is left over. Windows 8.1 does work though.

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• How to limit ram usage of a certain binary?

  - by marc.riera

  Hello, i have a binary, which indexes some stuff, it eats all my ram and my swap. Then the server hangs. I would like to limit its ram usage. I've looking at cpulimit and /etc/security/limits.conf but both of them focus on cpu limits and user/processes . Have somebody limited the usage of a certain binary? How can I approach this issue? Thanks

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• Avoid linux out-of-memory application teardown

  - by Eddie Parker

  I'm finding that on occasion my Linux box runs out of memory and it starts tearing down random processes to deal with it. I'm curious what administrators do to avoid this? Is the only real solution to up the amount of memory (will upping the swap alone help?), or is there better ways to set up the box with software to avoid this? (i.e., quotas, or some such?). I'd appreciate some feedback. Cheers, -e-

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• Kernel upgrade CentOS 5.3 mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'

  - by matt

  We have a CentOS 5.3 x64 server that by default runs kernel version 2.6.18-164.11.1 and we are attempting to upgrade the box to 2.6.31.12 The drive is LVM +ext3, and the problem I'm having is when I upgrade the kernel and attempt to boot from it, no matter what version of the kernel I use, I get /dev/root not found towards the end of the boot process, and the kernel panics, and than reboots. I'm installing the kernel exactly as it says in this doc. I've tried it "The centOS way " using make rpm and than installing that. I've updated my mkinitrd. The most interesting part of this problem is that it has been so frustrating that I decided to try and clean install centos on an identical machine without LVM, and the result is EXACTLY the same. After upgrading the kernel, I get /dev/root not found. Does anyone know how to fix this, or what information would be relevant to remedy it? I'm open to try anything at this point. One more interesting thing about this problem is that in the new version of the kernel, during boot it complains that dm-mapper is started twice, than panics right after that. I've tried this with other kernel versions, and the result is the same. What am I missing here? If you need any more files, please just ask. Linux cg 2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 #1 SMP Wed Jan 20 07:32:21 EST 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 0 0 default=1 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title CentOS (2.6.31.12-rt20) //NOT WORKING!!!! root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-rt20 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 isolcpus=8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 panic=10 initrd /initrd-2.6.31.12-rt20.img title CentOS (2.6.18-164.11.1.el5) //WORKING!! root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 isolcpus=8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 panic=10 initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5.img

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• How to diagnose causes of oom-killer killing processes

  - by dunxd

  I have a small virtual private server running CentOS and www/mail/db, which has recently had a couple of incidents where the web server and ssh became unresponsive. Looking at the logs, I saw that oom-killer had killed these processes, possibly due to running out of memory and swap. Can anyone give me some pointers at how to diagnose what may have caused the most recent incident? Is it likely the first process killed? Where else should I be looking?

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• RHEL 6.x on Rackspace Cloud and Dedicated hardware experiencing Redis Timeouts

