dour high arch - Page 311

Postfix not sending/allowing receiving of messages after server (hardware) changed

- by 537mfb

We had na old notebook runing Ubuntu 12.04 working as a web/ftp/mail server and it worked but since the notebook was a notebook and pretty old and unreliable, a desktop was bought to replace it before it stopped working all together. Due to issues with the new desktop's vídeo card, we couldn't use Ubuntu 12.04 so we installed Ubuntu 13.10 and wen't about configuring it. Since we removed the notebook from the network, we kept the same Computer Name and local IP address to make things as close to the old server as possible configuration-wise. However, something has gone wrong since Postfix is throwing error 451 4.3.0 lookup faillure on every attempt to send a mail, and no email can be received either. Our main.cf file is a copy of the one we were using (and working) on the old server (notice we use EHCP) # See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version # Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first # line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default # is /etc/mailname. #myorigin = /etc/mailname smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name powered by Easy Hosting Control Panel (ehcp) on Ubuntu, www.ehcp.net biff = no # appending .domain is the MUA's job. append_dot_mydomain = no # Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings #delay_warning_time = 4h readme_directory = no myhostname = m21-traducoes.com.pt relayhost = mydestination = localhost, 89.152.248.139 mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/16, 10.0.0.0/8, 89.152.248.0/24 virtual_alias_domains = virtual_alias_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_forwardings.cf, proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_email2email.cf transport_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_transports.cf virtual_mailbox_domains = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_domains.cf virtual_mailbox_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_mailboxes.cf virtual_mailbox_base = /home/vmail virtual_uid_maps = static:5000 virtual_gid_maps = static:5000 smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,check_client_access hash:/var/lib/pop-before-smtp/hosts,reject_unauth_destination smtp_use_tls = yes smtpd_use_tls = yes smtpd_tls_auth_only = no smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/postfix/cacert.pem smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/smtpd.cert smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/smtpd.key smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1 smtpd_tls_received_header = yes smtpd_tls_session_cache_timeout = 3600s tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom virtual_create_maildirsize = yes virtual_mailbox_extended = yes virtual_mailbox_limit_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual_mailbox_limit_maps.cf virtual_mailbox_limit_override = yes virtual_maildir_limit_message = "The user you are trying to reach is over quota." virtual_overquota_bounce = yes debug_peer_list = sender_canonical_maps = debug_peer_level = 1 proxy_read_maps = $local_recipient_maps $mydestination $virtual_alias_maps $virtual_alias_domains $virtual_mailbox_maps $virtual_mailbox_domains $relay_recipient_maps $canonical_maps $sender_canonical_maps $recipient_canonical_maps $relocated_maps $mynetworks $virtual_mailbox_limit_maps $transport_maps alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated,check_client_access hash:/var/lib/pop-before-smtp/hosts,reject_unauth_destination smtpd_destination_concurrency_limit = 2 smtpd_destination_rate_delay = 1s smtpd_extra_recipient_limit = 10 disable_vrfy_command = yes smtpd_delay_reject = yes smtpd_helo_required = yes smtpd_error_sleep_time = 1s smtpd_soft_error_limit = 10 smtpd_hard_error_limit = 20 This configuration was working before but now everytime i try to send a mail in squirrelmail it reports: Message not sent. Server replied: Requested action aborted: error in processing 451 4.3.0 <[email protected]>: Temporary lookup failure And i can't send mail to it from outsider either. Any ideas? EDIT: Here are some issues MXToolBox reports to my domain, answering hopefully to @Teun Vink: BlackList Mail Server Web Server DNS Error 4 0 2 0 Warnings 0 0 0 3 Passed 0 6 3 12 So the domain is on some blacklist, but that doesn't explain the error at all No mail server issues found (except it's not working) Those two web server errors it's because i don't have HTTPS workin (No SSL Certificate) so the test fails Those 3 DNS warnings we're already there when it was working with the other machine and are related to stuff i can't control: SOA Refresh Value is outside of the recommended range SOA Expire Value out of recommended range SOA NXDOMAIN Value too high I've searched and as far as i can tell only the guys who sold the retail can change those values and they won't. Edit2: I half solved the issue.on the new machine postfix was installed but postfix-mysql waasn't so he couldn't connect to the database (rookie mistake). After fixing that, i can now send mails to the outsider without any issues, however i am still not able to receive mails from utside. The sender doesn't get any message warning about the non-delivery but the message doesn't fall in the inbox and the log shows: Nov 13 15:11:57 m21-traducoes postfix/smtpd[5872]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from re lay4.ptmail.sapo.pt[212.55.154.24]: 451 4.3.5 <relay4.ptmail.sapo.pt[212.55.154. 24]>: Client host rejected: Server configuration error; from=<[email protected]> to=<[email protected]> proto=SMTP helo=<sapo.pt> Nov 13 15:11:57 m21-traducoes postfix/smtpd[5872]: disconnect from relay4.ptmail .sapo.pt[212.55.154.24]

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FFMPEG dropping frames while encoding JPEG sequence at color change

- by Matt

I'm trying to put together a slide show using imagemagick and FFMPEG. I use imagemagick to expand a single photo into 30fps video (imagemagick also handles things like putting some text captions on the frames along the way). When I go to let ffmpeg digest it into a video it clips along nicely on the color parts of the video, but when it gets to a black and white section it reports "frame= 2030 fps=102 q=32766.0 Lsize= 5203kB time=00:01:07.60 bitrate= 630.5kbits/s dup=0 drop=703" and drops every frame of video until it hits something with color. As you can imagine this results in entire photos being removed from the slideshow. Here is my latest dump... ffmpeg -y -r 30 -i "teststream/%06d.jpg" -c:v libx264 -r 30 newffmpeg.mp4 ffmpeg version git-2012-12-10-c3bb333 Copyright (c) 2000-2012 the FFmpeg developers built on Dec 10 2012 22:02:04 with gcc 4.6.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3) configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-libfaac --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-librtmp --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libx264 --enable-nonfree --enable-version3 libavutil 52. 12.100 / 52. 12.100 libavcodec 54. 79.101 / 54. 79.101 libavformat 54. 49.100 / 54. 49.100 libavdevice 54. 3.102 / 54. 3.102 libavfilter 3. 26.101 / 3. 26.101 libswscale 2. 1.103 / 2. 1.103 libswresample 0. 17.102 / 0. 17.102 libpostproc 52. 2.100 / 52. 2.100 Input #0, image2, from 'teststream/%06d.jpg': Duration: 00:12:02.80, start: 0.000000, bitrate: N/A Stream #0:0: Video: mjpeg, yuvj444p, 720x480 [SAR 72:72 DAR 3:2], 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25 tbn, 25 tbc [libx264 @ 0x3450140] using SAR=1/1 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 FastShuffle SSE4.2 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] profile High, level 3.0 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] 264 - core 129 r2 1cffe9f - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2012 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp_offset=-2 threads=12 lookahead_threads=2 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=3 b_pyramid=2 b_adapt=1 b_bias=0 direct=1 weightb=1 open_gop=0 weightp=2 keyint=250 keyint_min=25 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc_lookahead=40 rc=crf mbtree=1 crf=23.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00 Output #0, mp4, to 'newffmpeg.mp4': Metadata: encoder : Lavf54.49.100 Stream #0:0: Video: h264 ([33][0][0][0] / 0x0021), yuvj420p, 720x480 [SAR 1:1 DAR 3:2], q=-1--1, 15360 tbn, 30 tbc Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 - #0:0 (mjpeg - libx264) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help Input stream #0:0 frame changed from size:720x480 fmt:yuvj444p to size:720x480 fmt:yuvj422p Input stream #0:0 frame changed from size:720x480 fmt:yuvj422p to size:720x480 fmt:yuvj444pp=584 frame= 2030 fps=102 q=32766.0 Lsize= 5203kB time=00:01:07.60 bitrate= 630.5kbits/s dup=0 drop=703 video:5179kB audio:0kB subtitle:0 global headers:0kB muxing overhead 0.472425% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] frame I:9 Avg QP:20.10 size: 33933 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] frame P:636 Avg QP:24.12 size: 6737 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] frame B:1385 Avg QP:27.04 size: 514 [libx264 @ 0x3450140] consecutive B-frames: 2.5% 15.2% 13.2% 69.2% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] mb I I16..4: 8.3% 80.3% 11.5% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] mb P I16..4: 1.5% 2.5% 0.2% P16..4: 41.7% 18.0% 10.3% 0.0% 0.0% skip:25.9% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] mb B I16..4: 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% B16..8: 26.6% 0.6% 0.1% direct: 0.2% skip:72.3% L0:35.0% L1:60.3% BI: 4.7% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] 8x8 transform intra:64.1% inter:75.1% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 51.6% 78.0% 43.7% inter: 10.6% 14.9% 2.1% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] i16 v,h,dc,p: 29% 19% 6% 46% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 23% 15% 17% 5% 9% 10% 7% 8% 6% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 31% 18% 11% 5% 9% 10% 6% 6% 4% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] i8c dc,h,v,p: 46% 18% 24% 12% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] Weighted P-Frames: Y:20.1% UV:18.7% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] ref P L0: 59.2% 23.2% 13.1% 4.3% 0.2% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] ref B L0: 88.7% 8.3% 3.0% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] ref B L1: 95.0% 5.0% [libx264 @ 0x3450140] kb/s:626.88 Received signal 2: terminating. One last note: If I remove the -r 30 from the input and output it works flawlessly. I have no idea why the -r 30 is causing it to freak out.

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What NAS setup for syncing over the internet?

- by Jamse

I have family living a few hours away and have a lot of files that I would like to share - especially lots of folders of digital photos, but also documents etc. - partially so they can see them, partially so I can have access when I visit them and partially for backup / redundancy purposes. My current hard drives on my main machine are getting pretty full anyway, and I have a MythTV box where my music is currently stored, so I was thinking of getting a NAS anyway. And at the other end my family have a few computers, so they would probably benefit from a NAS too. My general idea (though I'm willing to shift on this if there are any bright ideas about other ways of achieving my objectives) is to get a matching pair of NASs and have them sync over the internet. (To cut down on bandwidth use I would get them in sync locally to start with.) Having read around as best I can it seems that syncing over the internet is generally only a feature on quite high end units. However, I have seen that QNAP seem to feature this on their TS-110 and TS-210 units, which might work (they call it "remote replication"). They seem pretty reasonably priced for what they are, but of course with buying 2 of them and then adding the drives (say 1TB or 2TB each) I'd be looking at about £400 total. So, I'm looking for recommendations really. I don't want to spend more than the QNAPs would cost me, but any other ideas would be most appreciated. I am comfortable with technology and tinkering around, but I don't have as much time for that as I would like, so I guess I would favour solutions that require less tinkering rather than more (even though that's less fun!). Any thoughts would be welcome, as would any comments from people who have used the QNAP boxes for this. Thanks in advance. Some specifications: Two-way syncing. Changes made at either end should be synced to the other. There shouldn't be one unit that is effectively a read-only mirror of the other. Not real time. The syncing doesn't need to be real time - if it updated, say, daily overnight that would be fine. Set and forget. I would prefer minimal user interaction once set up - it would be great if syncs were scheduled and automatic. OS independence. I am running Windows XP plus an Ubuntu-based MythTV box. At the other end there are Windows 7 and Windows XP machines, plus a networked TV set top box which I think can play files off the network. Machine independence. I would favour a system that is self-contained, i.e. not reliant on any particular PC being switched on. If the system had enough else going for it I could perhaps work around it at this end, where I only have one PC that's used as such, but it would be harder at the other where there are at least two PCs that might be accessing the files. Notifications. I guess things like getting an email notification if the syncing fell over for any reason would be useful, though it's not a deal breaker.

