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  • Struct in C, are they efficient?

    - by pygabriel
    I'm reading some C code like that: double function( int lena,double xa,double ya, double za, double *acoefs, ..., int lenb,double xb,double yb, double zb, double *bcoefs, ..., same for c, same for d ) This function is called in the code mor than 100.000 times so it's performance-critical. I'm trying to extend this code but I want to know if it's efficient or not (and how much this influences the speed) to encapsulate all the parameters in a struct like this struct PGTO { int len; double x,y,z ; double *acoefs } and then access the parameters in the function.

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  • ASP.NET NamingContainer naming convention

    - by EOLeary
    The Background Hello! I'm working on a project in which the client has required a lot of things to happen on a single page, and this has resulted in a rather large blob of HTML being rendered out to the client browser. The main issue is with input tags (where runat="server" attribute is set), these tend to cause a drastic increase in markup size due to validation, updatepanel triggers, viewstate, and the control markup itself. I've done what I can to reduce the amount of triggers I'm using, I'm compressing the viewstate (to something like 8% of the original viewstate size), I've gotten rid of a lot of ASP.NET Validators and rolled my own, and and I've been using ClientIdMode to reduce the length of the ID attributes of many asp.net elements. All of these combined significantly reduces the amount of HTML being sent to the client, (for example going from 2 megabytes for a request down to 500-600 kb - these are HUGE pages, mind you). The Issue One area which I've been having trouble reducing is simply the auto-generated 'name' attribute of input elements. <input name="ctl00$ctl00$ctl00$_main$_main$_bodyMatterPhase$_phaseTree$ctl00$_taskTree$ctl00$_taskDetails$_detailList$ctrl0$_row$_descriptionText" type="text" value="Investigation Week 1" maxlength="100" id="_taskTree_0__taskDetails_0__detailList_0__row_0__descriptionText_0" style="width:170px;"> As you can see above, the name attribute is 139 out of 297 characters, that's almost 50% of the tag markup taken up by that HUGE name. Does anyone have any ideas on how to stick a hook in somewhere in ASP.NET where I can somehow translate these or generate them differently; say instead of ctl00$ctl00$ctl00$_main$_main$_bodyMatterPhase$_phaseTree$ctl00$_taskTree$ctl00$_taskDetails$_detailList$ctrl0$_row$_descriptionText, it could be a GUID like 0x0AEED4B6445A11E08F873606E0D72085, which is 105 characters shorter. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

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  • Most efficient way to combine two objects in C#

    - by Dested
    I have two objects that can be represented as an int, float, bool, or string. I need to perform an addition on these two objects with the results being the same thing c# would produce as a result. For instance 1+"Foo" would equal the string "1Foo", 2+2.5 would equal the float 5.5, and 3+3 would equal the int 6 . Currently I am using the code below but it seems like incredible overkill. Can anyone simplify or point me to some way to do this efficiently? private object Combine(object o, object o1) { float left = 0; float right = 0; bool isInt = false; string l = null; string r = null; if (o is int) { left = (int)o; isInt = true; } else if (o is float) { left = (float)o; } else if (o is bool) { l = o.ToString(); } else { l = (string)o; } if (o1 is int) { right = (int)o1; } else if (o is float) { right = (float)o1; isInt = false; } else if (o1 is bool) { r = o1.ToString(); isInt = false; } else { r = (string)o1; isInt = false; } object rr; if (l == null) { if (r == null) { rr = left + right; } else { rr = left + r; } } else { if (r == null) { rr = l + right; } else { rr = l + r; } } if (isInt) { return Convert.ToInt32(rr); } return rr; }

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  • MySQL slow query

    - by andrhamm
    SELECT items.item_id, items.category_id, items.title, items.description, items.quality, items.type, items.status, items.price, items.posted, items.modified, zip_code.state_prefix, zip_code.city, books.isbn13, books.isbn10, books.authors, books.publisher FROM ( ( items LEFT JOIN bookitems ON items.item_id = bookitems.item_id ) LEFT JOIN books ON books.isbn13 = bookitems.isbn13 ) LEFT JOIN zip_code ON zip_code.zip_code = items.item_zip WHERE items.rid = $rid` I am running this query to get the list of a user's items and their location. The zip_code table has over 40k records and this might be the issue. It currently takes up to 15 seconds to return a list of about 20 items! What can I do to make this query more efficient?

