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• Resources for 2D rendering using OpenGL?

  - by nightcracker

  I noticed that there is quite some difference between 3D and 2D rendering using OpenGL, the techniques are different - pixel-perfect placing is a lot more desirable, among other things. Are there any good (complete) references on using OpenGL for rendering 2D graphics? There are quite a few "tutorials" around on the net that help you open a window, set up a half-decent environment and draw a sprite, but no real good information on rotation, blending, lightning, drawing order, using the z-buffer, particles, "complex" primitives (circles, stars, cross symbols), ensuring pixel-perfect rendering, instancing and many other staple 2D effects/techniques. Any books, great blogs, anything? Any particular awesome libraries to read?

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• How important is Programming for a Level Designer?

  - by WryGrin

  I'm currently attending school in a Level Design program, and I was wondering how important programming really is in being a Level Designer? I'm apparently incapable of learning programming (despite my best efforts), and tend to do very well in all other courses 3D modelling, story/character design, narrative and dialogue writing, environmental and conceptual design etc. I'm wondering if my strengths in the other areas are enough (with practice) to let me become a Level Designer, or I'm wasting my time if I can't program? I really want to be a Designer, but I just can't seem to wrap my head around the "language" of programming in general (Java kicks my teeth in even with tutoring and additional work on my own).

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• CSM DX11 issues

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I got CSM to work in OpenGL, and now Im trying to do the same in directx. I'm using the same math library and all and I'm pretty much using the alghorithm straight off. I am using right-handed, column major matrices from GLM. The light is looking (-1, -1, -1). The problem I have is twofolds; For some reason, the ground floor is causing alot of (false) shadow artifacts, like the vast shadowed area you see. I confirmed this when I disabled the ground for the depth pass, but thats a hack more than anything else The shadows are inverted compared to the shadowmap. If you squint you can see the chairs shadows should be mirrored instead. This is the first cascade shadow map, in range of the alien and the chair: I can't figure out why this is. This is the depth pass: for (uint32_t cascadeIndex = 0; cascadeIndex < NUM_SHADOWMAP_CASCADES; cascadeIndex++) { mShadowmap.BindDepthView(context, cascadeIndex); CameraFrustrum cameraFrustrum = CalculateCameraFrustrum(degreesFOV, aspectRatio, nearDistArr[cascadeIndex], farDistArr[cascadeIndex], cameraViewMatrix); lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex] = CreateDirLightVPMatrix(cameraFrustrum, lightDir); mVertexTransformPass.RenderMeshes(context, renderQueue, meshes, lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex]); lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex] = gBiasMatrix * lightVPMatrices[cascadeIndex]; farDistArr[cascadeIndex] = -farDistArr[cascadeIndex]; } CameraFrustrum CalculateCameraFrustrum(const float fovDegrees, const float aspectRatio, const float minDist, const float maxDist, const Mat4& cameraViewMatrix) { CameraFrustrum ret = { Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), }; const Mat4 perspectiveMatrix = PerspectiveMatrixFov(fovDegrees, aspectRatio, minDist, maxDist); const Mat4 invMVP = glm::inverse(perspectiveMatrix * cameraViewMatrix); for (Vec4& corner : ret) { corner = invMVP * corner; corner /= corner.w; } return ret; } Mat4 CreateDirLightVPMatrix(const CameraFrustrum& cameraFrustrum, const Vec3& lightDir) { Mat4 lightViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(Vec3(0.0f), -glm::normalize(lightDir), Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)); Vec4 transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[0]; float maxZ = transf.z, minZ = transf.z; float maxX = transf.x, minX = transf.x; float maxY = transf.y, minY = transf.y; for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 8; i++) { transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[i]; if (transf.z > maxZ) maxZ = transf.z; if (transf.z < minZ) minZ = transf.z; if (transf.x > maxX) maxX = transf.x; if (transf.x < minX) minX = transf.x; if (transf.y > maxY) maxY = transf.y; if (transf.y < minY) minY = transf.y; } Mat4 viewMatrix(lightViewMatrix); viewMatrix[3][0] = -(minX + maxX) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][1] = -(minY + maxY) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][2] = -(minZ + maxZ) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[0][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[1][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[2][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[3][3] = 1.0f; Vec3 halfExtents((maxX - minX) * 0.5, (maxY - minY) * 0.5, (maxZ - minZ) * 0.5); return OrthographicMatrix(-halfExtents.x, halfExtents.x, -halfExtents.y, halfExtents.y, halfExtents.z, -halfExtents.z) * viewMatrix; } And this is the pixel shader used for the lighting stage: #define DEPTH_BIAS 0.0005 #define NUM_CASCADES 4 cbuffer DirectionalLightConstants : register(CBUFFER_REGISTER_PIXEL) { float4x4 gSplitVPMatrices[NUM_CASCADES]; float4x4 gCameraViewMatrix; float4 gSplitDistances; float4 gLightColor; float4 gLightDirection; }; Texture2D gPositionTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_POSITION); Texture2D gDiffuseTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_DIFFUSE); Texture2D gNormalTexture : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_NORMAL); Texture2DArray gShadowmap : register(TEXTURE_REGISTER_DEPTH); SamplerComparisonState gShadowmapSampler : register(SAMPLER_REGISTER_DEPTH); float4 ps_main(float4 position : SV_Position) : SV_Target0 { float4 worldPos = gPositionTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 diffuse = gDiffuseTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 normal = gNormalTexture[uint2(position.xy)]; float4 camPos = mul(gCameraViewMatrix, worldPos); uint index = 3; if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.x) index = 0; else if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.y) index = 1; else if (camPos.z > gSplitDistances.z) index = 2; float3 projCoords = (float3)mul(gSplitVPMatrices[index], worldPos); float viewDepth = projCoords.z - DEPTH_BIAS; projCoords.z = float(index); float visibilty = gShadowmap.SampleCmpLevelZero(gShadowmapSampler, projCoords, viewDepth); float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normal, gLightDirection), 0, 1); return visibilty * diffuse * angleNormal * gLightColor; } As you can see I am using depth bias and a bias matrix. Any hints on why this behaves so wierdly?