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can't access nginx server from IP

- by EquinoX

So 2 days ago I can see that page where it saya "Welcome to nginx", however as of now when I tried to access it, it says 404 page not found... Why is this? Inside my sites-enabled folder I have a file named default and it has the following: # You may add here your # server { # ... # } # statements for each of your virtual hosts server { listen 80; server_name 127.0.0.1; access_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.access.log; location / { root /var/www/nginx-default; index index.html index.htm; } location /doc { root /usr/share; autoindex on; allow 127.0.0.1; deny all; } location /images { root /usr/share; autoindex on; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # #error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; #location = /50x.html { # root /var/www/nginx-default; #} # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { #proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/nginx-default$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { #listen 8000; #listen somename:8080; #server_name somename alias another.alias; #location / { #root html; #index index.html index.htm; #} #} # HTTPS server # #server { #listen 443; #server_name localhost; #ssl on; #ssl_certificate cert.pem; #ssl_certificate_key cert.key; #ssl_session_timeout 5m; #ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; #ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; #ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; #location / { #root html; #index index.html index.htm; #} #} Here's my nginx.conf file: user www-data; worker_processes 4; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; # multi_accept on; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; tcp_nodelay on; gzip on; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)"; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } # mail { # # See sample authentication script at: # # http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript # # # auth_http localhost/auth.php; # # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER"; # # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS"; # # server { # listen localhost:110; # protocol pop3; # proxy on; # } # # server { # listen localhost:143; # protocol imap; # proxy on; # } # } What am I doing wrong here? I have other virtual host setup in the sites-enabled as well... UPDATE: The server_name directives are: -admin.api.frapi -api.frapi -default -example.com -php.example.com

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Where is my VMware-ws FreeNAS CIFS(ZFS) bottle-neck?

- by maka

Background: I'm building a quiet HTPC + NAS that is also supposed to be used for general computer usage. I'm so far generally happy with things, it was just that I was expecting a little better IO performance. I have no clue if my expectations are unreal. The NAS is there as a general purpose file storage and as a media server for XBMC and other devices. ZFS is a requirement. Question: Where is my bottle-neck, and is there anything I can do config wise, to improve my performance? I'm thinking VM-disk settings could be something but I really have no idea where to go since I'm neither experienced with FreeNAS nor VMware-WS. Tests: When I'm on the host OS and copy files (from the SSD) to the CIFS share, I get around 30 Mbytes/sec read and write. When I'm on my laptop laptop, wired to the network, I get about the same specs. The test I've done are with a 16 GB ISO, and with about 200 MB of RARs and I've tried avoiding the RAM-cache by reading different files than the ones I'm writing ( 10 GB). It feels like having less CPU cores is a lot more efficient, since the resource manager in Windows reports less CPU-usage. With 4 cores in VMware, CPU usage was 50-80%, with 1 core it was 25-60%. EDIT: HD ActiveTime was quite high on SSD so I moved the page file, disabled hibernate and enabled Win DiskCache both on SSD and RAID. This resulted in no real performance difference for one file, but if i transferred 2 files the total speed went up to 50 Mbytes/s vs ~40. The ActiveTime avg also went down a lot (to ~20%) but has now higher bursts. DiskIO is on ~ 30-35 Mbytes/s avgs, with ~100Mb bursts. Network is on 200-250Mbits/s with ~45 active TCP connections. Hardware Asus F2A85-M Pro A10-5700 16GB DDR3 1600 OCZ Vertex 2 128GB SSD 2x Generic 1tb 7200 RPM drives as RAID0 (in win7) Intel Gigabit Desktop CT Software Host OS: Win7 (SSD) VMware Worksation 9 (SSD) FreeNAS 8.3 VM (20GB VDisk on SSD) CPU: I've tried 1, 2 and 4 cores. Virtualisation engine, Preferred mode: Automatic 10,24Gb ram 50Gb SCSI VDisk on the RAID0, VDisk is formatted as ZFS and exposed through CIFS through FreeNAS. NIC Bridge, Replicate physical network state Below are two typical process print-outs while I'm transfering one file to the CIFS share. last pid: 2707; load averages: 0.60, 0.43, 0.24 up 0+00:07:05 00:34:26 32 processes: 2 running, 30 sleeping Mem: 101M Active, 53M Inact, 1620M Wired, 2188K Cache, 149M Buf, 8117M Free Swap: 4096M Total, 4096M Free PID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU COMMAND 2640 root 1 102 0 50164K 10364K RUN 0:25 25.98% smbd 1897 root 6 44 0 168M 74808K uwait 0:02 0.00% python last pid: 2746; load averages: 0.93, 0.60, 0.33 up 0+00:08:53 00:36:14 33 processes: 2 running, 31 sleeping Mem: 101M Active, 53M Inact, 4722M Wired, 2188K Cache, 152M Buf, 5015M Free Swap: 4096M Total, 4096M Free PID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU COMMAND 2640 root 1 76 0 50164K 10364K RUN 0:52 16.99% smbd 1897 root 6 44 0 168M 74816K uwait 0:02 0.00% python I'm sorry if my question isn't phrased right, I'm really bad at these kind of things, and it is the first time I post here at SU. I also appreciate any other suggestions to something, I could have missed.

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phpMyAdmin setup issues

- by EquinoX

I am trying to follow the tutorial here to setup the user and pass. It says there that "this section is only applicable if your MySQL server is running with --skip-show-database". First question is, how do I check if MySQl server is running with --skip-show-database? Is there any way I can access phpMyAdmin SQL query window without logging in? Otherwise I'd have to execute this SQL from command line. I am also getting this: Cannot load mcrypt extension. Please check your PHP configuration. I have added mcrypt.so to php.ini and doing the following command proves that I have it. [root@DT html]# rpm -qa | grep mcrypt mcrypt-2.6.8-1.el5 php-mcrypt-5.3.5-1.1.w5 libmcrypt-2.5.8-4.el5.centos [root@DT html]# php -v PHP 5.3.5 (cli) (built: Feb 19 2011 13:10:09) Copyright (c) 1997-2010 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2010 Zend Technologies Now when I go to phpinfo() and search for mcrypt it can find it inside the Configure Command row ('--with-mcrypt=shared,/usr'). So, what to do next?. UPDATE: I didn't put extension=mcrypt.so in php.ini as it will complain the following: PHP Warning: Module 'mcrypt' already loaded in Unknown on line 0 Here's my nginx.conf: #user nobody; worker_processes 2; #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; #pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; gzip on; server { listen 80; root /usr/share/nginx/html; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { #root html; index index.html index.htm; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { #root html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # location ~ \.php$ { #root /usr/local/nginx/html; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /usr/share/nginx/html$fastcgi_script _name; include fastcgi_params; } # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443; # server_name localhost; # ssl on; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; # ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} }

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VPS 512 MB RAM with WordPressMU comes to consumes lots of memory

- by CAPitalZ

I have googled for days and gathered all optimization suggestions and tried. My sites are not getting any high hits. May be like 100 hits per day [all my sites combined]. Here are my specs I have 512 MB RAM VPS with burstable 1024 MB. Centos 5 32-bit & cPanel/WHM Apache 2.2 MySQL 5.0 PHP 5.3.2 Here is my Configs I have 2 WordPressMU production sites, and 1 test site my.cnf # The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients [client] #password = your_password port = 3306 socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # Here follows entries for some specific programs # The MySQL server [mysqld] port = 3306 socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock skip-locking skip-bdb skip-innodb key_buffer = 16M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_cache = 64 sort_buffer_size = 512K net_buffer_length = 8K read_buffer_size = 256K read_rnd_buffer_size = 512K myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8M #CAPitalZ thread_cache_size=8 thread_concurrency=4 #query_cache_type=1 #query_cache_limit=1M query_cache_size=16M concurrent_insert=2 low_priority_updates=1 max_connections=50 tmp_table_size=16M max_heap_table_size=16M join_buffer_size=1M interactive_timeout=25 wait_timeout=1000 #connect_timout=10 not able to restart mysql max_connect_errors=10 # Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement, # if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host. # All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes. # Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows # (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless! # skip-networking # Disable Federated by default skip-federated # Replication Master Server (default) # binary logging is required for replication log-bin=mysql-bin # required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1 # defaults to 1 if master-host is not set # but will not function as a master if omitted server-id = 1 [mysqld_safe] open_files_limit=8192 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysql] no-auto-rehash # Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL #safe-updates [isamchk] key_buffer = 20M sort_buffer_size = 20M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [myisamchk] key_buffer = 20M sort_buffer_size = 20M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout httpd.conf I have unselected many modules and recompiled using EasyApache in WHM. Only have the following modules built Deflate Expires Fileprotect Imagemap MPM Prefork Version [default] EAccelerator for PHP Bcmath Calendar CurlSSL [I'm using Curl. But I don't have any https sites] Expat GD [for image cropping] Gettext Imap Mbregex [default] Mbstring [need both Mbregex and Mbstring for utf-8] Mysql of the system MySQL "Improved" extension. Sockets TTF (FreeType) [I'm using custom font] Zlib Under Global Configuration I only have FollowSymLinks enabled I Have TraceEnable, ServerSignature, FileETag OFF ServerTokens ProductOnly DirectoryIndex Priority has index.php as the first one I have removed Clamd [Clam Anti-virus] SpamAssasin is Off Under Tweak Settings Default catch-all/default address behavior for new accounts. This is set to "fail" All stats programs turned off I have eAccelerator installed and checked in phpinfo and its working [Pre VirtualHost Include under WHM] Timeout 20 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 200 KeepAliveTimeout 3 MinSpareServers 1 MaxSpareServers 3 StartServers 1 ServerLimit 50 MaxClients 50 MaxRequestsPerChild 4000 ExtendedStatus Off #ServerType standalone this throws error HostnameLookups Off <Directory "/"> AllowOverride None </Directory> My sites will take ages to load and WHM/CPanel will not even load. adadaa.com/ http://adadaa.net/ kadais.ca/ My average memory consumption is like 1000 MB! [yes always bursting] The process that consumes most CPU and also most memory is mysql But I also get like 15 httpd processes [when its bursting] I already got warning from cpuwatchcheck saying "While processing, the cpu has been maxed out for more than a 6 hour period. The current load/uptime line on the server at the time of this email is 07:00:37 up 11:30, 0 users, load average: 14.64, 16.79, 20.07" I don't know, I have tried switching these config values many different times, but nothing seems to work. Please show some light... Thanks