  - by zhallett

  I just recently set up a mixture of RHEL 6.1 Rackspace cloud hosts and RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts using Rackconnect. I am experiencing intermittent Redis timeouts from within our Rails 3.2.8 app with Redis 2.4.16 running on the RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts. There is no network latency or packet loss. Also there are no errors on any interfaces on our cloud or dedicated servers or on the managed firewall from Rackspace. When Redis timesout, there is nothing logged within redis even though it is set up to do debug logging. The only error we receive is from Airbrake saying there was a Redis timeout. Network topology: RHEL 6.1 cloud hosts <--> Alert logic IDS <--> Cisco ASA 5510 <--> RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts (web nodes) (two way NAT) (db hosts running redis) Ping from db host to web host: 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=998 ttl=64 time=0.520 ms 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=999 ttl=64 time=0.579 ms 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=1000 ttl=64 time=0.482 ms --- web1.xxxxxx.com ping statistics --- 1000 packets transmitted, 1000 received, 0% packet loss, time 999007ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.359/0.535/5.684/0.200 ms Ping from web host to db host: 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=998 ttl=64 time=0.544 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=999 ttl=64 time=0.452 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=1000 ttl=64 time=0.529 ms --- data1.xxxxxx.com ping statistics --- 1000 packets transmitted, 1000 received, 0% packet loss, time 999017ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.358/0.499/6.120/0.201 ms Redis config: daemonize yes pidfile /var/run/redis/6379/redis_6379.pid port 6379 timeout 0 loglevel debug logfile /var/lib/redis/log syslog-enabled yes syslog-ident redis-6379 syslog-facility local0 databases 16 save 900 1 save 300 10 save 60 10000 rdbcompression yes dbfilename dump-6379.rdb dir /var/lib/redis maxclients 10000 maxmemory-policy volatile-lru maxmemory-samples 3 appendfilename appendonly-6379.aof appendfsync everysec no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb slowlog-log-slower-than 10000 slowlog-max-len 1024 vm-enabled no vm-swap-file /tmp/redis.swap vm-max-memory 0 vm-page-size 32 vm-pages 134217728 vm-max-threads 4 hash-max-zipmap-entries 512 hash-max-zipmap-value 64 list-max-ziplist-entries 512 list-max-ziplist-value 64 set-max-intset-entries 512 zset-max-ziplist-entries 128 zset-max-ziplist-value 64 activerehashing yes Redis-cli info: redis-cli info redis_version:2.4.16 redis_git_sha1:00000000 redis_git_dirty:0 arch_bits:64 multiplexing_api:epoll gcc_version:4.4.6 process_id:4174 uptime_in_seconds:79346 uptime_in_days:0 lru_clock:1064644 used_cpu_sys:13.08 used_cpu_user:19.81 used_cpu_sys_children:1.56 used_cpu_user_children:7.69 connected_clients:167 connected_slaves:0 client_longest_output_list:0 client_biggest_input_buf:0 blocked_clients:6 used_memory:15060312 used_memory_human:14.36M used_memory_rss:22061056 used_memory_peak:15265928 used_memory_peak_human:14.56M mem_fragmentation_ratio:1.46 mem_allocator:jemalloc-3.0.0 loading:0 aof_enabled:0 changes_since_last_save:166 bgsave_in_progress:0 last_save_time:1352823542 bgrewriteaof_in_progress:0 total_connections_received:286 total_commands_processed:507254 expired_keys:0 evicted_keys:0 keyspace_hits:1509 keyspace_misses:65167 pubsub_channels:0 pubsub_patterns:0 latest_fork_usec:690 vm_enabled:0 role:master db0:keys=6,expires=0 edit 1: add redis-cli info output

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• Apache heavy load VIRT vs RES memory

  - by pako

  I have a Debian 5 server, which gets a lot of traffic. Right now the server has 4 GB of RAM and no swap memory. I see in top that Apache processes consume roughly 180 MB virtual memory (VIRT) each, and 16 MB of real RAM (RES). So how many Apache threads can I have running at the same time? About 4 GB / 180 MB = 22 or 4 GB / 16 MB = 256?