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• multipass shadow mapping renderer in XNA

  - by Nick

  I am wanting to implement a multipass renderer in XNA (additive blending combines the contributions from each light). I have the renderer working without any shadows, but when I try to add shadow mapping support I run into an issue with switching render targets to draw the shadow maps. When I switch render targets, I lose the contents of the backbuffer which ruins the whole additive blending idea. For example: Draw() { DrawAmbientLighting() foreach (DirectionalLight) { DrawDirectionalShadowMap() // <-- I lose all previous lighting contributions when I switch to the shadow map render target here DrawDirectionalLighting() } } Is there any way around my issue? (I could render all the shadow maps first, but then I have to make and hold onto a render target for each light that casts a shadow--is this the only way?)

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• Is it important for reflection-based serialization maintain consistent field ordering?

  - by Matchlighter

  I just finished writing a packet builder that dynamically loads data into a data stream for eventual network transmission. Each builder operates by finding fields in a given class (and its superclasses) that are marked with a @data annotation. When I finishing my implementation, I remembered that getFields() does not return results in any specific order. Should reflection-based methods for serializing arbitrary data (like my packets) attempt to preserve a specific field ordering (such as alphabetical), and if so, how?

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• Pitch camera around model

  - by ChocoMan

  Currently, my camera rotates with my model's Y-Axis (yaw) perfectly. What I'm having trouble with is rotating the X-Axis (pitch) along with it. I've tried the same method for cameraYaw() in the form of cameraPitch(), while adjusting the axis to Vector.Right, but the camera wouldn't pitch at all in accordance to the Y-Axes of the controller. Is there a way similar to this to get the same effect for pitching the camera around the model? // Rotates model on its own Y-axis public void modelRotMovement(GamePadState pController) { Yaw = pController.ThumbSticks.Right.X * MathHelper.ToRadians(speedAngleMAX); AddRotation = Quaternion.CreateFromYawPitchRoll(Yaw, 0, 0); ModelLoad.MRotation *= AddRotation; MOrientation = Matrix.CreateFromQuaternion(ModelLoad.MRotation); } // Orbit (yaw) Camera around model public void cameraYaw(Vector3 axis, float yaw, float pitch) { Pitch = pController.ThumbSticks.Right.Y * MathHelper.ToRadians(speedAngleMAX); ModelLoad.CameraPos = Vector3.Transform(ModelLoad.CameraPos - ModelLoad.camTarget, Matrix.CreateFromAxisAngle(axis, yaw)) + ModelLoad.camTarget; } public void updateCamera() { cameraYaw(Vector3.Up, Yaw); }

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• How do you calculate UVW coordinates?

  - by Jenko

  I'm working on a 3d engine and I'm calculating UVT coordinates, where U and V represent pixels on the texture measured in 0-1, and T is: T = perspective / Z But I'm trying to use this perspective-correct triangle rasteriser, which requires a W, per vertex. How do I calculate the W for each vertex for the drawPerspectiveTexturedPolygon() function? Hint: The code comments refer to W as the "homogenous coordinate" ... does that mean anything?

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• Increase animation speed according to the swipe speed in unity for Android

  - by rohit

  I have the animation done through Maya and brought the FBX file to unity. Here is my code to calculate the speed of the swipe: Vector2 speedMeasuredInScreenWidthsPerSecond =(Input.touches[0].deltaPosition / Screen.width) * Input.touches[0].deltaTime; Now I wanted to take speedMeasuredInScreenWidthsPerSecond and use it to increase the animation speed accordingly like this: animation["gmeChaAnimMiddle"].speed=Mathf.Round(speedMeasuredInScreenWidthsPerSecond); However, this results in an error that I need to convert Vector2 to float. So how do I overcome it?