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  • How do you balance business process changes against the challenges of changing software?

    - by Achilles
    In my admittedly young career I've found myself writing code to support quirky business rules and processes. Inevitably these changes were always in some massively difficult code base and caused many issues. My question has a couple of parts: While software is a tool for businesses to make their lives easier, at what point do we as developers suggest a change in business process rather than in the software as the "magic bullet" to solve a particular problem. How do we as developers evangelize a certain level of reverence for the software as well as the difficulty involved in making changes simply to support the quirks of the business? I understand that these changes in business processes promote our industry, but in an analogy my father would understand: Which is easier, to melt down a hammer to forge a screwdriver to drive screws or to simply use nails since your hammer is already awesome...?

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  • How to effectively copy an array in java ?

    - by Tony
    The toArray method in ArrayList , Bloch uses both System.arraycopy and Arrays.copyOf to copy an array . public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { if (a.length < size) // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents: return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass()); System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size); if (a.length > size) a[size] = null; return a; } How to compare these two copy method , when to use which ? Thanks.

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  • How do you energize yourself when working alone on a project?

    - by Stephane
    I am working in an environment with a very small team (3 developers only) and each of us have been assigned a different project, without counting support tasks. I know this is a bad business practice and that we should all work on a single project at a time, and then move on to the next one (Already explained to the management on how much it sucks). So don't answer me that we should work all together on one project at a time. Energizing the work when in a team is mostly pair programming we did that when less project were thrown at us and that was great. What I would like to know is how you energize your work when working alone on a project. Do you follow any particular practice?

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  • Is there a more efficient way to run enum values through a switch-case statement in C# than this?

    - by C Patton
    I was wondering if there was a more efficient (efficient as in simpler/cleaner code) way of making a case statement like the one below... I have a dictionary. Its key type is an Enum and its value type is a bool. If the boolean is true, I want to change the color of a label on a form. The variable names were changed for the example. Dictionary<String, CustomType> testDict = new Dictionary<String, CustomType>(); //populate testDict here... Dictionary<MyEnum, bool> enumInfo = testDict[someString].GetEnumInfo(); //GetEnumInfo is a function that iterates through a Dictionary<String, CustomType> //and returns a Dictionary<MyEnum, bool> foreach (KeyValuePair<MyEnum, bool> kvp in enumInfo) { switch (kvp.Key) { case MyEnum.Enum1: if (someDictionary[kvp.Key] == true) { Label1.ForeColor = Color.LimeGreen; } else { Label1.ForeColor = Color.Red; } break; case MyEnum.Enum2: if (someDictionary[kvp.Key] == true) { Label2.ForeColor = Color.LimeGreen; } else { Label2.ForeColor = Color.Red; } break; } } So far, MyEnum has 8 different values.. which means I have 8 different case statements.. I know there must be an easier way to do this, I just can't conceptualize it in my head. If anyone could help, I'd greatly appreciate it. I love C# and I learn new things every day.. I absorb it like a sponge :) -CP

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  • How do I make the following interaction with mySQL more efficient?

    - by Travis
    I've got an array that contains combinations of unique MySql IDs: For example: [ [1,10,11], [2,10], [3,10,12], [3,12,13,20], [4,12] ] In total there are a couple hundred different combinations of IDs. Some of these combinations are "valid" and some are not. For example, [1,10,11] may be a valid combination, whereas [3,10,12] may be invalid. Combinations are valid or invalid depending on how the data is arranged in the database. Currently I am using a SELECT statement to determine whether or not a specific combination of IDs is valid. It looks something like this: SELECT id1 FROM table WHERE id2 IN ($combination) GROUP BY id1 HAVING COUNT(distinct id2) = $number ...where $combination is one possible combination of IDs (eg 1,10,11) and $number is the number of IDs in that combination (in this case, 3). An invalid combination will return 0 rows. A valid combination will return 1 or more rows. However, to solve the entire set of possible combinations means looping a couple hundred SELECT statements, which I would rather not be doing. I am wondering: Are there any tricks for making this more efficient? Is it possible to submit the entire dataset to mySQL in one go, and have mySQL iterate through it? Any suggestions would be much appreciated. Thanks in advance!