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• centos 6 ps aux hangs up

  - by Guntis

  I have problem with my server. Server is running centos 6 (CloudLinux Server release 6.2). uname -a = 2.6.32-320.4.1.lve1.1.4.el6.x86_64 That is a kvm guest. On host is debian 6. If i run command ps aux, it stuck on random process (shows some processes only), top command is working fine. htop doesn't work too (black screen). top - 12:11:51 up 34 min, 1 user, load average: 4.26, 6.71, 16.15 Tasks: 201 total, 7 running, 192 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie Cpu(s): 7.9%us, 2.8%sy, 0.0%ni, 87.5%id, 1.6%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.2%si, 0.0%st Mem: 9862044k total, 2359484k used, 7502560k free, 171720k buffers Swap: 10485720k total, 0k used, 10485720k free, 1336872k cached server has one Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5606 @ 2.13GHz, free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 9630 2336 7293 0 170 1324 -/+ buffers/cache: 841 8789 Swap: 10239 0 10239 php -v PHP 5.3.19 (cli) (built: Nov 28 2012 10:03:07) Copyright (c) 1997-2012 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2012 Zend Technologies with the ionCube PHP Loader v4.2.2, Copyright (c) 2002-2012, by ionCube Ltd., and with Zend Guard Loader v3.3, Copyright (c) 1998-2010, by Zend Technologies with Suhosin v0.9.33, Copyright (c) 2007-2012, by SektionEins GmbH mysql Server version: 5.1.63-cll php -i disable_functions => apache_child_terminate, apache_setenv, define_syslog_variables, escapeshellarg, escapeshellcmd, eval, exec, fp, fput, ftp_connect, ftp_e xec, ftp_get, ftp_login, ftp_nb_fput, ftp_put, ftp_raw, ftp_rawlist, highlight_file, ini_alter, ini_get_all, ini_restore, inject_code, openlog, passthru, php _uname, phpAds_remoteInfo, phpAds_XmlRpc, phpAds_xmlrpcDecode, phpAds_xmlrpcEncode, popen, posix_getpwuid, posix_kill, posix_mkfifo, posix_setpgid, posix_set sid, posix_setuid, posix_setuid, posix_uname, proc_close, proc_get_status, proc_nice, proc_open, proc_terminate, shell_exec, syslog, system, xmlrpc_entity_de code, xmlrpc_server_create, putenv, show_source,mail => apache_child_terminate, apache_setenv, define_syslog_variables, escapeshellarg, escapeshellcmd, eval, exec, fp, fput, ftp_connect, ftp_exec, ftp_get, ftp_login, ftp_nb_fput, ftp_put, ftp_raw, ftp_rawlist, highlight_file, ini_alter, ini_get_all, ini_restore, inject_code, openlog, passthru, php_uname, phpAds_remoteInfo, phpAds_XmlRpc, phpAds_xmlrpcDecode, phpAds_xmlrpcEncode, popen, posix_getpwuid, posix_kill, pos ix_mkfifo, posix_setpgid, posix_setsid, posix_setuid, posix_setuid, posix_uname, proc_close, proc_get_status, proc_nice, proc_open, proc_terminate, shell_exe c, syslog, system, xmlrpc_entity_decode, xmlrpc_server_create, putenv, show_source,mail ... suhosin.executor.disable_eval => Off => Off suhosin.executor.eval.blacklist => include,include_once,require,require_once,curl_init,fpassthru,base64_encode,base64_decode,mail,exec,system,proc_open,leak, syslog,pfsockopen,shell_exec,ini_restore,symlink,stream_socket_server,proc_nice,popen,proc_get_status,dl, pcntl_exec, pcntl_fork, pcntl_signal,pcntl_waitpid, pcntl_wexitstatus, pcntl_wifexited, pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifstopped, pcntl_wstopsig, pcntl_wtermsig, socket_accept,socket_bind, socket_connect, socket_cr eate, socket_create_listen,socket_create_pair,link,register_shutdown_function,register_tick_function,gzinflate => include,include_once,require,require_once,c url_init,fpassthru,base64_encode,base64_decode,mail,exec,system,proc_open,leak,syslog,pfsockopen,shell_exec,ini_restore,symlink,stream_socket_server,proc_nic e,popen,proc_get_status,dl, pcntl_exec, pcntl_fork, pcntl_signal,pcntl_waitpid, pcntl_wexitstatus, pcntl_wifexited, pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifstopped, pcntl _wstopsig, pcntl_wtermsig, socket_accept,socket_bind, socket_connect, socket_create, socket_create_listen,socket_create_pair,link,register_shutdown_function, register_tick_function,gzinflate Sometimes i cannot kill httpd process. I run kill -9 PID even several times, and nothing happens. php runs via suphp. I learned somewhere that it can be trojan. I ran strace ps aux and it stops on open("/proc/PID/cmdline", O_RDONLY) If i reboot server, problem is gone but after some time it is back again .. :( Thanks.

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• Convert KVM virtual machine to LXC container

  - by linkdd

  I have 2 virtual machines (with Debian, using KVM) with virtual hard drives: /srv/kvm/ssh.img /srv/kvm/www.img Both have 3 partitions (/, /home, swap). I want to convert them in a RootFS usable with LXC (in order to use LXC instead of KVM). The only solution I have for the moment is: create a new RootFS copy /home partition into it reproduce the same configuration into it But is there an automated way to do it

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• 4.5 Load average on single CPU

  - by Webnet

  I'm currently looking at... top - 16:27:37 up 27 min, 1 user, load average: 4.96, 3.75, 2.87 Tasks: 141 total, 6 running, 135 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 91.4%us, 6.9%sy, 0.0%ni, 0.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 1.3%si, 0.0%st Mem: 514952k total, 507500k used, 7452k free, 5652k buffers Swap: 1044184k total, 281400k used, 762784k free, 89164k cached This is a single 2.0 Ghz CPU with 2 GB RAM Is it time for an upgrade? I'm watching and it seems to stick around 50% CPU "us" which I assume means usage.