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• Cannot compute wNear and wFar from projection matrix

  - by DeadMG

  I've got the following error from Direct3D when attempting to render in 3D: Direct3D9: (WARN) :Cannot compute WNear and WFar from the supplied projection matrix Direct3D9: (WARN) :Setting wNear to 0.0 and wFar to 1.0 My projection matrix is as follows: D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &Projection, D3DXToRadian(90), (float)GetDimensions().x / (float)GetDimensions().y, NearPlane, FarPlane ); D3DCALL(device->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &Projection )); The NearPlane is 0.1f, the FarPlane is 40.0f, and the dimensions are 1920x1018. This code was working earlier but I appear to have broken it, and I'm not sure where the fault is. Previously I've only encountered it if NearPlane was 0, and Google hasn't suggested any other causes either. Any suggestions?

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• OpenGL ES Basic Fragment Shader help with transparency

  - by Chris

  I have just spent my first half hour playing with the shader language. I have modified the basic program I have which renders the texture, to allow me to colour the texture. varying vec2 texCoord; uniform sampler2D texSampler; /* Given the texture coordinates, our pixel shader grabs the corresponding * color from the texture. */ void main() { //gl_FragColor = texture2D(texSampler, texCoord); gl_FragColor = vec4(0,1,0,1)*vec4(texture2D(texSampler,texCoord).xyz,1); } I have noticed how this affects my transparent textures, and I believe I am loosing the alpha channel which would explain why previously transparent area's appear totally black. If I use the following line instead, I am shown the transparent area's gl_FragColor = vec4(0,1,0,1)*vec4(texture2D(texSampler,texCoord).aaa,1); How can I retain the transparency after this modification to the colour? I have seen various things about a .w property, and also luminous, but my tweaks with those and the .aaa property are not working XD

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• What is the best Broadphase Interface for moving spheres?

  - by Molmasepic

  As of now I am working on optimizing the performance of the physics and collision, and as of now I am having some slowdowns on my other computers from my main. I have well over 3000 btSphereShape Rigidbodies and 2/3 of them do not move at all, but I am noticing(by the profile below) that collision is taking a bit of time to maneuver. Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 10.09 0.65 0.65 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 7.61 1.14 0.49 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.59 1.50 0.36 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 5.43 1.85 0.35 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 4.97 2.17 0.32 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 4.19 2.44 0.27 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 4.04 2.70 0.26 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 3.73 2.94 0.24 Ogre::OctreeSceneManager::walkOctree(Ogre::OctreeCamera*, Ogre::RenderQueue*, Ogre::Octree*, Ogre::VisibleObjectsBoundsInfo*, bool, bool) 3.42 3.16 0.22 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 2.48 3.32 0.16 Ogre::Frustum::isVisible(Ogre::AxisAlignedBox const&, Ogre::FrustumPlane*) const 2.33 3.47 0.15 1246357 0.00 0.00 Gorilla::Layer::setVisible(bool) 2.33 3.62 0.15 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.86 3.74 0.12 btCollisionDispatcher::findAlgorithm(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btPersistentManifold*) 1.86 3.86 0.12 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.71 3.97 0.11 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.55 4.07 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 1.55 4.17 0.10 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 1.55 4.27 0.10 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.40 4.36 0.09 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.40 4.45 0.09 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupFrictionConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btVector3 const&, btRigidBody*, btRigidBody*, btManifoldPoint&, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, float, float, float) 1.24 4.53 0.08 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::convertContact(btPersistentManifold*, btContactSolverInfo const&) 1.09 4.60 0.07 408760 0.00 0.00 Living::MapHide() 1.09 4.67 0.07 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::~btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm() 1.09 4.74 0.07 inflate_fast EDIT: Updated to show current Profile. I have only listed the functions using over 1% time from the many functions that are being used. Another thing is that each monster has a certain area that they stay in and are only active when a player is in said area. I was wondering if maybe there is a way to deactivate the non-active monsters from bullet(reactivating once in the area again) or maybe theres a different broadphase interface that I should use. The current BPI is btDbvtBroadphase. EDIT: Here is the Profile on the other computer(the top one is my main) Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. % cumulative self self total time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name 12.18 1.19 1.19 SphereTriangleDetector::collide(btVector3 const&, btVector3&, btVector3&, float&, float&, float) 6.76 1.85 0.66 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::processCollision(btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btDispatcherInfo const&, btManifoldResult*) 5.83 2.42 0.57 btQuantizedBvh::reportAabbOverlappingNodex(btNodeOverlapCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const 5.12 2.92 0.50 btConvexTriangleCallback::processTriangle(btVector3*, int, int) 4.61 3.37 0.45 btTriangleShape::getVertex(int, btVector3&) const 4.09 3.77 0.40 _Unwind_SjLj_Register 3.48 4.11 0.34 btBvhTriangleMeshShape::processAllTriangles(btTriangleCallback*, btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&) const::MyNodeOverlapCallback::processNode(int, int) 2.46 4.35 0.24 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowLowerLimit(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 2.15 4.56 0.21 _Unwind_SjLj_Unregister 2.15 4.77 0.21 SphereTriangleDetector::getClosestPoints(btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::ClosestPointInput const&, btDiscreteCollisionDetectorInterface::Result&, btIDebugDraw*, bool) 1.84 4.95 0.18 btTriangleShape::getEdge(int, btVector3&, btVector3&) const 1.64 5.11 0.16 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::resolveSingleConstraintRowGeneric(btRigidBody&, btRigidBody&, btSolverConstraint const&) 1.54 5.26 0.15 btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver::setupContactConstraint(btSolverConstraint&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, btManifoldPoint&, btContactSolverInfo const&, btVector3&, float&, float&, btVector3&, btVector3&) 1.43 5.40 0.14 Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::updateBufferResources(char const*, Ogre::D3D9HardwareVertexBuffer::BufferResources*) 1.33 5.53 0.13 btManifoldResult::addContactPoint(btVector3 const&, btVector3 const&, float) 1.13 5.64 0.11 btRigidBody::predictIntegratedTransform(float, btTransform&) 1.13 5.75 0.11 btTriangleIndexVertexArray::getLockedReadOnlyVertexIndexBase(unsigned char const**, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int&, unsigned char const**, int&, int&, PHY_ScalarType&, int) const 1.02 5.85 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::CreateFunc::CreateCollisionAlgorithm(btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*) 1.02 5.95 0.10 btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm::btSphereTriangleCollisionAlgorithm(btPersistentManifold*, btCollisionAlgorithmConstructionInfo const&, btCollisionObject*, btCollisionObject*, bool) Edited same as other Profile.