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  • C# String.Replace with a start/index (Added my (slow) implementation)

    - by Chris T
    I'd like an efficient method that would work something like this EDIT: Sorry I didn't put what I'd tried before. I updated the example now. // Method signature, Only replaces first instance or how many are specified in max public int MyReplace(ref string source,string org, string replace, int start, int max) { int ret = 0; int len = replace.Length; int olen = org.Length; for(int i = 0; i < max; i++) { // Find the next instance of the search string int x = source.IndexOf(org, ret + olen); if(x > ret) ret = x; else break; // Insert the replacement source = source.Insert(x, replace); // And remove the original source = source.Remove(x + len, olen); // removes original string } return ret; } string source = "The cat can fly but only if he is the cat in the hat"; int i = MyReplace(ref source,"cat", "giraffe", 8, 1); // Results in the string "The cat can fly but only if he is the giraffe in the hat" // i contains the index of the first letter of "giraffe" in the new string The only reason I'm asking is because my implementation I'd imagine getting slow with 1,000s of replaces.

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  • What's wrong with my logic here?

    - by stu
    In java they say don't concatenate Strings, instead you should make a stringbuffer and keep adding to that and then when you're all done, use toString() to get a String object out of it. Here's what I don't get. They say do this for performance reasons, because concatenating strings makes lots of temporary objects. But if the goal was performance, then you'd use a language like C/C++ or assembly. The argument for using java is that it is a lot cheaper to buy a faster processor than it is to pay a senior programmer to write fast efficient code. So on the one hand, you're supposed let the hardware take care of the inefficiencies, but on the other hand, you're supposed to use stringbuffers to make java more efficient. While I see that you can do both, use java and stringbuffers, my question is where is the flaw in the logic that you either use a faster chip or you spent extra time writing more efficient software.

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  • What are some typing patterns using a standard QWERTY keyboard that work well for you as a programme

    - by OrbMan
    After hunting and pecking for about 35 years, I have decided to learn to type. I am learning QWERTY and have learned about 2/3 of the letters so far. While learning, I have noticed how asymmeterical the keyboard is, which really bothers me. (I will probably switch to a symmetrical keyboard eventually, but for now am trying to do everything as standard and "correct" as possible.) Although I am not there yet in my lessons, it seems that many of the keys I am going to use as a C# web developer are supposed to be typed by the pinky of my right hand. Are there any typing patterns you have developed that are more ergonomic (or faster) when typing large volumes of code rife with braces, colons, semi-colons and quotes? Or, should I just accept the fact that every other key is going to be hit with my right pinky? It is not that speed is such a huge concern, as much as that it seems so inefficient to rely on one finger so much... As an example, some of the conventions I use as a hunt and pecker, like typing open and close braces right away with my index and middle finger, and then hitting the left arrow key to fill in the inner content, don't seem to work as well with just a pinky. What are some typing patterns using a standard QWERTY keyboard that work really well for you as a programmer? Update: US layout and I use home row Update 2: Despite my best efforts to the contrary, people are interpreting this questionas "how do I learn to type" or "what keyboard should I use". Take it as a given, that I will learn to type, and that I will be doing so on a standard QWERTY layout keyboard, not DVORAK. I am interested in aquiring a skill that will be useful wherever I go.

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  • Generics and Performance question.