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• free memory in Linux

  - by user32425

  Hi, I did free -tm on my system, and I got the output below. Is the free buffers/cache part of the used memory? And therefore we can consider it as free memory? total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 5721 5689 32 0 137 4664 -/+ buffers/cache: 887 4834 Swap: 6000 13 5987 Total: 11722 5703 6019 Thanks

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• Swapping two pages

  - by ldigas

  What is the easiest way to swap two pages in Adobe Acrobat ? (for example, page 15 is on page 16 and vice versa ... how to put them proper ?)

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• High I/O latency with software RAID, LUKS encrypted and LVM partitioned KVM setup

  - by aef

  I found out a performance problems with a Mumble server, which I described in a previous question are caused by an I/O latency problem of unknown origin. As I have no idea what is causing this and how to further debug it, I'm asking for your ideas on the topic. I'm running a Hetzner EX4S root server as KVM hypervisor. The server is running Debian Wheezy Beta 4 and KVM virtualisation is utilized through LibVirt. The server has two different 3TB hard drives as one of the hard drives was replaced after S.M.A.R.T. errors were reported. The first hard disk is a Seagate Barracuda XT ST33000651AS (512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical sector size), the other one a Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF) ST3000DM001-9YN166 (512 bytes logical and physical sector size). There are two Linux software RAID1 devices. One for the unencrypted boot partition and one as container for the encrypted rest, using both hard drives. Inside the latter RAID device lies an AES encrypted LUKS container. Inside the LUKS container there is a LVM physical volume. The hypervisor's VFS is split on three logical volumes on the described LVM physical volume: one for /, one for /home and one for swap. Here is a diagram of the block device configuration stack: sda (Physical HDD) - md0 (RAID1) - md1 (RAID1) sdb (Physical HDD) - md0 (RAID1) - md1 (RAID1) md0 (Boot RAID) - ext4 (/boot) md1 (Data RAID) - LUKS container - LVM Physical volume - LVM volume hypervisor-root - LVM volume hypervisor-home - LVM volume hypervisor-swap - … (Virtual machine volumes) The guest systems (virtual machines) are mostly running Debian Wheezy Beta 4 too. We have one additional Ubuntu Precise instance. They get their block devices from the LVM physical volume, too. The volumes are accessed through Virtio drivers in native writethrough mode. The IO scheduler (elevator) on both the hypervisor and the guest system is set to deadline instead of the default cfs as that happened to be the most performant setup according to our bonnie++ test series. The I/O latency problem is experienced not only inside the guest systems but is also affecting services running on the hypervisor system itself. The setup seems complex, but I'm sure that not the basic structure causes the latency problems, as my previous server ran four years with almost the same basic setup, without any of the performance problems. On the old setup the following things were different: Debian Lenny was the OS for both hypervisor and almost all guests Xen software virtualisation (therefore no Virtio, also) no LibVirt management Different hard drives, each 1.5TB in size (one of them was a Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 ST31500341AS, the other one I can't tell anymore) We had no IPv6 connectivity Neither in the hypervisor nor in guests we had noticable I/O latency problems According the the datasheets, the current hard drives and the one of the old machine have an average latency of 4.12ms.

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• Ubuntu Server 12.04 CPU Load