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• XNA Seeing through heightmap problem

  - by Jesse Emond

  I've recently started learning how to program in 3D with XNA and I've been trying to implement a Terrain3D class(a very simple height map). I've managed to draw a simple terrain, but I'm getting a weird bug where I can see through the terrain. This bug happens when I'm looking through a hill from the map. Here is a picture of what happens: I was wondering if this is a common mistake for starters and if any of you ever experienced the same problem and could tell me what I'm doing wrong. If it's not such an obvious problem, here is my Draw method: public override void Draw() { Parent.Engine.SpriteBatch.Begin(SpriteBlendMode.None, SpriteSortMode.Immediate, SaveStateMode.SaveState); Camera3D cam = (Camera3D)Parent.Engine.Services.GetService(typeof(Camera3D)); if (cam == null) throw new Exception("Camera3D couldn't be found. Drawing a 3D terrain requires a 3D camera."); float triangleCount = indices.Length / 3f; basicEffect.Begin(); basicEffect.World = worldMatrix; basicEffect.View = cam.ViewMatrix; basicEffect.Projection = cam.ProjectionMatrix; basicEffect.VertexColorEnabled = true; Parent.Engine.GraphicsDevice.VertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration( Parent.Engine.GraphicsDevice, VertexPositionColor.VertexElements); foreach (EffectPass pass in basicEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Begin(); Parent.Engine.GraphicsDevice.Vertices[0].SetSource(vertexBuffer, 0, VertexPositionColor.SizeInBytes); Parent.Engine.GraphicsDevice.Indices = indexBuffer; Parent.Engine.GraphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, vertices.Length, 0, (int)triangleCount); pass.End(); } basicEffect.End(); Parent.Engine.SpriteBatch.End(); } Parent is just a property holding the screen that the component belongs to. Engine is a property of that parent screen holding the engine that it belongs to. If I should post more code(like the initialization code), then just leave a comment and I will.

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• Java - 2d Array Tile Map Collision

  - by Corey

  How would I go about making certain tiles in my array collide with my player? Like say I want every number 2 in the array to collide. I am reading my array from a txt file if that matters and I am using the slick2d library. Here is my code if needed. public class Tiles { Image[] tiles = new Image[3]; int[][] map = new int[500][500]; Image grass, dirt, mound; SpriteSheet tileSheet; int tileWidth = 32; int tileHeight = 32; public void init() throws IOException, SlickException { tileSheet = new SpriteSheet("assets/tiles.png", tileWidth, tileHeight); grass = tileSheet.getSprite(0, 0); dirt = tileSheet.getSprite(7, 7); mound = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 6); tiles[0] = grass; tiles[1] = dirt; tiles[2] = mound; int x=0, y=0; BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("assets/map.txt")); String line; while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) { String[] values = line.split(","); for (String str : values) { int str_int = Integer.parseInt(str); map[x][y]=str_int; //System.out.print(map[x][y] + " "); y=y+1; } //System.out.println(""); x=x+1; y = 0; } in.close(); } public void update() { } public void render(GameContainer gc) { for(int x = 0; x < 50; x++) { for(int y = 0; y < 50; y ++) { int textureIndex = map[y][x]; Image texture = tiles[textureIndex]; texture.draw(x*tileWidth,y*tileHeight); } } } } I tried something like this, but I it doesn't ever "collide". X and y are my player position. if (tiles.map[(int)x/32][(int)y/32] == 2) { System.out.println("Collided"); }