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BSOD Code 16, artifacts all over the place (gtx 260)

- by belinea

I have a following, quite dated rig E8400 Core 2 Duo cpu Intel Dragontail Peak DP35DP motherboard on Intel Bearlake P35 chipset 4GB ram Geforce 260gtx Corsair 650W PSU Windows 7 64 bit The following things has happened in the last few days. I first decided to update my Nvidia drivers to the latest version. That was 4 days ago. PC worked fine for 2 days and I was able to play few games as well without any problems. Then 2 days ago a first crash happened while playing the new XCOM game. BSOD code 16. Just the blue screen, no artifacts. PC rebooted and worked well again, I continued playing this game for another 2 hours and went to sleep. Next evening I tried to play some BF3 multiplayer (use to play on LOW settings). Approx. 10 minutes into the game red/pink-ish artifacts appeared on the screen and game quit to desktop. Restarted the game and another 3-4 minutes afterwards another crash to desktop but this time followed shortly by BSOD Code 16. From that moment I started to seeing artifacts on random startups, including Windows loading screen and the BIOS itself. Windows would still load but soon enough it would BSOD on a simple task like opening a Internet browser. Today I get tons of artifacts (little small red dashes all over the screen) on BIOS, loading screen, normal Windows mode as well as safe mode. I suspect it wouldn't be drivers but I tried removing and sweeping them entirely in the safe mode. PC would still start with artifacts all over the place but would load the normal mode, just without the driver, in the default lowest resolution. As soon as proper Nvidia drivers are installed though and PC rebooted, Windows doesn't load at all as BSOD now appears on loading screen. However, again, if I go to safe mode and remove drivers, normal mode launches fine. So obviously crash happens only on high resolution. I opened my machine this morning and gave it a proper cleaning even though it wasn't heavily dusted. It didn't help and number of artifacts seems to increase with every PC restart. I write these words in safe mode, which works, but I have to look through all the red dots and dashes. I don't have built in GPU chipset so I can't try removing my Geforce card nor can I borrow A GPU from anyone else. What are my options? I was looking into getting a completely new rig around Christmas so I'm not freaking out about this. If everything points to hardware issue I may simply decide to get the new machine earlier and don't bother with fixing this one. However it would be great to learn more if this is indeed situation that has slim chances of getting sorted. I realize BSOD Code 16 is rather popular topic online but every story seems a bit different and there can be number of issues with it. Hence a new thread.

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IPv6: Should I have private addresses?

- by AlReece45

Right now, we have a rack of servers. Every server right now has at least 2 IP addresses, one for the public interface, another for the private. The servers that have SSL websites on them have more IP addresses. We also have virtual servers, that are configured similarly. Private Network The private range is currently just used for backups and monitoring. Its a gigabit port, the interface usage does not usually get very high. There are other technologies we're considering using that would use this port: iSCSI (implementations usually recommends dedicating an interface to it, which would be yet another IP network), VPN to get access to the private range (something I'd rather avoid) dedicated database servers LDAP centralized configuration (like puppet) centralized logging We don't have any private addresses in our DNS records (only public addresses). For our servers to utilize the correct IP address for the right interface (and not hard code the IP address) probably requires setting up a private DNS server (So now we add 2 different dns entries to 2 different systems). Public Network Our public range has a variety of services include web, email, and ftp. There is a hardware firewall between our network and the "public" network. We have (relatively secure) method to instruct the firewall to open and close administrative access (web interfaces, ssh, etc) for our current IP address. With either solution discussed, the host-based firewalls will be configured as well. The public network currently runs at a dedicated 20Mbps link. There are a couple of legacy servers with fast-ethernet ports, but they are scheduled for decommissioning. All of the other production boxes have at least 2 Gigabit Ethernet ports. The more traffic-heavy servers have 4-6 available (none is using more than the 2 Gigabit ports right now). IPv6 I want to get an IPv6 prefix from our ISP. So at least every "server" has at least one IPv6 interface. We'll still need to keep the IPv4 addressees up and available for legacy clients (web servers and email at the very least). We have two IP networks right now. Adding the public IPv6 address would make it three. Just use IPv6? I'm thinking about just dumping the private IPv4 range and using the IPv6 range as the primary means of all communications. If an interface starts reaching its capacity, utilize the newly free interfaces to create a trunk. It has the advantage that if either the public or private traffic needs to exceed 1Gbps. The traffic for each interface is already analyzed on a regular basis to predict future bandwidth use. In the rare instances where bandwidth unexpected peaks: utilize QoS to ensure traffic (like our limited SSH access) is prioritized correctly so the problem can be corrected (if possible, our WAN is the bottleneck right now). It also has the advantage of not needing to make an entry for every private address. We may have private DNS (or just LDAP), but it'll be much more limited in scope with less entries to duplicate. Summary I'm trying to make this network as "simple" as possible. At the same time, I want to make sure its reliable, upgradeable, scalable, and (eventually) redundant. Having one IPv6 network, and a legacy IPv4 network seems to be the best solution to me. Regarding using assigned IPv6 addresses for both networks, sharing the available bandwidth on one (more trunked if needed): Are there any technical disadvantages (limitations, buffers, scalability)? Are there any other security considerations (asides from firewalls mentioned above) to consider? Are there regulations or other security requirements (like PCI-DSS) that this doesn't meet? Is there typical software for setting up a Linux network that doesn't have IPv6 support yet? (logging, ldap, puppet) Some other thing I didn't consider?

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How to stop windows resizing when the monitor display channel is turned off / switched to different source

- by Heartspeace

Have a new 6870 ati radeon adapter with its drivers set to 1080p 60hz resolution hooked up to a 2008 47" high end Samsung HDMI based TV. However, when the tv is turned to a different hdmi input -(when I come back into windows) somehow Windows decides to resize all the open apps to a lower resolution - including some of the side docked hidden pop-outs. When it resizes those though - it just sticked the pop-outs in the middle of the screen and all the resized windows from the open applications in the top left corner - all of them stacked on top of each other and resized to the smaller resolution. The things that seem to be ok after returning are the icons on the desktop, the taskbar, and the sidebar. Anyone have any knowledge of 1) how this happens 2) why it happens 3) how to stop it from resizing the applications and some of the docked pop-outs (they are not really resized after returning - they are just stuck in the middle of the screen approximately where they would be if the right or bottom sidebar should be if the screen was resized to that lower resolution). My hypothesis is that upon losing HDMI signal - that Windows is told by something (driver, or windows itself) that the resolution to be without a signal being present (noting that HDMI signals and handshakes are two way on HDMI devices. If it loses the signal or the tv is switched to another device - then the display adapter must figure that out and tell Windows or figures it out and designs randomly to change the display size). Any and all help is most appreciated. I asked AMD/ATI - but they said they don't know why or how this is happening. I was hoping that maybe this is THE place that the super users truly go to - those that develop display adapter drivers, or that dive deeply into these areas of windows. If there is better sites or just competing sites - please advise - noting I have already written AMD/ATI. HP Response / Additions 4/7/2011 It is really nice to get your reply Shinrai. (BTW is it proper etiquette on these forums to have a discussion?) Yet 'only one issue' - I am using a single display in this case - so Windows doesn't move application windows to another desktop. Windows (or something) decides to shrink the desktop it currently has and resize all windows to the maximum size of the desktop. As such I would be glad if Windows would just keep the current size of the one desktop that is in operation. I also know that this does NOT happen on monitors connected with DVI. There I have had one and two monitors setup and it doesn't resize those screens at all when disconnecting monitors, turning them off, whatever... they stay solid - everything in place - to such an extent that if you forgot the other monitor is off - you will have troubles finding some windows without using one of the control app utilities. So if I could even get the HDMI handling by Windows (or the display driver) ( 1] which is doing this anyway the display driver or Windows - and 2] where is that other resolution size (1024x768) coming from - its not the smallest and its not the largest?) to be having like DVI - Life would be golden (for this aspect anyway). ** found others with same problem in this thread: http://hardforum.com/showthread.php?t=1507324 Thanks, HP

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Make exact mp4 (H264) format for uploading to youtube

- by WHITECOLOR

With ffmpeg I'm converting video from mp3 and picture to upload it to youtube. After upload, conversion fails. Reasons are unknown. I believe the problem is in format. By the way If I'm uploading file 5 minutes length, it fails if I upload 30 seconds of this file it succeeds. I have donwload mp4 file from youtube. Then I uploaded it, it is done very fast. So a nice solution would be to convert videos to the same format that is done by google. I got the following output by mpeg: ffmpeg version N-44264-g070b0e1 Copyright (c) 2000-2012 the FFmpeg developers built on Sep 7 2012 17:38:57 with gcc 4.7.1 (GCC) configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-pthreads --enable-runt ime-cpudetect --enable-avisynth --enable-bzlib --enable-frei0r --enable-libass - -enable-libcelt --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-l ibfreetype --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libnut --enable-libopenj peg --enable-librtmp --enable-libschroedinger --enable-libspeex --enable-libtheo ra --enable-libutvideo --enable-libvo-aacenc --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-li bvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libxavs --enable-libxvid --ena ble-zlib libavutil 51. 72.100 / 51. 72.100 libavcodec 54. 55.100 / 54. 55.100 libavformat 54. 25.105 / 54. 25.105 libavdevice 54. 2.100 / 54. 2.100 libavfilter 3. 16.100 / 3. 16.100 libswscale 2. 1.101 / 2. 1.101 libswresample 0. 15.100 / 0. 15.100 libpostproc 52. 0.100 / 52. 0.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'youtubetrack0.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : mp42 minor_version : 0 compatible_brands: isommp42 creation_time : 2012-10-02 22:58:57 Duration: 00:06:46.66, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 176 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (Constrained Baseline) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yu v420p, 450x360, 78 kb/s, 6 fps, 6 tbr, 12 tbn, 12 tbc Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01 00:00:00 handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, stereo, s16, 95 kb/s Metadata: creation_time : 2012-10-02 22:58:57 handler_name : IsoMedia File Produced by Google, 5-11-2011 Is it possible to construct ffmpeg parameters so that that would give the same format that google internally does? Is the information above sufficient? I couldn't construct needed params. For example I don't understand how to set tbn and what 95 kb/s mean in "Stream #0:1(und): Audio:". Now I just do: ffmpeg -i videoimage.jpg -i audio.mp3 video.mp4 Info I've got: ffmpeg version N-44998-gdf82454 Copyright (c) 2000-2012 the FFmpeg developers built on Oct 2 2012 23:03:12 with gcc 4.7.1 (GCC) configuration: --disable-static --enable-shared --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-pthreads --enable-runtime-cpudetect --enable-avisynth --enable-bzlib --enable-frei0r --enable-libass --enable-libcelt --enable-libopencore-amrnb --en able-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libfreetype --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libnut --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-librtmp --enable-libschroedinger - -enable-libspeex --enable-libtheora --enable-libutvideo --enable-libvo-aacenc -- enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enab le-libxavs --enable-libxvid --enable-zlib libavutil 51. 73.101 / 51. 73.101 libavcodec 54. 63.100 / 54. 63.100 libavformat 54. 29.105 / 54. 29.105 libavdevice 54. 3.100 / 54. 3.100 libavfilter 3. 19.102 / 3. 19.102 libswscale 2. 1.101 / 2. 1.101 libswresample 0. 16.100 / 0. 16.100 libpostproc 52. 1.100 / 52. 1.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'video.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 encoder : Lavf54.25.105 Duration: 00:06:46.81, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 129 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuvj420p, 450x360, 3392 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25 tbn, 50 tbc Metadata: handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, stereo, s16, 127 kb/s Metadata: handler_name : SoundHandler This video fails the conversion on youtube. I also tried to use other vcode parmam and extensions of output file (mp4, wmv, avi) but failed too. Would be greatful for help.