    - by Tarmon
    Hey Everyone, I was wondering if anyone could look over a class I wrote, I am receiving generic warnings in Eclipse and I am just wondering if it could be cleaned up at all. All of the warnings I received are surrounded in ** in my code below. The class takes a list of strings in the form of (hh:mm AM/PM) and converts them into HourMinute objects in order to find the first time in the list that comes after the current time. I am also curious about if there are more efficient ways to do this. This works fine but the student in me just wants to find out how I could do this better. public class FindTime { private String[] hourMinuteStringArray; public FindTime(String[] hourMinuteStringArray){ this.hourMinuteStringArray = hourMinuteStringArray; } public int findTime(){ HourMinuteList hourMinuteList = convertHMStringArrayToHMArray(hourMinuteStringArray); Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(); int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY); int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE); HourMinute now = new HourMinute(hour,minute); int nearestTimeIndex = findNearestTimeIndex(hourMinuteList, now); return nearestTimeIndex; } private int findNearestTimeIndex(HourMinuteList hourMinuteList, HourMinute now){ HourMinute current; int position = 0; Iterator<HourMinute> iterator = **hourMinuteList.iterator()**; while(iterator.hasNext()){ current = (HourMinute) iterator.next(); if(now.compareTo(current) == -1){ return position; } position++; } return position; } private static HourMinuteList convertHMStringArrayToHMArray(String[] times){ FindTime s = new FindTime(new String[1]); HourMinuteList list = s.new HourMinuteList(); String[] splitTime = new String[3]; for(String time : times ){ String[] tempFirst = time.split(":"); String[] tempSecond = tempFirst[1].split(" "); splitTime[0] = tempFirst[0]; splitTime[1] = tempSecond[0]; splitTime[2] = tempSecond[1]; int hour = Integer.parseInt(splitTime[0]); int minute = Integer.parseInt(splitTime[1]); HourMinute hm; if(splitTime[2] == "AM"){ hm = s.new HourMinute(hour,minute); } else if((splitTime[2].equals("PM")) && (hour < 12)){ hm = s.new HourMinute(hour + 12,minute); } else{ hm = s.new HourMinute(hour,minute); } **list.add(hm);** } return list; } class **HourMinuteList** extends **ArrayList** implements RandomAccess{ } class HourMinute implements **Comparable** { int hour; int minute; public HourMinute(int hour, int minute) { setHour(hour); setMinute(minute); } int getMinute() { return this.minute; } String getMinuteString(){ if(this.minute < 10){ return "0" + this.minute; }else{ return "" + this.minute; } } int getHour() { return this.hour; } void setHour(int hour) { this.hour = hour; } void setMinute(int minute) { this.minute = minute; } @Override public int compareTo(Object aThat) { if (aThat instanceof HourMinute) { HourMinute that = (HourMinute) aThat; if (this.getHour() == that.getHour()) { if (this.getMinute() > that.getMinute()) { return 1; } else if (this.getMinute() < that.getMinute()) { return -1; } else { return 0; } } else if (this.getHour() > that.getHour()) { return 1; } else if (this.getHour() < that.getHour()) { return -1; } else { return 0; } } return 0; } } If you have any questions let me know. Thanks, Rob

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  • How do I efficiently write a "toggle database value" function in AJAX?

    - by AmbroseChapel
    Say I have a website which shows the user ten images and asks them to categorise each image by clicking on buttons. A button for "funny", a button for "scary", a button for "pretty" and so on. These buttons aren't exclusive. A picture can be both funny and scary. The user clicks the "funny" button. An AJAX request is sent off to the database to mark that image as funny. The "funny" button lights up, by assigning a class in the DOM to mark it as "on". But the user made a mistake. They meant to hit the next button over. They should click "funny" again to turn it off, right? At this point I'm not sure whats the most efficient way to proceed. The database knows that the "funny" flag is set, but it's inefficient to query the database every time a button is clicked to say, is this flag set or not, then go on with a second database call to toggle it. Should I infer the state of the database flag from the DOM, i.e. if that button has the class "on" then the flag must be set, and branch at that point? Or would it be better to have a data structure in Javascript in the page which duplicates the state of each image in the database, so that every time I set the database flag to true, I also set the value in the Javascript data to true and so on?

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  • What container type provides better (average) performance than std::map?

    - by Truncheon
    In the following example a std::map structure is filled with 26 values from A - Z (for key) and 0 - 26 for value. The time taken (on my system) to lookup the last entry (10000000 times) is roughly 250 ms for the vector, and 125 ms for the map. (I compiled using release mode, with O3 option turned on for g++ 4.4) But if for some odd reason I wanted better performance than the std::map, what data structures and functions would I need to consider using? I apologize if the answer seems obvious to you, but I haven't had much experience in the performance critical aspects of C++ programming. UPDATE: This example is rather trivial and hides the true complexity of what I'm trying to achieve. My real world project is a simple scripting language that uses a parser, data tree, and interpreter (instead of a VM stack system). I need to use some kind of data structure (perhaps map) to store the variables names created by script programmers. These are likely to be pretty randomly named, so I need a lookup method that can quickly find a particular key within a (probably) fairly large list of names. #include <ctime> #include <map> #include <vector> #include <iostream> struct mystruct { char key; int value; mystruct(char k = 0, int v = 0) : key(k), value(v) { } }; int find(const std::vector<mystruct>& ref, char key) { for (std::vector<mystruct>::const_iterator i = ref.begin(); i != ref.end(); ++i) if (i->key == key) return i->value; return -1; } int main() { std::map<char, int> mymap; std::vector<mystruct> myvec; for (int i = 'a'; i < 'a' + 26; ++i) { mymap[i] = i - 'a'; myvec.push_back(mystruct(i, i - 'a')); } int pre = clock(); for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i) { find(myvec, 'z'); } std::cout << "linear scan: milli " << clock() - pre << "\n"; pre = clock(); for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i) { mymap['z']; } std::cout << "map scan: milli " << clock() - pre << "\n"; return 0; }

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  • Database design and foreign keys: Where should they be added in related tables?