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• Problems implementing a screen space shadow ray tracing shader

  - by Grieverheart

  Here I previously asked for the possibility of ray tracing shadows in screen space in a deferred shader. Several problems were pointed out. One of the most important problem is that only visible objects can cast shadows and objects between the camera and the shadow caster can interfere. Still I thought it'd be a fun experiment. The idea is to calculate the view coordinates of pixels and cast a ray to the light. The ray is then traced pixel by pixel to the light and its depth is compared with the depth at the pixel. If a pixel is in front of the ray, a shadow is casted at the original pixel. At first I thought that I could use the DDA algorithm in 2D to calculate the distance 't' (in p = o + t d, where o origin, d direction) to the next pixel and use it in the 3D ray equation to find the ray's z coordinate at that pixel's position. For the 2D ray, I would use the projected and biased 3D ray direction and origin. The idea was that 't' would be the same in both 2D and 3D equations. Unfortunately, this is not the case since the projection matrix is 4D. Thus, some tweak needs to be done to make this work this way. I would like to ask if someone knows of a way to do what I described above, i.e. from a 2D ray in texture coordinate space to get the 3D ray in screen space. I did implement a simple version of the idea which you can see in the following video: video here Shadows may seem a bit pixelated, but that's mostly because of the size of the step in 't' I chose. And here is the shader: #version 330 core uniform sampler2D DepthMap; uniform vec2 projAB; uniform mat4 projectionMatrix; const vec3 light_p = vec3(-30.0, 30.0, -10.0); noperspective in vec2 pass_TexCoord; smooth in vec3 viewRay; layout(location = 0) out float out_AO; vec3 CalcPosition(void){ float depth = texture(DepthMap, pass_TexCoord).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); vec3 ray = normalize(viewRay); ray = ray / ray.z; return linearDepth * ray; } void main(void){ vec3 origin = CalcPosition(); if(origin.z < -60) discard; vec2 pixOrigin = pass_TexCoord; //tex coords vec3 dir = normalize(light_p - origin); vec2 texel_size = vec2(1.0 / 600.0); float t = 0.1; ivec2 pixIndex = ivec2(pixOrigin / texel_size); out_AO = 1.0; while(true){ vec3 ray = origin + t * dir; vec4 temp = projectionMatrix * vec4(ray, 1.0); vec2 texCoord = (temp.xy / temp.w) * 0.5 + 0.5; ivec2 newIndex = ivec2(texCoord / texel_size); if(newIndex != pixIndex){ float depth = texture(DepthMap, texCoord).r; float linearDepth = projAB.y / (depth - projAB.x); if(linearDepth > ray.z + 0.1){ out_AO = 0.2; break; } pixIndex = newIndex; } t += 0.5; if(texCoord.x < 0 || texCoord.x > 1.0 || texCoord.y < 0 || texCoord.y > 1.0) break; } } As you can see, here I just increment 't' by some arbitrary factor, calculate the 3D ray and project it to get the pixel coordinates, which is not really optimal. Hopefully, I would like to optimize the code as much as possible and compare it with shadow mapping and how it scales with the number of lights. PS: Keep in mind that I reconstruct position from depth by interpolating rays through a full screen quad.

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• Why do the order of uniforms gets changed by the compiler?

  - by Aybe

  I have the following shader, everything works fine when setting the value of one of the matrices but I've discovered that getting a value back is incorrect for View and Projection, they are in reverse order. #version 430 precision highp float; layout (location = 0) uniform mat4 Model; layout (location = 1) uniform mat4 View; layout (location = 2) uniform mat4 Projection; layout (location = 0) in vec3 in_position; layout (location = 1) in vec4 in_color; out vec4 out_color; void main(void) { gl_Position = Projection * View * Model * vec4(in_position, 1.0); out_color = in_color; } When querying their location they are effectively reversed, I did a small test by renaming View to Piew which puts it before Projection if sorted alphabetically and the order is correct. Now if I do remove layout (location = ...) from the uniforms, the problem disappears !? I am starting to think that this is a driver bug as explained in the wiki. Do you know why the order of the uniforms is changed whenever the shader is compiled ? (using an AMD HD7850)

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• How to make unit selection circles merge?

  - by MaT

  I would like to know how to make this effect of merged circle selection. Here are images to illustrate: Basically I'm looking for this effect: How the merge effect of the circles can be achieved ? I didn't found any explanation concerning this effect. I know that to project those texture I can develop a decal system but I don't know how to create the merging effect. If possible, I'm looking for purely shaders solution.