  - by zertux

  I have a Server (2x Hexa-Core Xeon E5649 2.53GHz w/HT with 32GB RAM and 20000 GB Bandwidth) running Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS. The server runs LAMP and serves one website only, the estimated number of users is to be ~ 15,000 at the same time. At the moment i have around 2000 users online each of them runs 50 MySQL queries (small values mostly select and insert) from the beginning until the end of the session. Server CPU Load is high at this number of connections while the RAM usage is almost 1GB out of 32GB its worth mentioning that the server was running very fast with no problems at all but am concerned about the load average. http://s12.postimage.org/z7hi6mz3h/photo.png top - 03:02:43 up 9 min, 2 users, load average: 50.83, 30.14, 12.83 Tasks: 432 total, 1 running, 430 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie Cpu(s): 0.1%us, 0.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 66.5%id, 33.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 32939992k total, 3111604k used, 29828388k free, 84108k buffers Swap: 2048280k total, 0k used, 2048280k free, 1621640k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 2860 root 20 0 25820 2288 1420 S 3 0.0 0:11.18 htop 1182 root 20 0 0 0 0 D 2 0.0 0:01.46 kjournald 1935 mysql 20 0 12.3g 161m 7924 S 1 0.5 102:31.45 mysqld 11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.38 kworker/0:1 1822 www-data 20 0 247m 25m 4188 D 0 0.1 0:01.81 apache2 2920 www-data 20 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0.0 0:01.20 apache2 <defunct> 2942 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3056 D 0 0.1 0:00.20 apache2 3516 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3028 D 0 0.1 0:00.06 apache2 3521 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3020 D 0 0.1 0:00.09 apache2 3664 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3132 D 0 0.1 0:00.09 apache2 3674 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3252 D 0 0.1 0:00.06 apache2 3713 www-data 20 0 247m 23m 3040 D 0 0.1 0:00.09 apache2 1 root 20 0 24328 2284 1344 S 0 0.0 0:03.09 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.01 ksoftirqd/0 6 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 7 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 8 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0 root@server:~/codes# vmstat 1 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 19 0 0 29684012 86112 1689844 0 0 19 590 254 231 48 0 47 5 23 0 0 29704812 86128 1697672 0 0 4 320 11100 8121 77 1 22 0 33 0 0 29671044 86156 1705308 0 0 0 5440 13190 9140 95 1 4 0 33 3 0 29670088 86160 1706288 0 0 0 32932 12275 7297 99 0 1 0 35 0 0 29693456 86188 1710724 0 0 4 676 12701 7867 98 1 1 0 ^C I have not changed any of the default configurations that comes with Ubuntu. Is this load normal for such powerful server ? is there any optimization i can make to Apache/MySQL to minimize the load ? What do you recommend ?

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• How to run multiple Linux installations on a single VirtualBox?

  - by NoCatharsis

  I just started playing with VirtualBox to check out different versions of Linux. I was wondering if it would be possible (and recommended) to set up a single virtual machine with multiple partitions - one for each separate version of Linux, one for swap memory, and one fully shared /home partition? Still new to Linux, but I've read this is a good way to partition so you can share common applications between Linux installations, however I think everything I've read is pertaining to literal partitions and not virtual machines.

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• "Error occurred during initialization of VM" in linux server

  - by Khoyendra Pande

  I am trying to run java command in linux server it was running well but today when I tried to run java I got some error- Error occurred during initialization of VM Could not reserve enough space for object heap Could not create the Java virtual machine. my memory space is - root@vps [~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 8192 226 7965 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 226 7965 Swap: 0 0 0 How can I solve this problem.

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• squid cache disk configuration

  - by Gogonez

  just wondering how far drive configuration will affect squid cache performance. what kind of drive configuration that fast enough for squid ? is it true that block-level parity strip raid faster than byte-level one ? is mirrored drive config will decrease squid cache write process ? how much swap space that squid realy need to store cache (reverse mode) for 200mb web doc ? what kind of benchmark should i do to analyze squid disk performance ?

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• Pxe net install Centos with Static IP