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Configuring a PIX 506e for Asterisk

- by orthogonal3

Hi all! I'm having problems configuring a old Cisco PIX running 6.3 and wondered if anyone can lend a hand? Simply put I have a PIX 506e that I want to put in my VoIP data path. I can't update it and getting a compat version of Java for that version of PIX is tough so I can't log onto the web interface. The PIX straddles two networks..... 192.168.5.0 on the inside, ...50.0 on the outside both net masks are 255.255.255.0 I have a local Asterisk server cluster with a single service IP (<local asterisk>) SIP is on UDP 5060 and RTP (for the voip data) is on UDP 18000-18999 I know thats a big range but hey may as well. I need the 192.168.5.0 net to have web and ftp access for updates and the like. DHCP, DNS and NTP is already provided on that network so I don't need external DNS access. So I think I want the following rules: SIP or RTP from <my itsp> arriving at <outside voip ip> NATed to <local asterisk> SIP or RTP able to do the reverse route (should be covered by high sec - low sec??) HTTP and FTP access outbound for software update for the servers etc I have the following config at the minute - and I think I'm almost there (I hope)... interface ethernet0 auto interface ethernet1 auto nameif ethernet0 outside security0 nameif ethernet1 inside security100 enable password wouldyouliketobeapeppertoo encrypted passwd wouldyouliketobeapeppertoo encrypted hostname afirewall domain-name adomain fixup protocol dns maximum-length 512 fixup protocol ftp 21 fixup protocol h323 h225 1720 fixup protocol h323 ras 1718-1719 fixup protocol http 80 fixup protocol rsh 514 fixup protocol rtsp 554 fixup protocol sip 5060 fixup protocol sip udp 5060 fixup protocol skinny 2000 fixup protocol smtp 25 fixup protocol sqlnet 1521 fixup protocol tftp 69 access-list acl_ping permit icmp any any access-list voip permit ip host <my itsp> host <local asterisk> mtu outside 1500 mtu inside 1500 ip address outside <outside pix ip> 255.255.255.0 ip address inside <inside pix ip> 255.255.255.0 arp timeout 14400 global (outside) 1 <outside generic ip> nat (inside) 1 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 0 0 static (inside,outside) <outside voip ip> <local asterisk> netmask 255.255.255.255 0 0 static (outside,inside) <local asterisk> <outside voip ip> netmask 255.255.255.255 0 0 access-group acl_ping in interface outside access-group acl_ping in interface inside route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <my next hop router> 1 route outside <my itsp> 255.255.255.255 <my next hop router> 1 I think I just need a hand with the access-lists and NAT/static rules. Would anyone be able to help as I've RTFM'd the Cisco docs a few times and they're heavy. Wishing I'd completed my CCNA now! Thanks all for any help, Phil

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1600+ 'postfix-queue' processes - OK to have this many?

- by atomicguava

I have a Plesk 9.5.4 CentOS server running Postfix. I had been having massive problems with the mailq being full of 'double-bounce' email messages containing errors relating to 'Queue File Write Error', but I believe these are now fixed thanks to this thread. My new problem is that when I run top, I can see lots of processes called 'postfix-queue' and have fairly high load: top - 13:59:44 up 6 days, 21:14, 1 user, load average: 2.33, 2.19, 1.96 Tasks: 1743 total, 1 running, 1742 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 5.1%us, 8.8%sy, 0.0%ni, 85.3%id, 0.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 3145728k total, 1950640k used, 1195088k free, 0k buffers Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 0k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1324 apache 16 0 344m 33m 5664 S 21.7 1.1 0:03.17 httpd 32443 apache 15 0 350m 36m 6864 S 14.4 1.2 0:13.83 httpd 1678 root 15 0 13948 2568 952 R 2.0 0.1 0:00.37 top 1890 mysql 15 0 689m 318m 7600 S 1.0 10.4 219:45.23 mysqld 1394 apache 15 0 352m 41m 5972 S 0.7 1.3 0:03.91 httpd 1369 apache 15 0 344m 33m 5444 S 0.3 1.1 0:02.03 httpd 1592 apache 15 0 349m 37m 5912 S 0.3 1.2 0:02.52 httpd 1633 apache 15 0 336m 20m 1828 S 0.3 0.7 0:00.01 httpd 1952 root 19 0 335m 28m 10m S 0.3 0.9 1:35.41 httpd 1 root 15 0 10304 732 612 S 0.0 0.0 0:04.41 init 1034 mhandler 15 0 11520 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1036 mhandler 15 0 11516 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1041 mhandler 17 0 11516 1156 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1043 mhandler 15 0 11512 1116 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1063 mhandler 16 0 11516 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1068 mhandler 15 0 11516 1128 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1071 mhandler 17 0 11512 1152 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1072 mhandler 15 0 11512 1116 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1081 mhandler 16 0 11516 1156 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1082 mhandler 15 0 11512 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1089 popuser 15 0 33892 1972 1200 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.02 pop3d 1116 mhandler 16 0 11516 1164 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1117 mhandler 15 0 11516 1124 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1120 mhandler 16 0 11516 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1121 mhandler 15 0 11512 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1130 mhandler 17 0 11516 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1131 mhandler 15 0 11516 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1149 root 17 -4 12572 680 356 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 udevd 1181 mhandler 16 0 11516 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1183 mhandler 15 0 11512 1116 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1224 mhandler 16 0 11516 1160 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1225 mhandler 15 0 11516 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1228 apache 15 0 345m 34m 5472 S 0.0 1.1 0:04.64 httpd 1241 mhandler 16 0 11516 1156 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1242 mhandler 15 0 11512 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1251 mhandler 17 0 11516 1156 884 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1252 mhandler 15 0 11516 1120 860 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 postfix-queue 1258 apache 15 0 349m 37m 5444 S 0.0 1.2 0:01.28 httpd When I run ps -Al | grep -c postfix-queue it returns 1618! My question is this: is this normal or is there something else going wrong with Postfix? Right now, if I run mailq it is empty, and qshape deferred / qshape active are empty too. Thanks in advance for your help.

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Unable to make the session state request to the session state server.

- by Angry_IT_Guru

For about 4-5 months now, I seem to be having this sporadic issue--mainly during our busiest time of the day between 10:30-11:45AM, where all my Windows 2003 web servers in a Microsoft NLB cluster start throwing session state server errors. A sample error is below. System.Web.HttpException: Unable to make the session state request to the session state server. Please ensure that the ASP.NET State service is started and that the client and server ports are the same. If the server is on a remote machine, please ensure that it accepts remote requests by checking the value of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\aspnet_state\Parameters\AllowRemoteConnection. If the server is on the local machine, and if the before mentioned registry value does not exist or is set to 0, then the state server connection string must use either 'localhost' or '127.0.0.1' as the server name. at System.Web.SessionState.OutOfProcSessionStateStore.MakeRequest(StateProtocolVerb verb, String id, StateProtocolExclusive exclusiveAccess, Int32 extraFlags, Int32 timeout, Int32 lockCookie, Byte[] buf, Int32 cb, Int32 networkTimeout, SessionNDMakeRequestResults& results) at System.Web.SessionState.OutOfProcSessionStateStore.SetAndReleaseItemExclusive(HttpContext context, String id, SessionStateStoreData item, Object lockId, Boolean newItem) at System.Web.SessionState.SessionStateModule.OnReleaseState(Object source, EventArgs eventArgs) at System.Web.HttpApplication.SyncEventExecutionStep.System.Web.HttpApplication.IExecutionStep.Execute() at System.Web.HttpApplication.ExecuteStep(IExecutionStep step, Boolean& completedSynchronously) Now I'm using ASP.NET State service on a centralized back-end Windows 2003 server that all servers communicate to. I was originally using SQL Server state for a couple years as well prior to having this issue. The problem with SQL wqas that when the issue occurred, it created a blocking situation which essentially impacted all users across all servers. The product company recommended that I use the standard ASP.NET State service as that was what they technically supported. Why this would make a difference is beyond me -- but I had no choice but to try it! I have attempted to create multiple application pools, adding additional servers, chaning TCP/IP timeout from 20 to 30 seconds, and even calling Microsoft ASP.NET product support, with very little success. I even recommended that they review whether they are using read-only session state instead of read/write per page request -- as I understand that this basically causes every page to make round-trips to state server even if state isn't being used on the page. Unfortunately, the application is developed by our product company and they insist that it is something with my environment because other clients do not have these sort of issues. However, I've talked to other clients and they tell me when they've seen issues like they, they've basically had to create another web farm. This issue almost seems like I've simply reached some architectural limit within the application... Microsoft's position on the issue is that the session state needs to be reduced and the returncode being reported back from the state server indicates buffers are full. To better understand the scope of issues (rather than wait for customers to call and complain), I installed ELMAH and configured it to send me e-mails when unhandled exceptions occur. I basically get 500-1000 e-mails during the time period of high activity! If any one has any other ideas I could try or better ways to troubleshoot, I'd appreciate it.