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• Homemaking a 2d soft body physics engine

  - by Griffin

  hey so I've decided to Code my own 2D soft-body physics engine in C++ since apparently none exist and I'm starting only with a general idea/understanding on how physics work and could be simulated: by giving points and connections between points properties such as elasticity, density, mass, shape retention, friction, stickiness, etc. What I want is a starting point: resources and helpful examples/sites that could give me the specifics needed to actually make this such as equations and required physics knowledge. It would be great if anyone out there also would give me their attempts or ideas. finally I was wondering if it was possible to... use the source code of an existing 3D engine such as Bullet and transform it to be 2D based? use the source code of a 2D Rigid body physics engine such as box2d as a starting point?

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• Unity3d vector and matrix operations

  - by brandon

  I have the following three vectors: posA: (1,2,3) normal: (0,1,0) offset: (2,3,1) I want to get the vector representing the position which is offset in the direction of the normal from posA. I know how to do this by cheating (not using matrix operations): Vector3 result = new Vector3(posA.x + normal.x*offset.x posA.y + normal.y*offset.y, posA.z + normal.z*offset.z); I know how to do this mathematically Note: [] indicates a column vector, {} indicates a row vector result = [1,2,3] + {2,3,1}*{[0,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,0]} What I don't know is which is better to use and if it's the latter how do I do this in unity? I only know of 4x4 matrices in unity. I don't like the first option because you are instantiating a new vector instead of just modifying the original. Suggestions? Note: by asking which is better, I am asking for a quantifiable reason, not just a preference.

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• Fog shader camera problem

  - by MaT

  I have some difficulties with my vertex-fragment fog shader in Unity. I have a good visual result but the problem is that the gradient is based on the camera's position, it moves as the camera moves. I don't know how to fix it. Here is the shader code. struct v2f { float4 pos : SV_POSITION; float4 grabUV : TEXCOORD0; float2 uv_depth : TEXCOORD1; float4 interpolatedRay : TEXCOORD2; float4 screenPos : TEXCOORD3; }; v2f vert(appdata_base v) { v2f o; o.pos = mul(UNITY_MATRIX_MVP, v.vertex); o.uv_depth = v.texcoord.xy; o.grabUV = ComputeGrabScreenPos(o.pos); half index = v.vertex.z; o.screenPos = ComputeScreenPos(o.pos); o.interpolatedRay = mul(UNITY_MATRIX_MV, v.vertex); return o; } sampler2D _GrabTexture; float4 frag(v2f IN) : COLOR { float3 uv = UNITY_PROJ_COORD(IN.grabUV); float dpth = UNITY_SAMPLE_DEPTH(tex2Dproj(_CameraDepthTexture, uv)); dpth = LinearEyeDepth(dpth); float4 wsPos = (IN.screenPos + dpth * IN.interpolatedRay); // Here is the problem but how to fix it float fogVert = max(0.0, (wsPos.y - _Depth) * (_DepthScale * 0.1f)); fogVert *= fogVert; fogVert = (exp (-fogVert)); return fogVert; } Thanks a lot !

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• Normal map applied as diffuse textures looks wrong