    - by Carvell Fenton
    I have a relatively simple subset of tables in my database for tracking something called sessions. These are academic sessions (think offerings of a particular program). The tables to represent a sessions information are: sessions session_terms session_subjects session_mark_item_info session_marks All of these tables have their own primary keys, and are like a tree, in that sessions have terms, terms have subjects, subjects have mark items, etc. So each on would have at least its "parent's" foreign key. My question is, design wise is it a good idea to include the sessions primary key in the other tables as a foreign key to easily select related session items, or is that too much redundency? If I include the session foreign key (or all parent foreign keys from tables up the heirarchy) in all the tables, I can easily select all the marks for a session. As an example, something like SELECT mark FROM session_marks WHERE sessionID=... If I don't, then I would have to combine selects with something like WHERE something IN (SELECT... Which approach is "more correct" or efficient? Thanks in advance!

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  • Searching with Linq

    - by Phil
    I have a collection of objects, each with an int Frame property. Given an int, I want to find the object in the collection that has the closest Frame. Here is what I'm doing so far: public static void Search(int frameNumber) { var differences = (from rec in _records select new { FrameDiff = Math.Abs(rec.Frame - frameNumber), Record = rec }).OrderBy(x => x.FrameDiff); var closestRecord = differences.FirstOrDefault().Record; //continue work... } This is great and everything, except there are 200,000 items in my collection and I call this method very frequently. Is there a relatively easy, more efficient way to do this?

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  • MySqli Prepared Statment Fetch Row

    - by pws5068
    I'm looking for an efficient way to select a specific row with a php prepared statement. $iDB = new mysqliDB(); $stmt = $iDB->prepare($sql); $stmt->bind_param('s',$searhStr); $stmt->execute(); $stmt->store_result(); $stmt->bind_result($objID,$typeID,$year,$updated); // Now jump to row $rowNumber echo("Obj ID = {$objID}"); Any suggestions? Thanks!

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  • PHP Serialize Function - Adding serialized data to mysql and then fetch and display

    - by Abhilash Shukla
    I want to know whether the PHP serialize function is 100% secure, also if we store serialized data into a database and want to do something after fetching it, will it be a nice way. For example:- I have a website with different user privileges, now i want to store the permissions settings for a particular privilege to my database (This data i want to store is to be done through php serialize function), now when a user logs in i want to fetch this data and set the privilege for the customer. Now i am ok to do this thing, what i want to know is, whether it is the best way to do or something more efficient can be done. Also, i was going through php manual and found this code, can anybody explain me a bit what's happening in this code:- [Specially why base64_encode is used?] <?php mySerialize( $obj ) { return base64_encode(gzcompress(serialize($obj))); } myUnserialize( $txt ) { return unserialize(gzuncompress(base64_decode($txt))); } ?> Also if somebody can provide me their own code to show me to do this thing in the most efficient manner. Thanks.

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  • PHP News Feed Database & Design

    - by pws5068
    I'm designing a News Feed system using PHP/MySQL similar to facebook's. I have asked a similar question before but now I've changed the design and I'm looking for feedback. Example News: User_A commented on User_B's new album. "Hey man nice pictures!" User_B added a new Photo to [his/her] profile. [show photo thumbnail] Initially, I implemented this using excessive columns for Obj1:Type1 | Obj2:Type2 | etc.. Now the design is set up using a couple special keywords, and actor/receiver relationships. My database uses a table of messages joined on a table containing userid,actionid,receiverid,receiverObjectTypeID, Here's a condensed version of what it will look like once joined: News_ID | User_ID | Message | Timestamp 2643 A %a commented on %o's new %r. SomeTimestamp 2644 B %a added a new %r to [his/her] profile. SomeTimestamp %a = the User_ID of the person doing the action %r = the receiving object %o = the owner of the receiving object (for example the owner of the album) (NULL if %r is a user) Questions: Is this a smart (efficient/scalable) way to move forward? How can I show messages like: "User_B added 4 new photos to his profile."?