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Choice of an OS for a home ZFS NAS

- by OlafM

I am preparing a home NAS with an old Athlon 64 X2 3800+, 4 GB ECC RAM, Asus M2V MX motherboard, and a single 3 TB WDC Green (another one as mirror may be installed in the future). It's the cheapest solution I found that includes ECC memory and the higher energy consumption is offset by the lower (zero) cost of acquisition. The system will be used for: music storage and stream to other desktop computers; storage of the scanned dia slides (3-4k slides, 180 MB TIFF each one plus reduced quality JPEG version); stream of these photos to a local iPad 2 (maybe Plex App? not yet sure); (one additional) remote backup via rsync/ssh or ZFS send/receive. It will be controlled via remote ssh, maybe VNC, no monitor attached. Absolute requirement is a reliable ZFS solution, plus the ability to easily install packets/software/virtual machines and to update remotely (I will be the admin and I don't live near the NAS). I have mainly three options: NAS4free/FreeNAS OpenIndiana Solaris Express 11 (yeah yeah I know the license requirements, I will write a perl script on it to count it as development machine). Problems: NAS4free/FreeNAS (I tested only NAS4free) required embedded installation for remote upgrading, but full install for easy addition of software packets. Since I need at least AirVideo Server (linux/win) and Plex App (win/linux) to stream the photos and some videos to iPad (they both require virtualbox), but I cannot be there to install updates, NAS4free/FreeNAS are excluded. http://www.nas4free.org/general_information.html explains the issue: embedded can be remotely updated, full cannot. Solaris has also another advantage: Crashplan client supports Solaris and I'm already using it for other backups. I would like to leave the option open, even if I will be doing backups probably through zfs send/receive. NexentaStor was left out because zfs send/receive are not included in the free version. The question is now Solaris 11 Express over OpenIndiana. To ease the management, I will be using http://www.napp-it.org Which one would you suggest and why? I found lots of informations and it's difficult for me to decide. I think (from the napp-it manual) that Solaris has some additional options for SMB shares, but are they really needed at home? I think I won't even use ACLs, since normal unix-style permissions are enough. OpenIndiana has maybe more frequent updates (Solaris offers only security updates between releases), but again, do I need them? I don't think so. Moreover, this is a NAS that has to work and nothing else, I cannot risk having problems that require me to access the server. Isn't OpenIndiana a bit more... cutting edge (in the Solaris world)? I'm just asking, no need to focus on this for the answer :-) I would limit myself to these two options (SE11.1/OI) also because I will be making a NAS for me in the future (where high performances with Mac shares are also required) and Solaris has kernel support for AFP. I will use this server to gather experience as well. After this long question, thanks in advance! If you need additional info, let me know and I will update this post. UPDATES Given the first answers, I will strongly suggest the person paying the hardware to insert a second HD. Better 2x2TB than 1x3TB (3 TB is oversized anyway). I was trying to keep the initial costs down to spread them over a longer period, but better having something good from the beginning.

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Static file download from browser breaking in varnish but works fine in Apache

- by Ron

I would at first like to thank everyone at serverfault for this great website and I also come to this site while searching in google for various server related issues and setups. I also have an issue today and so I am posting here and hope that the seniors would help me out. I had setup a website on a dedicated server a few days ago and I used Varnish 3 as the frontend to Apache2 on a Debian Lenny server as the traffic was a bit high. There are several static file downloads of around 10-20 MB in size in the website. The website looked fine in the last few days after I setup. I was checking from a 5mbps + broadband connection and the file downloads were also completed in seconds and working fine. But today I realized that on a slow internet connection the file downloads were breaking off. When I tried to download the files from the website using a browser then it broke off after a minute or so. It kept on happening again and again and so it had nothing to do with the internet connection. The internet connection was around 512 kbps and so it was not dial up level speed too but decent speed where files should easily download though not that fast. Then I thought of trying out with the apache backend port and used the port number to check out if the problem occurs. But then on adding the apache port in the static file download url, the files got downloaded easily and did not break even once. I tried it several times to make sure that it was not a coincidence but every time I was using the apache port in the file download url then it was downloading fine while it was breaking each time with the normal link which was routed through Varnish I suppose. So, it seems Varnish has somehow resulted in the broken file downloads. Could anyone give any idea as to why it is happening and how to fix the problem. For more clarification, take this example: Apache backend set on port 8008, Varnish frontend set on port 80 Now when I download say http://mywebsite.com/directory/filename.extension Then the download breaks off after a minute or so. I cannot be sure it is due to the time or size though and I am just assuming. May be some other reason too. But when I download using: http://mywebsite.com:8008/directory/filename.extension Then the file download does not break at all and it gets download fine. So, it seems that varnish is somehow creating the file download breaking and not apache. Does anybody have any idea as to why it is happening and how can it be fixed. Any help would be highly appreciated. And my varnish default.vcl is backend apache { set backend.host = "127.0.0.1"; set backend.port = "8008"; } sub vcl_deliver { remove resp.http.X-Varnish; remove resp.http.Via; remove resp.http.Age; remove resp.http.Server; remove resp.http.X-Powered-By; }

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Weird Apache Access Logs

- by user38480

I see repeated requests like these in my Apache Access Logs and they have been eating up all my CPU. I have a normal WordPress installation. All i changed in the Apache Configuration was changing the DocumentRoot from /var/www/html to /var/www for both ssl and the default configuration. Also, the file referenced in the requests(updatedll.jpeg) does not exist on my server and also isn't referenced in the source code served by any page of the web application. Could this be a security threat? What are these actually and what can i do to stop them. I changed the ip address of my server. They still kept coming. Meaning that somebody is actually hitting the domain name and not the ip address. Why does my server send a 301 for these requests? Shouldn't it be sending a 404? Is it because Wordpress is installed in my root directory and the .htaccess file present for Wordpress is sending a 301 redirect? My disk access logs also seem to have high peaks intermittently. But nobody is actually accessing the site. I see no access logs except these below. Also, i see that all the requests seem to be coming from one of the following 5 ip addresses. 201.4.132.43 - - [05/Jun/2014:07:35:08 -0400] "GET /updatedll.jpg HTTP/1.1" 301 465 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0; BTRS103681; GTB7.5; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; InfoPath.2; OfficeLiveConnector.1.3; OfficeLivePatch.0.0; AskTbATU3/5.15.29.67612; BRI/2)" 187.40.241.48 - - [05/Jun/2014:07:35:08 -0400] "GET /updatedll.jpg HTTP/1.1" 301 465 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; GTB7.5; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729)" 186.56.134.132 - - [05/Jun/2014:07:35:10 -0400] "GET /updatedll.jpg HTTP/1.0" 301 428 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)" 71.223.252.14 - - [05/Jun/2014:07:35:13 -0400] "GET /updatedll.jpg HTTP/1.1" 301 465 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; BTRS31756; GTB7.5; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; InfoPath.2)" 85.245.229.167 - - [05/Jun/2014:07:35:14 -0400] "GET /updatedll.jpg HTTP/1.1" 301 465 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/7.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; MAAU; .NET4.0C; BRI/2; .NET4.0E; MAAU)"

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Log transport and aggregation at scale

- by markdrayton

How're you analysing log files from UNIX/Linux machines? We run several hundred servers which all generate their own log files, either directly or through syslog. I'm looking for a decent solution to aggregate these and pick out important events. This problem breaks down into 3 components: 1) Message transport The classic way is to use syslog to log messages to a remote host. This works fine for applications that log into syslog but less useful for apps that write to a local file. Solutions for this might include having the application log into a FIFO connected to a program to send the message using syslog, or by writing something that will grep the local files and send the output to the central syslog host. However, if we go to the trouble of writing tools to get messages into syslog would we be better replacing the whole lot with something like Facebook's Scribe which offers more flexibility and reliability than syslog? 2) Message aggregation Log entries seem to fall into one of two types: per-host and per-service. Per-host messages are those which occur on one machine; think disk failures or suspicious logins. Per-service messages occur on most or all of the hosts running a service. For instance, we want to know when Apache finds an SSI error but we don't want the same error from 100 machines. In all cases we only want to see one of each type of message: we don't want 10 messages saying the same disk has failed, and we don't want a message each time a broken SSI is hit. One approach to solving this is to aggregate multiple messages of the same type into one on each host, send the messages to a central server and then aggregate messages of the same kind into one overall event. SER can do this but it's awkward to use. Even after a couple of days of fiddling I had only rudimentary aggregations working and had to constantly look up the logic SER uses to correlate events. It's powerful but tricky stuff: I need something which my colleagues can pick up and use in the shortest possible time. SER rules don't meet that requirement. 3) Generating alerts How do we tell our admins when something interesting happens? Mail the group inbox? Inject into Nagios? So, how're you solving this problem? I don't expect an answer on a plate; I can work out the details myself but some high-level discussion on what is surely a common problem would be great. At the moment we're using a mishmash of cron jobs, syslog and who knows what else to find events. This isn't extensible, maintainable or flexible and as such we miss a lot of stuff we shouldn't. Updated: we're already using Nagios for monitoring which is great for detected down hosts/testing services/etc but less useful for scraping log files. I know there are log plugins for Nagios but I'm interested in something more scalable and hierarchical than per-host alerts.

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Apache Getting Bogged Down By Certain Script (Wp-Cron.php) - How To Kill Process Automatically

- by user50037

I have a server that is running a number of wordpress blogs, and a number of them have several hundred/thousand posts. Every couple of days, the server slows to a crawl due to a file being run on Wordpress called WP-cron.php. My entire apache process log turns into this : http:// imgur.com/A7K9k.png Times that by quite a bit. And server no go. Each process takes up about 1.1% of ram. And when we have 50 of them on the go. It gets insane. Not all of them are coming from the same blog, they are pretty widespread. In the Apache process page of WHM, they are usually ALL set to the status of "C", which means closing. But they can sit there until they crash the server, and they still hold the memory. Just google "wp-cron.php load" and you will find plenty of people with similar issues. In anycase, we have think it is down to users adding a tonne of dead "pinglists" to their wordpress installation. Which in turn wordpress loops through them endlessly. Problem number 1. Does anyone have any other suggestions about what would cause the Wordpress file wp-cron.php to loop endlessly. I still think it is down to pings, because all of the people we have contacted about their account load going sky high, have had massive ping lists. Problem number 2. Even if it is down to excessive pinglists in wordpress. We cannot be babying every single account on the server waiting for it to start spawning the wp-cron processes. It often happens overnight, and I start getting SMS alerts at 2am about the load. I have CSF installed, which apparently would have ended the processes if they ran over XXX time. But I have been told that it won't catch the processes because they end up in this state of "closing" (They show up as "C" on the Apache page of WHM). Apparently CSF will only kill processes that are "running" which C does not count. I have seen various other scripts such as : http://dltj.org/article/die-apache-die/ . I took a look at the stat of /proc. But I was boggled at which delimited part was the time running. And if there was any way I could connect it back to an actual Apache process, so that I could see what file was running (So only close connections connected to wp-cron.php, with a state of "C"). Overall I know Problem 2 glosses over the real reason. But I do put the whole thing to excessive pinglists in Wordpress. But I just cannot sit there and babysit every single installation 24/7. So I need a way to save the server when I am not available. Any help would be much appreciated.