  - by KaiserJohaan

  Diffuse textures works fine, but I am having problem with normal maps, so I thought I'd tried to apply the normal maps as the diffuse map in my fragment shader so I could see everything is OK. I comment-out my normal map code and just set the diffuse map to the normal map and I get this: http://postimg.org/image/j9gudjl7r/ Looks like a smurf! This is the actual normal map of the main body: http://postimg.org/image/sbkyr6fg9/ Here is my fragment shader, notice I commented out normal map code so I could debug the normal map as a diffuse texture "#version 330 \n \ \n \ layout(std140) uniform; \n \ \n \ const int MAX_LIGHTS = 8; \n \ \n \ struct Light \n \ { \n \ vec4 mLightColor; \n \ vec4 mLightPosition; \n \ vec4 mLightDirection; \n \ \n \ int mLightType; \n \ float mLightIntensity; \n \ float mLightRadius; \n \ float mMaxDistance; \n \ }; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifLighting \n \ { \n \ vec4 mGamma; \n \ vec3 mViewDirection; \n \ int mNumLights; \n \ \n \ Light mLights[MAX_LIGHTS]; \n \ } Lighting; \n \ \n \ uniform UnifMaterial \n \ { \n \ vec4 mDiffuseColor; \n \ vec4 mAmbientColor; \n \ vec4 mSpecularColor; \n \ vec4 mEmissiveColor; \n \ \n \ bool mHasDiffuseTexture; \n \ bool mHasNormalTexture; \n \ bool mLightingEnabled; \n \ float mSpecularShininess; \n \ } Material; \n \ \n \ uniform sampler2D unifDiffuseTexture; \n \ uniform sampler2D unifNormalTexture; \n \ \n \ in vec3 frag_position; \n \ in vec3 frag_normal; \n \ in vec2 frag_texcoord; \n \ in vec3 frag_tangent; \n \ in vec3 frag_bitangent; \n \ \n \ out vec4 finalColor; " " \n \ \n \ void CalcGaussianSpecular(in vec3 dirToLight, in vec3 normal, out float gaussianTerm) \n \ { \n \ vec3 viewDirection = normalize(Lighting.mViewDirection); \n \ vec3 halfAngle = normalize(dirToLight + viewDirection); \n \ \n \ float angleNormalHalf = acos(dot(halfAngle, normalize(normal))); \n \ float exponent = angleNormalHalf / Material.mSpecularShininess; \n \ exponent = -(exponent * exponent); \n \ \n \ gaussianTerm = exp(exponent); \n \ } \n \ \n \ vec4 CalculateLighting(in Light light, in vec4 diffuseTexture, in vec3 normal) \n \ { \n \ if (light.mLightType == 1) // point light \n \ { \n \ vec3 positionDiff = light.mLightPosition.xyz - frag_position; \n \ float dist = max(length(positionDiff) - light.mLightRadius, 0); \n \ \n \ float attenuation = 1 / ((dist/light.mLightRadius + 1) * (dist/light.mLightRadius + 1)); \n \ attenuation = max((attenuation - light.mMaxDistance) / (1 - light.mMaxDistance), 0); \n \ \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(positionDiff); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (attenuation * angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (attenuation * gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 2) // directional light \n \ { \n \ vec3 dirToLight = normalize(light.mLightDirection.xyz); \n \ float angleNormal = clamp(dot(normalize(normal), dirToLight), 0, 1); \n \ \n \ float gaussianTerm = 0.0; \n \ if (angleNormal > 0.0) \n \ CalcGaussianSpecular(dirToLight, normal, gaussianTerm); \n \ \n \ return diffuseTexture * (angleNormal * Material.mDiffuseColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor) + \n \ (gaussianTerm * Material.mSpecularColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor); \n \ } \n \ else if (light.mLightType == 4) // ambient light \n \ return diffuseTexture * Material.mAmbientColor * light.mLightIntensity * light.mLightColor; \n \ else \n \ return vec4(0.0); \n \ } \n \ \n \ void main() \n \ { \n \ vec4 diffuseTexture = vec4(1.0); \n \ if (Material.mHasDiffuseTexture) \n \ diffuseTexture = texture(unifDiffuseTexture, frag_texcoord); \n \ \n \ vec3 normal = frag_normal; \n \ if (Material.mHasNormalTexture) \n \ { \n \ diffuseTexture = vec4(normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0), 1.0); \n \ // vec3 normalTangentSpace = normalize(texture(unifNormalTexture, frag_texcoord).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0); \n \ //mat3 tangentToWorldSpace = mat3(normalize(frag_tangent), normalize(frag_bitangent), normalize(frag_normal)); \n \ \n \ // normal = tangentToWorldSpace * normalTangentSpace; \n \ } \n \ \n \ if (Material.mLightingEnabled) \n \ { \n \ vec4 accumLighting = vec4(0.0); \n \ \n \ for (int lightIndex = 0; lightIndex < Lighting.mNumLights; lightIndex++) \n \ accumLighting += Material.mEmissiveColor * diffuseTexture + \n \ CalculateLighting(Lighting.mLights[lightIndex], diffuseTexture, normal); \n \ \n \ finalColor = pow(accumLighting, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ else { \n \ finalColor = pow(diffuseTexture, Lighting.mGamma); \n \ } \n \ } \n"; Here is my wrapper around a texture OpenGLTexture::OpenGLTexture(const std::vector<uint8_t>& textureData, uint32_t textureWidth, uint32_t textureHeight, TextureFormat textureFormat, TextureType textureType, Logger& logger) : mLogger(logger), mTextureID(gNextTextureID++), mTextureType(textureType) { glGenTextures(1, &mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); GLint glTextureFormat = (textureFormat == TextureFormat::TEXTURE_FORMAT_RGB ? GL_RGB : textureFormat == TextureFormat::TEXTURE_FORMAT_RGBA ? GL_RGBA : GL_RED); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, glTextureFormat, textureWidth, textureHeight, 0, glTextureFormat, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, &textureData[0]); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); } OpenGLTexture::~OpenGLTexture() { glDeleteBuffers(1, &mTexture); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); } And here is the sampler I create which is shared between Diffuse and normal textures // texture sampler setup glGenSamplers(1, &mTextureSampler); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glSamplerParameteri(mTextureSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glSamplerParameteri(mTextureSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glSamplerParameteri(mTextureSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glSamplerParameteri(mTextureSampler, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glSamplerParameterf(mTextureSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT, mCurrentAnisotropy); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(mDefaultProgram.GetHandle(), "unifDiffuseTexture"), OpenGLTexture::TEXTURE_UNIT_DIFFUSE); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(mDefaultProgram.GetHandle(), "unifNormalTexture"), OpenGLTexture::TEXTURE_UNIT_NORMAL); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindSampler(OpenGLTexture::TEXTURE_UNIT_DIFFUSE, mTextureSampler); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); glBindSampler(OpenGLTexture::TEXTURE_UNIT_NORMAL, mTextureSampler); CHECK_GL_ERROR(mLogger); SetAnisotropicFiltering(mCurrentAnisotropy); The diffuse textures looks like they should, but the normal looks so wierd. Why is this?