  - by Stu2000

  I seem to be unable to perform a kickstart installation of centos5.8 with a netinstall. It correctly gets into the text installer, but keeps sending out a request for the dhcp server and failing. I have tried to manually set the IP everywhere. Here is my pxelinux.cfg file DEFAULT menu PROMPT 0 MENU TITLE Ubuntu MAAS TIMEOUT 200 TOTALTIMEOUT 6000 ONTIMEOUT local LABEL centos5.8-net kernel /images/centos5.8-net/vmlinuz MENU LABEL centos5.8-net append initrd=/images/centos5.8-net/initrd.img ip=192.168.1.163 netmask=255.255.255.0 hostname=client101 gateway=192.168.1.1 ksdevice=eth0 dns=8.8.8.8 ks=http://192.168.1.125/cblr/svc/op/ks/profile/centos5.8-net MENU end and here is my kickstart file: # Kickstart file for a very basic Centos 5.8 system # Assigns the server ip: 192.211.48.163 # DNS 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4 # London TZ install url --url http://mirror.centos.org/centos-5/5.8/os/i386 lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard us network --device=eth0 --bootproto=static --ip=192.168.1.163 --netmask=255.255.255.0 --gateway=192.168.1.1 --nameserver=8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4 --hostname=client1-server --onboot=on rootpw --iscrypted $1$Snrd2bB6$CuD/07AX2r/lHgVTPZyAz/ firewall --enabled --port=22:tcp authconfig --enableshadow --enablemd5 selinux --enforcing timezone --utc Europe/London bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=xvda --append="console=xvc0" # The following is the partition information you requested # Note that any partitions you deleted are not expressed # here so unless you clear all partitions first, this is # not guaranteed to work part /boot --fstype ext3 --size=100 --ondisk=xvda part pv.2 --size=0 --grow --ondisk=xvda volgroup VolGroup00 --pesize=32768 pv.2 logvol swap --fstype swap --name=LogVol01 --vgname=VolGroup00 --size=528 --grow --maxsize=1056 logvol / --fstype ext3 --name=LogVol00 --vgname=VolGroup00 --size=1024 --grow %packages @base @core @dialup @editors @text-internet keyutils iscsi-initiator-utils trousers bridge-utils fipscheck device-mapper-multipath sgpio emacs Here is my dhcp file: ddns-update-style interim; allow booting; allow bootp; ignore client-updates; set vendorclass = option vendor-class-identifier; subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { host tower { hardware ethernet 50:E5:49:18:D5:C6; fixed-address 192.168.1.163; option routers 192.168.1.1; option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; filename "/pxelinux.0"; default-lease-time 21600; max-lease-time 43200; next-server 192.168.1.125; } } Is it impossible to prevent it asking for a dynamic ip before trying to install from the net? Perhaps there is an error in of my files? My dhcp server is set to ignore client-updates, and is set to only works with one mac address whilst testing.

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• How to change a physical partition system to LVM?

  - by Daniel Hernández

  I have a server with Debian that have 3 physical partitions covering all the disk: boot, root y swap. Now I want to replace that partitions with LVM partitions. I know how install Debian with LVM at beginning, but in this case I can't install the system at beginning because the provider gets me a server with remote access and the system installed in this way. How can I change that partitions using only an ssh connection and possibly other remote server where to put some temporal data?

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• my server suddenly crashes every 2 days or so. Programmer has no idea, please help find the cause, here is the top