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How To Start Your Own Professional Blog with WordPress

- by Matthew Guay

Would you like to start your own blog or website? With a free WordPress account, it’s free and easy to get started creating your own professional quality blog site. This is the first part in a series on how to create your own professional quality blog site. No, we’re not talking about some cheapo looking blog from Blogger or something on Facebook, but creating a quality blog you can be proud of and present to millions of readers online. WordPress is one of the most popular blogging platforms, powering hundreds of high-profile websites and blogs around the world. It’s both powerful and easy to use, which makes it great whether you’re just starting out or are a blogging pro. To start out with your blogging project WordPress is completely free, and you can use the online interface or install the WordPress software on your own server and blog from there. Getting Started You can start a blog in just a few minutes. Head over to WordPress.com and click Sign up now on the right-hand side of the main page. Enter a username and password, check that you agree with the legal terms, select the “Gimme a blog” bullet, and click Next. WordPress may inform you that your username is already taken, simply choose a new one and try again. Next, choose a domain for your blog. This will be the address for your site, and cannot be changed, so be sure to choose exactly what you want. If you’d prefer your address to be yourname.com instead of yourname.wordpress.com, you can add your own domain for a fee after your blog is setup…but we’ll cover that later. Once you click signup, you will be sent a confirmation email. While you wait for the email to arrive you can go ahead and enter in your name and a short bio about yourself. When you receive your confirmation email, click the link. Congratulations; you now have your own blog! You can view your new blog immediately, though the default theme isn’t very interesting without your content and pictures. Back on the page you opened from the email, click Login to access your blog’s administration page and to start adding stuff to your blog. You can also access your blog’s admin page anytime by from yourname.wordpress.com/admin, substituting your own blog name for yourname. Enter your username and password, then click Log in to get started. Adding Content to your WordPress.com Blog When you sign in to your WordPress blog, you’ll first see the WordPress Admin page. Here you can see recent posts and comments, and you can see stats of how many people have visited your site. You can also access all of your blog tools and settings right from this page. To add a new post to your blog, click the Posts link on the left, then click “Add New” either on the left menu or on the top of the Edit Posts page. Or, if you want to edit the default first post, hover over it and select Edit. Or click the New Posts button on the top of the page. This menu bar is always visible whenever you’re logged in, so it’s an easy way to add a post. The editor lets you easily write anything you want in a Microsoft Word-style editor. You can format your text, add lists, links, quotes, and more. When you’re ready to share your content with the world, click Publish on the right side. To add pictures or other files, click the picture icon beside “Upload/Insert”. Your free blog account can store up to 3Gb of pictures and documents which will definitely give you a good start. Click Select Files, and then choose the pictures or documents you want to add to your post. When the pictures have uploaded, you can add a caption and choose how to position the picture. When you’re finished, select “Insert into Post”. Or, if you want to add a video, click the video button. You have to add a paid upgrade to upload videos directly, but you can add YouTube and other online videos for free. Click the “From URL” tab, and then paste the link to the YouTube video and click Insert into post. If you’re a code geek, click the HTML tab in the editor and edit the HTML of your blog post the geeky way. Once you’ve added all your content and edited it the way you want, click the Publish button on the right of the editor. Or, you can click Preview to make sure it looks right, and then click Publish. Here’s our blog with the new blog post containing a picture and video. While you’re getting to know you’re way around the controls in WordPress, the Preview feature will be your best friend while you try to organize the content to your liking. Conclusion It only takes a couple minutes to get started blogging at WordPress.com. Whether you want to write about your daily life, share pictures of your children, or review the latest books and gadgets, WordPress.com is a great place to get started for free. But we’ve only covered a small portion of the WordPress features…but this should get you started. Check back for more WordPress and blogging coverage coming up soon! Links Signup for a free WordPress.com account Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Add Social Bookmarking (Digg This!) Links to your Wordpress BlogHow-To Geek SoftwareProtecting Your WordPress Admin Panel From Hackers With .htaccessMake a Backup Copy of your Production Wordpress Blog on UbuntuLinux QuickTip: Downloading and Un-tarring in One Step TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 Awe inspiring, inter-galactic theme (Win 7) Case Study – How to Optimize Popular Wordpress Sites Restore Hidden Updates in Windows 7 & Vista Iceland an Insurance Job? Find Downloads and Add-ins for Outlook Recycle !

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OCR anything with OneNote 2007 and 2010

- by Matthew Guay

Quality OCR software can often be very expensive, but you may have one already installed on your computer that you didn’t know about. Here’s how you can use OneNote to OCR anything on your computer. OneNote is one of the overlooked gems in recent versions of Microsoft Office. OneNote makes it simple to take notes and keep track of everything with integrated search, and offers more features than its popular competitor Evernote. One way it is better is its high quality optical character recognition (OCR) engine. One of Evernote’s most popular features is that you can search for anything, including text in an image, and you can easily find it. OneNote takes this further, and instantly OCRs any text in images you add. Then, you can use this text easily and copy it from the image. Let’s see how this works and how you can use OneNote as the ultimate OCR. Please Note: This feature is available in OneNote 2007 and 2010. OneNote 2007 is included with Office 2007 Home and Student, Enterprise, and Ultimate, while OneNote 2010 is included with all edition of Office 2010 except for Starter edition. OCR anything First, let’s add something to OCR into OneNote. There are many different ways you can add items to OCR into OneNote. Open a blank page or one you want to insert something into, and then follow these steps to add what you want into OneNote. Picture Simply drag-and-drop a picture with text into a notebook… You can insert a picture directly from OneNote as well. In OneNote 2010, select the Insert tab, and then choose Picture. In OneNote 2007, select the Insert menu, select Picture, and then choose From File. Screen Clipping There are many times we’d like to copy text from something we see onscreen, but there is no direct way to copy text from that thing. For instance, you cannot copy text from the title-bar of a window, or from a flash-based online presentation. For these cases, the Screen Clipping option is very useful. To add a clip of anything onscreen in OneNote 2010, select the Insert tab in the ribbon and click Screen Clipping. In OneNote 2007, either click the Clip button on the toolbar or select the Insert menu and choose Screen Clipping. Alternately, you can take a screen clipping by pressing the windows key + S. When you click Screen Clipping, OneNote will minimize, your desktop will fade lighter, and your mouse pointer will change to a plus sign. Now, click and drag over anything you want to add to OneNote. Here we’re selecting the title of this article. The section you selected will now show up in your OneNote notebook, complete with the date and time the clip was made. Insert a file You’re not limited to pictures; OneNote can even OCR anything in most files on your computer. You can add files directly in OneNote 2010 by selecting File Printout in the Insert tab. In OneNote 2007, select the Insert menu and choose Files as Printout. Choose the file you want to add to OneNote in the dialog. Select Insert, and OneNote will pause momentarily as it processes the file. Now your file will show up in OneNote as a printout with a link to the original file above it. You can also send any file directly to OneNote via the OneNote virtual printer. If you have a file open, such as a PDF, that you’d like to OCR, simply open the print dialog in that program and select the “Send to OneNote” printer. Or, if you have a scanner, you can scan documents directly into OneNote by clicking Scanner Printout in the Insert tab in OneNote 2010. In OneNote 2003, to add a scanned document select the Insert menu, select Picture, and then choose From Scanner or Camera. OCR the image, file, or screenshot you put in OneNote Now that you’ve got your stuff into OneNote, let’s put it to work. OneNote automatically did an OCR scan on anything you inserted into OneNote. You can check to make sure by right-clicking on any picture, screenshot, or file you inserted. Select “Make Text in Image Searchable” and then make sure the correct language is selected. Now, you can copy text from the Picture. Simply right-click on the picture, and select “Copy Text from Picture”. And here’s the text that OneNote found in this picture: OCR anything with OneNote 2007 and 2010 - Windows Live Writer Not bad, huh? Now you can paste the text from the picture into a document or anywhere you need to use the text. If you are instead copying text from a printout, it may give you the option to copy text from this page or all pages of the printout. This works the exact same in OneNote 2007. In OneNote 2010, you can also edit the text OneNote has saved in the image from the OCR. This way, if OneNote read something incorrectly you can change it so you can still find it when you use search in OneNote. Additionally, you can copy only a specific portion of the text from the edit box, so it can be useful just for general copying as well. To do this, right-click on the item and select “Edit Alt Text”. Here is the window to edit alternate text. If you want to copy only a portion of the text, simply select it and press Ctrl+C to copy that portion. Searching OneNote’s OCR engine is very useful for finding specific pictures you have saved in OneNote. Simply enter your search query in the search box on top right, and OneNote will automatically find all instances of that term in all of your notebooks. Notice how it highlights the search term even in the image! This works the same in OneNote 2007. Notice how it highlighted “How-to” in a shot of the header image in our favorite website. In Windows Vista and 7, you can even search for things OneNote OCRed from the Start Menu search. Here the start menu search found the words “Windows Live Writer” in our OCR Test notebook in OneNote where we inserted the screen clip above. Conclusion OneNote is a very useful OCR tool, and can help you capture text from just about anything. Plus, since you can easily search everything you have stored in OneNote, you can quickly find anything you insert anytime. OneNote is one of the least-used Office tools, but we have found it very useful and hope you do too. Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Add or Remove Apps from the Microsoft Office 2007 or 2010 SuiteRemove Office 2010 Beta and Reinstall Office 2007How To Create and Publish Blog Posts in Word 2010 & 2007How To Copy Worksheets in Excel 2007 & 2010Add Page Numbers to Documents in Word 2007 & 2010 TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 Using TrueCrypt to Secure Your Data Quickly Schedule Meetings With NeedtoMeet Share Flickr Photos On Facebook Automatically Are You Blocked On Gtalk? Find out Discover Latest Android Apps On AppBrain The Ultimate Guide For YouTube Lovers

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From Binary to Data Structures