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• Pathfinding and BSP with Box2D

  - by Amplify91

  I'm looking into implementing AI in my 2D side-scrolling platformer, and I'm looking into using algorithms such as A*. For many kinds of pathfinding, we need some sort of grid or systems of nodes or polygon areas. My problem is that I am using Box2d for physics and I am not sure how best to create a structure that my AI can use besides placing individual nodes manually (something I really want to avoid) and using some sort of steering behavior. My level design is tile-based with each tile being about half of the height/width of my main character. The tiles are not all square (some are sloped). I'd like to have a system that can see what the terrain looks like for pathfinding and also keep track of the positions of other actors such as enemies. I'd like to avoid directly placing any nodes into my level design except for possible endpoints or goals. This question is related: How do you do AI path following within a 2d physics engine like farseer/box2d?, but it doesn't specify what kind of structure I could use instead of a list of nodes. I'm looking for some kind of grid or type of BSP that I can query for algorithms like A*.

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• How can I implement 2D cel shading in XNA?

  - by Artii

  So I was just wondering on how to give a scene I am rendering a hand drawn look (like say Crayon Physics). I don't really want to preprocess the sprites and was thinking of using a shader. Cel shading supplies the effect I want to achieve, but I am only aware of the 3D instances for it. So I wanted to ask if anyone knew a way to get this effect in 2D, or if cel shading would work just as fine on 2D scenes?

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• Dynamic Environment Creation

  - by Jack

  I was wondering, I'm thinking on a more small-scale, abstracted level, but how does one create a dynamic environment a la Minecraft? In specific, I'm thinking of the world as a 3 dimensional array of block objects, how is it made so that large features such as oceans are created? The language isn't important, I'm thinking on a conceptual level, but if it helps, I use C# or C++. Thanks for any help!

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• CSM shadow errors when models are split

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I'm getting closer to fixing CSM, but there seems to be one more issue at hand. At certain angles, the models will be caught/split between two shadow map cascades, like below. first depth split second depth split - here you can see the model is caught between the splits How does one fix this? Increase the overlapping boundaries between the splits? Or is the frustrum erronous? CameraFrustrum CalculateCameraFrustrum(const float fovDegrees, const float aspectRatio, const float minDist, const float maxDist, const Mat4& cameraViewMatrix, Mat4& outFrustrumMat) { CameraFrustrum ret = { Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), Vec4(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), }; const Mat4 perspectiveMatrix = PerspectiveMatrixFov(fovDegrees, aspectRatio, minDist, maxDist); const Mat4 invMVP = glm::inverse(perspectiveMatrix * cameraViewMatrix); outFrustrumMat = invMVP; for (Vec4& corner : ret) { corner = invMVP * corner; corner /= corner.w; } return ret; } Mat4 CreateDirLightVPMatrix(const CameraFrustrum& cameraFrustrum, const Vec3& lightDir) { Mat4 lightViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(Vec3(0.0f), -glm::normalize(lightDir), Vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)); Vec4 transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[0]; float maxZ = transf.z, minZ = transf.z; float maxX = transf.x, minX = transf.x; float maxY = transf.y, minY = transf.y; for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 8; i++) { transf = lightViewMatrix * cameraFrustrum[i]; if (transf.z > maxZ) maxZ = transf.z; if (transf.z < minZ) minZ = transf.z; if (transf.x > maxX) maxX = transf.x; if (transf.x < minX) minX = transf.x; if (transf.y > maxY) maxY = transf.y; if (transf.y < minY) minY = transf.y; } Mat4 viewMatrix(lightViewMatrix); viewMatrix[3][0] = -(minX + maxX) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][1] = -(minY + maxY) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[3][2] = -(minZ + maxZ) * 0.5f; viewMatrix[0][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[1][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[2][3] = 0.0f; viewMatrix[3][3] = 1.0f; Vec3 halfExtents((maxX - minX) * 0.5, (maxY - minY) * 0.5, (maxZ - minZ) * 0.5); return OrthographicMatrix(-halfExtents.x, halfExtents.x, halfExtents.y, -halfExtents.y, halfExtents.z, -halfExtents.z) * viewMatrix; }

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• Algorithm to find average position

  - by Simran kaur

  In the given diagram, I have the extreme left and right points, that is -2 and 4 in this case. So, obviously, I can calculate the width which is 6 in this case. What we know: The number of partitions:3 in this case The partition number at at any point i.e which one is 1st,second or third partition (numbered starting from left) What I want: The position of the purple line drawn which is positio of average of a particular partition So, basically I just want a generalized formula to calculate position of the average at any point.

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