  - by Alex

  Every couple of days my server suddenly crashes and I must request hardware reset at data center to get it back running. Today I came back to my shell and saw the server was dead and "top" was running on it, and see below for the "top" right before the crash. I opened /var/log/messages and scrolled to the reboot time and see nothing, no errors prior to the hard reboot. (I checked in /etc/syslog.conf and I see "*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages" , isn't this good enough to log all problems?) Usually when I look at the top, the swap is never used up like this! I also don't know why mysqld is at 323% cpu (server only runs drupal and its never slow or overloaded). Solver is my application. I don't know whats that 'sh' doing and 'dovecot' doing. Its driving me crazy over the last month, please help me solve this mystery and stop my downtimes. top - 01:10:06 up 6 days, 5 min, 3 users, load average: 34.87, 18.68, 9.03 Tasks: 500 total, 19 running, 481 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 96.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 1.7%id, 1.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8165600k total, 8139764k used, 25836k free, 428k buffers Swap: 2104496k total, 2104496k used, 0k free, 8236k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 4421 mysql 15 0 571m 105m 976 S 323.5 1.3 9:08.00 mysqld 564 root 20 -5 0 0 0 R 99.5 0.0 2:49.16 kswapd1 25767 apache 19 0 399m 8060 888 D 79.3 0.1 0:06.64 httpd 25781 apache 19 0 398m 5648 492 R 79.0 0.1 0:08.21 httpd 25961 apache 25 0 398m 5700 560 R 76.7 0.1 0:17.81 httpd 25980 apache 25 0 10816 668 520 R 75.0 0.0 0:46.95 sh 563 root 20 -5 0 0 0 D 71.4 0.0 3:12.37 kswapd0 25766 apache 25 0 399m 7256 756 R 69.7 0.1 0:39.83 httpd 25911 apache 25 0 398m 5612 480 R 58.8 0.1 0:17.63 httpd 25782 apache 25 0 440m 38m 648 R 55.2 0.5 0:18.94 httpd 25966 apache 25 0 398m 5640 556 R 55.2 0.1 0:48.84 httpd 4588 root 25 0 74860 596 476 R 53.9 0.0 0:37.90 crond 25939 apache 25 0 2776 172 84 R 48.9 0.0 0:59.46 solver 4575 root 25 0 397m 6004 1144 R 48.6 0.1 1:00.43 httpd 25962 apache 25 0 398m 5628 492 R 47.9 0.1 0:14.58 httpd 25824 apache 25 0 440m 39m 680 D 47.3 0.5 0:57.85 httpd 25968 apache 25 0 398m 5612 528 R 46.6 0.1 0:42.73 httpd 4477 root 25 0 6084 396 280 R 46.3 0.0 0:59.53 dovecot 25982 root 25 0 397m 5108 240 R 45.9 0.1 0:18.01 httpd 25943 apache 25 0 2916 172 8 R 44.0 0.0 0:53.54 solver 30687 apache 25 0 468m 63m 1124 D 42.3 0.8 0:45.02 httpd 25978 apache 25 0 398m 5688 600 R 23.8 0.1 0:40.99 httpd 25983 root 25 0 397m 5272 384 D 14.9 0.1 0:18.99 httpd 935 root 10 -5 0 0 0 D 14.2 0.0 1:54.60 kjournald 25986 root 25 0 397m 5308 420 D 8.9 0.1 0:04.75 httpd 4011 haldaemo 25 0 31568 1476 716 S 5.6 0.0 0:24.36 hald 25956 apache 23 0 398m 5872 644 S 5.6 0.1 0:13.85 httpd 18336 root 18 0 13004 1332 724 R 0.3 0.0 1:46.66 top 1 root 18 0 10372 212 180 S 0.0 0.0 0:05.99 init 2 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.95 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 ksoftirqd/0 4 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 5 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.15 migration/1 6 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00 .06 ksoftirqd/1 here is a normal top, when server is working fine: top - 01:50:41 up 21 min, 1 user, load average: 2.98, 2.70, 1.68 Tasks: 271 total, 2 running, 269 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 15.0%us, 1.1%sy, 0.0%ni, 81.4%id, 2.4%wa, 0.1%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8165600k total, 2035856k used, 6129744k free, 60840k buffers Swap: 2104496k total, 0k used, 2104496k free, 283744k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 2204 apache 17 0 466m 83m 19m S 25.9 1.0 0:22.16 httpd 11347 apache 15 0 466m 83m 19m S 25.9 1.0 0:26.10 httpd 18204 apache 18 0 481m 97m 19m D 25.2 1.2 0:13.99 httpd 4644 apache 18 0 481m 100m 19m D 24.6 1.3 1:17.12 httpd 4727 apache 17 0 481m 99m 19m S 24.3 1.2 1:10.77 httpd 4777 apache 17 0 482m 102m 21m S 23.6 1.3 1:38.27 httpd 8924 apache 15 0 483m 99m 19m S 22.3 1.3 1:13.41 httpd 9390 apache 18 0 483m 99m 19m S 18.9 1.2 1:05.35 httpd 4728 apache 16 0 481m 101m 19m S 14.3 1.3 1:12.50 httpd 4648 apache 15 0 481m 107m 27m S 12.6 1.4 1:18.62 httpd 24955 apache 15 0 467m 82m 19m S 3.3 1.0 0:21.80 httpd 4722 apache 15 0 503m 118m 19m R 1.7 1.5 1:17.79 httpd 4647 apache 15 0 484m 105m 20m S 1.3 1.3 1:40.73 httpd 4643 apache 16 0 481m 100m 20m S 0.7 1.3 1:11.80 httpd 1561 root 15 0 12900 1264 828 R 0.3 0.0 0:00.54 top 4434 mysql 15 0 496m 55m 4812 S 0.3 0.7 0:06.69 mysqld 4646 apache 15 0 481m 100m 19m S 0.3 1.3 1:25.51 httpd 1 root 18 0 10372 692 580 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.09 init 2 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0 4 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 5 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1 6 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/1 7 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/1 8 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/2 9 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/2 10 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/2 11 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/3 12 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/3 13 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/3 14 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 migration/4 15 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/4 16 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/4 17 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 migration/5 18 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/5 19 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/5 20 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 migration/6 21 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/6 22 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/6 23 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/7