- by Cédric Menzi

Table of Contents Introduction PE file format and COFF header COFF file header BaseCoffReader Byte4ByteCoffReader UnsafeCoffReader ManagedCoffReader Conclusion History This article is also available on CodeProject Introduction Sometimes, you want to parse well-formed binary data and bring it into your objects to do some dirty stuff with it. In the Windows world most data structures are stored in special binary format. Either we call a WinApi function or we want to read from special files like images, spool files, executables or may be the previously announced Outlook Personal Folders File. Most specifications for these files can be found on the MSDN Libarary: Open Specification In my example, we are going to get the COFF (Common Object File Format) file header from a PE (Portable Executable). The exact specification can be found here: PECOFF PE file format and COFF header Before we start we need to know how this file is formatted. The following figure shows an overview of the Microsoft PE executable format. Source: Microsoft Our goal is to get the PE header. As we can see, the image starts with a MS-DOS 2.0 header with is not important for us. From the documentation we can read "...After the MS DOS stub, at the file offset specified at offset 0x3c, is a 4-byte...". With this information we know our reader has to jump to location 0x3c and read the offset to the signature. The signature is always 4 bytes that ensures that the image is a PE file. The signature is: PE\0\0. To prove this we first seek to the offset 0x3c, read if the file consist the signature. So we need to declare some constants, because we do not want magic numbers. private const int PeSignatureOffsetLocation = 0x3c; private const int PeSignatureSize = 4; private const string PeSignatureContent = "PE"; Then a method for moving the reader to the correct location to read the offset of signature. With this method we always move the underlining Stream of the BinaryReader to the start location of the PE signature. private void SeekToPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // seek to the offset for the PE signagure br.BaseStream.Seek(PeSignatureOffsetLocation, SeekOrigin.Begin); // read the offset int offsetToPeSig = br.ReadInt32(); // seek to the start of the PE signature br.BaseStream.Seek(offsetToPeSig, SeekOrigin.Begin); } Now, we can check if it is a valid PE image by reading of the next 4 byte contains the content PE. private bool IsValidPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // read 4 bytes to get the PE signature byte[] peSigBytes = br.ReadBytes(PeSignatureSize); // convert it to a string and trim \0 at the end of the content string peContent = Encoding.Default.GetString(peSigBytes).TrimEnd('\0'); // check if PE is in the content return peContent.Equals(PeSignatureContent); } With this basic functionality we have a good base reader class to try the different methods of parsing the COFF file header. COFF file header The COFF header has the following structure: Offset Size Field 0 2 Machine 2 2 NumberOfSections 4 4 TimeDateStamp 8 4 PointerToSymbolTable 12 4 NumberOfSymbols 16 2 SizeOfOptionalHeader 18 2 Characteristics If we translate this table to code, we get something like this: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public MachineType Machine; public ushort NumberOfSections; public uint TimeDateStamp; public uint PointerToSymbolTable; public uint NumberOfSymbols; public ushort SizeOfOptionalHeader; public Characteristic Characteristics; } BaseCoffReader All readers do the same thing, so we go to the patterns library in our head and see that Strategy pattern or Template method pattern is sticked out in the bookshelf. I have decided to take the template method pattern in this case, because the Parse() should handle the IO for all implementations and the concrete parsing should done in its derived classes. public CoffHeader Parse() { using (var br = new BinaryReader(File.Open(_fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))) { SeekToPeSignature(br); if (!IsValidPeSignature(br)) { throw new BadImageFormatException(); } return ParseInternal(br); } } protected abstract CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br); First we open the BinaryReader, seek to the PE signature then we check if it contains a valid PE signature and rest is done by the derived implementations. Byte4ByteCoffReader The first solution is using the BinaryReader. It is the general way to get the data. We only need to know which order, which data-type and its size. If we read byte for byte we could comment out the first line in the CoffHeader structure, because we have control about the order of the member assignment. protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { CoffHeader coff = new CoffHeader(); coff.Machine = (MachineType)br.ReadInt16(); coff.NumberOfSections = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.TimeDateStamp = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.PointerToSymbolTable = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.NumberOfSymbols = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.SizeOfOptionalHeader = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.Characteristics = (Characteristic)br.ReadInt16(); return coff; } If the structure is as short as the COFF header here and the specification will never changed, there is probably no reason to change the strategy. But if a data-type will be changed, a new member will be added or ordering of member will be changed the maintenance costs of this method are very high. UnsafeCoffReader Another way to bring the data into this structure is using a "magically" unsafe trick. As above, we know the layout and order of the data structure. Now, we need the StructLayout attribute, because we have to ensure that the .NET Runtime allocates the structure in the same order as it is specified in the source code. We also need to enable "Allow unsafe code (/unsafe)" in the project's build properties. Then we need to add the following constructor to the CoffHeader structure. [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { unsafe { fixed (byte* packet = &data[0]) { this = *(CoffHeader*)packet; } } } } The "magic" trick is in the statement: this = *(CoffHeader*)packet;. What happens here? We have a fixed size of data somewhere in the memory and because a struct in C# is a value-type, the assignment operator = copies the whole data of the structure and not only the reference. To fill the structure with data, we need to pass the data as bytes into the CoffHeader structure. This can be achieved by reading the exact size of the structure from the PE file. protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { return new CoffHeader(br.ReadBytes(Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)))); } This solution is the fastest way to parse the data and bring it into the structure, but it is unsafe and it could introduce some security and stability risks. ManagedCoffReader In this solution we are using the same approach of the structure assignment as above. But we need to replace the unsafe part in the constructor with the following managed part: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { IntPtr coffPtr = IntPtr.Zero; try { int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)); coffPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, coffPtr, size); this = (CoffHeader)Marshal.PtrToStructure(coffPtr, typeof(CoffHeader)); } finally { Marshal.FreeHGlobal(coffPtr); } } } Conclusion We saw that we can parse well-formed binary data to our data structures using different approaches. The first is probably the clearest way, because we know each member and its size and ordering and we have control about the reading the data for each member. But if add member or the structure is going change by some reason, we need to change the reader. The two other solutions use the approach of the structure assignment. In the unsafe implementation we need to compile the project with the /unsafe option. We increase the performance, but we get some security risks.

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Week in Geek: 4chan Falls Victim to DDoS Attack Edition

- by Asian Angel

This week we learned how to tweak the low battery action on a Windows 7 laptop, access an eBook collection anywhere in the world, “extend iPad battery life, batch resize photos, & sync massive music collections”, went on a reign of destruction with Snow Crusher, and had fun decorating our desktops with abstract icon collections. Photo by pasukaru76. Random Geek Links We have included extra news article goodness to help you catch up on any developments that you may have missed during the holiday break this past week. Note: The three 27C3 articles listed here represent three different presentations at the 27th Chaos Communication Congress hacker conference. 4chan victim of DDoS as FBI investigates role in PayPal attack Users of 4chan may have gotten a taste of their own medicine after the site was knocked offline by a DDoS attack from an unknown origin early Thursday morning. Report: FBI seizes server in probe of WikiLeaks attacks The FBI has seized a server in Texas as part of its hunt for the groups behind the pro-WikiLeaks denial-of-service attacks launched in December against PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, and others. Mozilla exposes older user-account database Mozilla has disabled 44,000 older user accounts for its Firefox add-ons site after a security researcher found part of a database of the account information on a publicly available server. Data breach affects 4.9 million Honda customers Japanese automaker Honda has put some 2.2 million customers in the United States on a security breach alert after a database containing information on the owners and their cars was hacked. Chinese Trojan discovered in Android games An Android-based Trojan called “Geinimi” has been discovered in the wild and the Trojan is capable of sending personal information to remote servers and exhibits botnet-like behavior. 27C3 presentation claims many mobiles vulnerable to SMS attacks According to security experts, an ‘SMS of death’ threatens to disable many current Sony Ericsson, Samsung, Motorola, Micromax and LG mobiles. 27C3: GSM cell phones even easier to tap Security researchers have demonstrated how open source software on a number of revamped, entry-level cell phones can decrypt and record mobile phone calls in the GSM network. 27C3: danger lurks in PDF documents Security researcher Julia Wolf has pointed out numerous, previously hardly known, security problems in connection with Adobe’s PDF standard. Critical update for WordPress A critical update has been made available for WordPress in the form of version 3.0.4. The update fixes a security bug in WordPress’s KSES library. McAfee Labs Predicts Geolocation, Mobile Devices and Apple Will Top the List of Targets for Emerging Threats in 2011 The list comprises 2010’s most buzzed about platforms and services, including Google’s Android, Apple’s iPhone, foursquare, Google TV and the Mac OS X platform, which are all expected to become major targets for cybercriminals. McAfee Labs also predicts that politically motivated attacks will be on the rise. Windows Phone 7 piracy materializes with FreeMarketplace A proof-of-concept application, FreeMarketplace, that allows any Windows Phone 7 application to be downloaded and installed free of charge has been developed. Empty email accounts, and some bad buzz for Hotmail In the past few days, a number of Hotmail users have been complaining about a rather disconcerting issue: their Hotmail accounts, some up to 10 years old, appear completely empty. No emails, no folders, nothing, just what appears to be a new account. Reports: Nintendo warns of 3DS risk for kids Nintendo has reportedly issued a warning that the 3DS, its eagerly awaited glasses-free 3D portable gaming device, should not be used by children under 6 when the gadget is in 3D-viewing mode. Google eyes ‘cloaking’ as next antispam target Google plans to take a closer look at the practice of “cloaking,” or presenting one look to a Googlebot crawling one’s site while presenting another look to users. Facebook, Twitter stock trading drawing SEC eye? The high degree of investor interest in shares of hot Silicon Valley companies that aren’t yet publicly traded–like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Zynga–may be leading to scrutiny from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Random TinyHacker Links Photo by jcraveiro. Exciting Software Set for Release in 2011 A few bloggers from great websites such as How-To Geek, Guiding Tech and 7 Tutorials took the time to sit down and talk about their software wishes for 2011. Take the time to read it and share… Wikileaks Infopr0n An infographic detailing the quest to plug WikiLeaks. The New York Times Guide to Mobile Apps A growing collection of all mobile app coverage by the New York Times as well as lists of favorite apps from Times writers. 7,000,000,000 (Video) A fascinating look at the world’s population via National Geographic Magazine. Super User Questions Check out the great answers to these hot questions from Super User. How to use a Personal computer as a Linux web server for development purposes? How to link processing power of old computers together? Free virtualization tool for testing suspicious files? Why do some actions not work with Remote Desktop? What is the simplest way to send a large batch of pictures to a distant friend or colleague? How-To Geek Weekly Article Recap Had a busy week and need to get caught up on your HTG reading? Then sit back and relax while enjoying these hot posts full of how-to roundup goodness. The 50 Best How-To Geek Windows Articles of 2010 The 20 Best How-To Geek Explainer Topics for 2010 The 20 Best How-To Geek Linux Articles of 2010 How to Search Just the Site You’re Viewing Using Google Search Ask the Readers: Backing Your Files Up – Local Storage versus the Cloud One Year Ago on How-To Geek Need more how-to geekiness for your weekend? Then look through this great batch of articles from one year ago that focus on dual-booting and O.S. installation goodness. Dual Boot Your Pre-Installed Windows 7 Computer with Vista Dual Boot Your Pre-Installed Windows 7 Computer with XP How To Setup a USB Flash Drive to Install Windows 7 Dual Boot Your Pre-Installed Windows 7 Computer with Ubuntu Easily Install Ubuntu Linux with Windows Using the Wubi Installer The Geek Note We hope that you and your families have had a terrific holiday break as everyone prepares to return to work and school this week. Remember to keep those great tips coming in to us at [email protected]! Photo by pjbeardsley. Latest Features How-To Geek ETC The 20 Best How-To Geek Linux Articles of 2010 The 50 Best How-To Geek Windows Articles of 2010 The 20 Best How-To Geek Explainer Topics for 2010 How to Disable Caps Lock Key in Windows 7 or Vista How to Use the Avira Rescue CD to Clean Your Infected PC The Complete List of iPad Tips, Tricks, and Tutorials Tune Pop Enhances Android Music Notifications Another Busy Night in Gotham City Wallpaper Classic Super Mario Brothers Theme for Chrome and Iron Experimental Firefox Builds Put Tabs on the Title Bar (Available for Download) Android Trojan Found in the Wild Chaos, Panic, and Disorder Wallpaper