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  • Best way to simplify this code, more efficient

    - by Derek
    My question is, is there a way to make this code more efficient or write it in a simple way? javascript by the way. switch (tempvar1) { case 1: currentSlide = 'slide1'; showaslide('ppslide1'); break; case 2: currentSlide = 'slide2'; showaslide('ppslide2'); break; case 3: currentSlide = 'slide3'; showaslide('ppslide3'); break; case 4: currentSlide = 'slide4'; showaslide('ppslide4'); break; case 5: currentSlide = 'slide5'; showaslide('ppslide5'); break; case 6: currentSlide = 'slide6'; showaslide('ppslide6'); break; // 20 total cases }

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  • What's the most efficient query?

    - by Aaron Carlino
    I have a table named Projects that has the following relationships: has many Contributions has many Payments In my result set, I need the following aggregate values: Number of unique contributors (DonorID on the Contribution table) Total contributed (SUM of Amount on Contribution table) Total paid (SUM of PaymentAmount on Payment table) Because there are so many aggregate functions and multiple joins, it gets messy do use standard aggregate functions the the GROUP BY clause. I also need the ability to sort and filter these fields. So I've come up with two options: Using subqueries: SELECT Project.ID AS PROJECT_ID, (SELECT SUM(PaymentAmount) FROM Payment WHERE ProjectID = PROJECT_ID) AS TotalPaidBack, (SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT DonorID) FROM Contribution WHERE RecipientID = PROJECT_ID) AS ContributorCount, (SELECT SUM(Amount) FROM Contribution WHERE RecipientID = PROJECT_ID) AS TotalReceived FROM Project; Using a temporary table: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Project_Temp; CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE Project_Temp (project_id INT NOT NULL, total_payments INT, total_donors INT, total_received INT, PRIMARY KEY(project_id)) ENGINE=MEMORY; INSERT INTO Project_Temp (project_id,total_payments) SELECT `Project`.ID, IFNULL(SUM(PaymentAmount),0) FROM `Project` LEFT JOIN `Payment` ON ProjectID = `Project`.ID GROUP BY 1; INSERT INTO Project_Temp (project_id,total_donors,total_received) SELECT `Project`.ID, IFNULL(COUNT(DISTINCT DonorID),0), IFNULL(SUM(Amount),0) FROM `Project` LEFT JOIN `Contribution` ON RecipientID = `Project`.ID GROUP BY 1 ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE total_donors = VALUES(total_donors), total_received = VALUES(total_received); SELECT * FROM Project_Temp; Tests for both are pretty comparable, in the 0.7 - 0.8 seconds range with 1,000 rows. But I'm really concerned about scalability, and I don't want to have to re-engineer everything as my tables grow. What's the best approach?

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  • What is a faster way of merging the values of this Python structure into a single dictionary?

    - by jcoon
    I've refactored how the merged-dictionary (all_classes) below is created, but I'm wondering if it can be more efficient. I have a dictionary of dictionaries, like this: groups_and_classes = {'group_1': {'class_A': [1, 2, 3], 'class_B': [1, 3, 5, 7], 'class_c': [1, 2], # ...many more items like this }, 'group_2': {'class_A': [11, 12, 13], 'class_C': [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] }, # ...and many more items like this } A function creates a new object from groups_and_classes like this (the function to create this is called often): all_classes = {'class_A': [1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13], 'class_B': [1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 'class_C': [1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] } Right now, there is a loop that does this: all_classes = {} for group in groups_and_classes.values(): for c, vals in group.iteritems(): for v in vals: if all_classes.has_key(c): if v not in all_classes[c]: all_classes[c].append(v) else: all_classes[c] = [v] So far, I changed the code to use a set instead of a list since the order of the list doesn't matter and the values need to be unique: all_classes = {} for group in groups_and_classes.values(): for c, vals in group.iteritems(): try: all_classes[c].update(set(vals)) except KeyError: all_classes[c] = set(vals) This is a little nicer, and I didn't have to convert the sets to lists because of how all_classes is used in the code. Question: Is there a more efficient way of creating all_classes (aside from building it at the same time groups_and_classes is built, and changing everywhere this function is called)?

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