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• Cannot install grub to RAID1 (md0)

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat This is the my mdadm output after sync: /dev/md0: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Feb 17 16:18:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Used Dev Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 1 15:19:31 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 92e6ff4e:ed3ab4bf:fee5eb6c:d9b9cb11 Events : 0.11049560 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. This is my fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057d19 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sda5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table This is my grub install output: root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sda /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels or both partition label and filesystem. This is not supported yet.. /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: embedding is not possible, but this is required for cross-disk install. root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sdb Installation finished. No error reported. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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• Grub problem with dual boot Ubuntu & XP (Ubuntu installed first)

  - by c00lryguy

  I had Ubuntu installed and I installed XP. I tried to be able to dual boot them by running an Ubuntu live cd and running ~ $ sudo grub grub> root (hd0,0) grub> setup (hd0) But now when I restart I get a black screen that says 'Boot device Selected Boot Device and press any key No matter what key I press it shows this error This is what my system looks like: /dev/sda1 - Ubuntu - ext3 - 73 GiB /dev/sda2 - Ubuntu - extended - 3.16 GiB /dev/sda5 - Ubuntu - linux-swap - 3.16 GiB /dev/sdb1 - Windows XP - ntfs - 76 GiB /dev/sdc1 - Stuff - ext3 - Code/Documents /dev/sdd2 - Stuff - ext3 - Movies/Music

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• Software Raid 10 on VirtualBox?

  - by user791022

  I want to learn how to use Software Raid 10, is it possible to use VirtualBox by adding four storage images? This is my plan: 4x 100mb partitions (1 on each drive) configured as a raid 1 for /boot in ext3. Then with the remaining space on each drive, setup a software raid partition and configure it to to LVM and raid 10. In the LVM, set up a 4gb swap partition and the remaining space as the root partition ( / ) as ext3.

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• Any way to recover ext4 filesystems from a deleted LVM logical volume?

  - by Vegar Nilsen

  The other day I had a proper brain fart moment while expanding a disk on a Linux guest under Vmware. I stretched the Vmware disk file to the desired size and then I did what I usually do on Linux guests without LVM: I deleted the LVM partition and recreated it, starting in the same spot as the old one, but extended to the new size of the disk. (Which will be followed by fsck and resize2fs.) And then I realized that LVM doesn't behave the same way as ext2/3/4 on raw partitions... After restoring the Linux guest from the most recent backup (taken only five hours earlier, luckily) I'm now curious on how I could have recovered from the following scenario. It's after all virtually guaranteed that I'll be a dumb ass in the future as well. Virtual Linux guest with one disk, partitioned into one /boot (primary) partition (/dev/sda1) of 256MB, and the rest in a logical, extended partition (/dev/sda5). /dev/sda5 is then setup as a physical volume with pvcreate, and one volume group (vgroup00) created on top of it with the usual vgcreate command. vgroup00 is then split into two logical volumes root and swap, which are used for / and swap, logically. / is an ext4 file system. Since I had backups of the broken guest I was able to recreate the volume group with vgcfgrestore from the backup LVM setup found under /etc/lvm/backup, with the same UUID for the physical volume and all that. After running this I had two logical volumes with the same size as earlier, with 4GB free space where I had stretched the disk. However, when I tried to run "fsck /dev/mapper/vgroup00-root" it complained about a broken superblock. I tried to locate backup superblocks by running "mke2fs -n /dev/mapper/vgroup00-root" but none of those worked either. Then I tried to run TestDisk but when I asked it to find superblocks it only gave an error about not being able to open the file system due to a broken file system. So, with the default allocation policy for LVM2 in Ubuntu Server 10.04 64-bit, is it possible that the logical volumes are allocated from the end of the volume group? That would definitely explain why the restored logical volumes didn't contain the expected data. Could I have recovered by recreating /dev/sda5 with exactly the same size and disk position as earlier? Are there any other tools I could have used to find and recover the file system? (And clearly, the question is not whether or not I should have done this in a different way from the start, I know that. This is a question about what to do when shit has already hit the fan.)

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