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I’m sorry RPGs, it’s not you, it’s me: The birth of my game idea

- by George Clingerman

One of the things I’ve had to give up in order to have some development time at night is gaming. It’s something I refused to admit for years but I’ve just had to face the facts. I’m no longer a gamer. I just don’t have hours and hours of free time to pour into gaming and when I do have hours and hours of free time I want to pour them into game development. That doesn’t mean I don’t game at all! I play games pretty much every day. It just means I’ve moved more into the casual game realm. It’s all I have time for when juggling priorities in my life. That means that games like Gears of War 2 sit shrink wrapped on my shelf and although I popped Dragon Age into my Xbox 360 one time, I barely made it through the opening sequence and haven’t had time to sit down and play again. Instead I’m playing short games like Jamestown, Atom Zombie Smasher, Fortix or if I have time to jump in and play a few rounds maybe some Monday Night Combat or Team Fortress 2. These are games I can instantly get into and play for just a short period of time and then walk away. Breath of Death VII saved my life: Back in the day (way, way back in the day) I used to be a pretty big RPG fan. Not big by a lot of RPG gamers' standards (most of the RPGs RPG fans about I’ve never heard of) but I used to LOVE to play them on the NES, SNES and Genesis and considered that my genre. Final Fantasy, Shining in the Darkness, Bard’s Tale, Faxanadu, Shadowrun, Ultima, Dragon Warrior, Chrono Trigger, Phantasy Star, Shining Force and well the list could go on but those are the ones I remember off the top of my head. I loved playing RPGs and they were my games of choice. After my first son was born (this was just about 12 years ago), I tried to continue playing RPGs and purchased games like Baldur’s Gate I & II, Neverwinter Nights, Fable, then a few of the Final Fantasy’s then Kingdom Hearts. I kept buying these games and then only playing for about fifteen minutes and never getting back to them. I still loved RPGs but they just no longer fit into my life (I still haven’t accepted that since I still purchased Dragon Age II for some reason and convinced myself I’d find the time). Adding three more sons to the mix (that’s 4 total) didn’t help much to finding more RPG time (except for Breath of Death VII and other XBLIG RPG titles, thanks guys!) All work and no RPG: A few months ago as I was sitting thinking about the lack of RPGs in my life and talking to my wife about why I wish RPGs were different and easier for a dad like me to get into. She seemed like she was listening, so I started listing all the things that made them impossible for me to play. Here’s a short list I came up with. They take 15 billion hours to complete I have a few minutes at a time I can grab to play them if I want to have time to code. At that rate it would take me 9 trillion years to beat just one RPG. There’s such long spans of times between when I can play them I forget what I was even doing so I have to spend most of the playtime I have just figuring that out and then my play time is over. Repeat. I’ll never finish one and since it takes so long to get to the fun part in an RPG, I’m never having fun. RPGs aren’t fun if you don’t have hours to play them at a time. As you can see based on my science and math, RPGs aren’t fun for me any more. From there my brain started toying around with ideas of RPGs that would work for me. They would have to be a short RPG, you know one you could beat in a single play session. A dad sized play session. I started thinking, wouldn’t it be awesome if there was a fifteen minute RPG? That got me laughing and I took that as a good sign that it sounded fun and so I thought about it a little more. I immediately discarded the idea of doing a real RPG. I’m sure a short RPG like that could be done but it wasn’t the vibe that I had in my head. No this was going to be something that just had the core essence of an RPG. In reality what I’d be making would be more of an arcade style game. One with high scores and lots of crazy action on the screen. And that’s when it hit me. It would be a speed run RPG. That’s the basics of the game I’m working on. The Elevator Pitch: It’s a 2D top down RPG themed arcade game focused on speed. It sounds like an RPG, smells like an RPG but it’s merely emulating an RPG. The game is focused on fun and mayhem in RPG form with players leveling up in seconds instead of hours and rushing to finish quests as quickly as possible because they’ve only got fifteen minutes before EVIL overtakes the world. If the player takes longer than fifteen minutes, it’s game over man. One to four player co-operative play to really see just how fast players can level up and beat the game. Gamers will compete on leaderboards for bragging rights for fastest 1, 2, 3, and 4 player speed runs, lowest leveled characters to beat the game, highest leveled characters to beat the game and so on. Times will be tracked for everything from how long a player sat distributing stats, equipping items, talking to NPCs to running around the level. These stats will be shown at the end of each quest/level so the players can work on improving their speed run for that part of the game next time around. It’s the perfect RPG for those of us who only have fifteen minutes of game time! Where I’m at: I’m still at the prototyping stage attempting to but all the basic framework pieces in place that will at minimum give me one level to rush through. I’ve been working on this prototype for about a month now though so I’m going to have to step it up a bit or I’m not going to get finished in time (remember I’ve only got 85 days left!) Lots of the game code is in place (although pretty sloppy) but I still can’t play through that first quest/level just yet. That’s my goal to finish up by the end of next Sunday (3/25/2012). You can all hold me to that and cheer me on or heckle me throughout the week. Either way that should help me stay a bit more motivated and focused. In my head this feels like it’s going to be a fun game so I’m looking forward to seeing how it actually plays!

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Microsoft TypeScript : A Typed Superset of JavaScript

- by shiju

JavaScript is gradually becoming a ubiquitous programming language for the web, and the popularity of JavaScript is increasing day by day. Earlier, JavaScript was just a language for browser. But now, we can write JavaScript apps for browser, server and mobile. With the advent of Node.js, you can build scalable, high performance apps on the server with JavaScript. But many developers, especially developers who are working with static type languages, are hating the JavaScript language due to the lack of structuring and the maintainability problems of JavaScript. Microsoft TypeScript is trying to solve some problems of JavaScript when we are building scalable JavaScript apps. Microsoft TypeScript TypeScript is Microsoft's solution for writing scalable JavaScript programs with the help of Static Types, Interfaces, Modules and Classes along with greater tooling support. TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JavaScript. This would be more productive for developers who are coming from static type languages. You can write scalable JavaScript apps in TypeScript with more productive and more maintainable manner, and later you can compiles to plain JavaScript which will be run on any browser and any OS. TypeScript will work with browser based JavaScript apps and JavaScript apps that following CommonJS specification. You can use TypeScript for building HTML 5 apps, Node.JS apps, WinRT apps. TypeScript is providing better tooling support with Visual Studio, Sublime Text, Vi, Emacs. Microsoft has open sourced its TypeScript languages on CodePlex at http://typescript.codeplex.com/ Install TypeScript You can install TypeScript compiler as a Node.js package via the NPM or you can install as a Visual Studio 2012 plug-in which will enable you better tooling support within the Visual Studio IDE. Since TypeScript is distributed as a Node.JS package, and it can be installed on other OS such as Linux and MacOS. The following command will install TypeScript compiler via an npm package for node.js npm install –g typescript TypeScript provides a Visual Studio 2012 plug-in as MSI file which will install TypeScript and also provides great tooling support within the Visual Studio, that lets the developers to write TypeScript apps with greater productivity and better maintainability. You can download the Visual Studio plug-in from here Building JavaScript apps with TypeScript You can write typed version of JavaScript programs with TypeScript and then compiles it to plain JavaScript code. The beauty of the TypeScript is that it is already JavaScript and normal JavaScript programs are valid TypeScript programs, which means that you can write normal JavaScript code and can use typed version of JavaScript whenever you want. TypeScript files are using extension .ts and this will be compiled using a compiler named tsc. The following is a sample program written in TypeScript greeter.ts 1: class Greeter { 2: greeting: string; 3: constructor (message: string) { 4: this.greeting = message; 5: } 6: greet() { 7: return "Hello, " + this.greeting; 8: } 9: } 10: 11: var greeter = new Greeter("world"); 12: 13: var button = document.createElement('button') 14: button.innerText = "Say Hello" 15: button.onclick = function() { 16: alert(greeter.greet()) 17: } 18: 19: document.body.appendChild(button) .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } The above program is compiling with the TypeScript compiler as shown in the below picture The TypeScript compiler will generate a JavaScript file after compiling the TypeScript program. If your TypeScript programs having any reference to other TypeScript files, it will automatically generate JavaScript files for the each referenced files. The following code block shows the compiled version of plain JavaScript for the above greeter.ts greeter.js 1: var Greeter = (function () { 2: function Greeter(message) { 3: this.greeting = message; 4: } 5: Greeter.prototype.greet = function () { 6: return "Hello, " + this.greeting; 7: }; 8: return Greeter; 9: })(); 10: var greeter = new Greeter("world"); 11: var button = document.createElement('button'); 12: button.innerText = "Say Hello"; 13: button.onclick = function () { 14: alert(greeter.greet()); 15: }; 16: document.body.appendChild(button); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Tooling Support with Visual Studio TypeScript is providing a plug-in for Visual Studio which will provide an excellent support for writing TypeScript programs within the Visual Studio. The following screen shot shows the Visual Studio template for TypeScript apps The following are the few screen shots of Visual Studio IDE for TypeScript apps. Summary TypeScript is Microsoft's solution for writing scalable JavaScript apps which will solve lot of problems involved in larger JavaScript apps. I hope that this solution will attract lot of developers who are really looking for writing maintainable structured code in JavaScript, without losing any productivity. TypeScript lets developers to write JavaScript apps with the help of Static Types, Interfaces, Modules and Classes and also providing better productivity. I am a passionate developer on Node.JS and would definitely try to use TypeScript for building Node.JS apps on the Windows Azure cloud. I am really excited about to writing Node.JS apps by using TypeScript, from my favorite development IDE Visual Studio. You can follow me on twitter at @shijucv

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