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  • How should I rewrite my code to make it amenable to unittesting?

    - by justin
    I've been trying to get started with unit-testing while working on a little cli program. My program basically parses the command line arguments and options, and decides which function to call. Each of the functions performs some operation on a database. So, for instance, I might have a create function: def create(self, opts, args): #I've left out the error handling. strtime = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%D %H:%M") vals = (strtime, opts.message, opts.keywords, False) self.execute("insert into mytable values (?, ?, ?, ?)", vals) self.commit() Should my test case call this function, then execute the select sql to check that the row was entered? That sounds reasonable, but also makes the tests more difficult to maintain. Would you rewrite the function to return something and check for the return value? Thanks

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  • Django and conditional aggregates

    - by piquadrat
    I have two models, authors and articles: class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField('name', max_length=100) class Article(models.Model) title = models.CharField('title', max_length=100) pubdate = models.DateTimeField('publication date') authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author) Now I want to select all authors and annotate them with their respective article count. That's a piece of cake with Django's aggregates. Problem is, it should only count the articles that are already published. According to ticket 11305 in the Django ticket tracker, this is not yet possible. I tried to use the CountIf annotation mentioned in that ticket, but it doesn't quote the datetime string and doesn't make all the joins it would need. So, what's the best solution, other than writing custom SQL?

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  • List of Django model instance foreign keys losing consistency during state changes.

    - by Joshua
    I have model, Match, with two foreign keys: class Match(model.Model): winner = models.ForeignKey(Player) loser = models.ForeignKey(Player) When I loop over Match I find that each model instance uses a unique object for the foreign key. This ends up biting me because it introduces inconsistency, here is an example: >>> def print_elo(match_list): ... for match in match_list: ... print match.winner.id, match.winner.elo ... print match.loser.id, match.loser.elo ... >>> print_elo(teacher_match_list) 4 1192.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 4 1192.0000000000 >>> teacher_match_list[0].winner.elo = 3000 >>> print_elo(teacher_match_list) 4 3000 # Object 4 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 2 1192.0000000000 5 1208.0000000000 4 1192.0000000000 # Object 4 >>> I solved this problem like so: def unify_refrences(match_list): """Makes each unique refrence to a model instance non-unique. In cases where multiple model instances are being used django creates a new object for each model instance, even if it that means creating the same instance twice. If one of these objects has its state changed any other object refrencing the same model instance will not be updated. This method ensure that state changes are seen. It makes sure that variables which hold objects pointing to the same model all hold the same object. Visually this means that a list of [var1, var2] whose internals look like so: var1 --> object1 --> model1 var2 --> object2 --> model1 Will result in the internals being changed so that: var1 --> object1 --> model1 var2 ------^ """ match_dict = {} for match in match_list: try: match.winner = match_dict[match.winner.id] except KeyError: match_dict[match.winner.id] = match.winner try: match.loser = match_dict[match.loser.id] except KeyError: match_dict[match.loser.id] = match.loser My question: Is there a way to solve the problem more elegantly through the use of QuerySets without needing to call save at any point? If not, I'd like to make the solution more generic: how can you get a list of the foreign keys on a model instance or do you have a better generic solution to my problem? Please correct me if you think I don't understand why this is happening.

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  • Difference between URLLIB2 call in IDLE and from Django?

    - by danspants
    The following piece of code works as expected when running in a local install of django apache 2.2 fx = urllib2.Request(f); fx.add_header('User-Agent','Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/525.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/1.0.154.36 Safari/525.19'); url_opened = urllib2.urlopen(fx); However when I enter that code into IDLE on the same machine I get the following error: url_opened = urllib2.urlopen(fx); File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 124, in urlopen return _opener.open(url, data) File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 387, in open response = meth(req, response) File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 498, in http_response 'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs) File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 425, in error return self._call_chain(*args) File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 360, in _call_chain result = func(*args) File "C:\Python25\lib\urllib2.py", line 506, in http_error_default raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, hdrs, fp) HTTPError: HTTP Error 407: Proxy Authentication Required Any ideas?

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  • Django stupid mark_safe?

    - by Mark
    I wrote this little function for writing out HTML tags: def html_tag(tag, content=None, close=True, attrs={}): lst = ['<',tag] for key, val in attrs.iteritems(): lst.append(' %s="%s"' % (key, escape_html(val))) if close: if content is None: lst.append(' />') else: lst.extend(['>', content, '</', tag, '>']) else: lst.append('>') return mark_safe(''.join(lst)) Which worked great, but then I read this article on efficient string concatenation (I know it doesn't really matter for this, but I wanted consistency) and decided to update my script: def html_tag(tag, body=None, close=True, attrs={}): s = StringIO() s.write('<%s'%tag) for key, val in attrs.iteritems(): s.write(' %s="%s"' % (key, escape_html(val))) if close: if body is None: s.write(' />') else: s.write('>%s</%s>' % (body, tag)) else: s.write('>') return mark_safe(s.getvalue()) But now my HTML get escaped when I try to render it from my template. Everything else is exactly the same. It works properly if I replace the last line with return mark_safe(unicode(s.getvalue())). I checked the return type of s.getvalue(). It should be a str, just like the first function, so why is this failing?? Also fails with SafeString(s.getvalue()) but succeeds with SafeUnicode(s.getvalue()). I'd also like to point out that I used return mark_safe(s.getvalue()) in a different function with no odd behavior.

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  • Display additional data while iterating over a Django formset

    - by Jannis
    Hi, I have a list of soccer matches for which I'd like to display forms. The list comes from a remote source. matches = ["A vs. B", "C vs. D", "E vs, F"] matchFormset = formset_factory(MatchForm,extra=len(matches)) formset = MatchFormset() On the template side, I would like to display the formset with the according title (i.e. "A vs. B"). {% for form in formset.forms %} <fieldset> <legend>{{TITLE}}</legend> {{form.team1}} : {{form.team2}} </fieldset> {% endfor %} Now how do I get TITLE to contain the right title for the current form? Or asked in a different way: how do I iterate over matches with the same index as the iteration over formset.forms? Thanks for your input!

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  • How do I create self-relationships in polymorphic inheritance in Elixir and Pylons?

    - by Turukawa
    I am new to programming and am following the example in the Pylons documentation on creating a Wiki. The database I want to link to the wiki was created with Elixir so I rewrote the Wiki database schema and have continued from there. In the wiki there is a requirement for a Navigation table which is inherited by Pages and Sections. A section can have many pages, while a page can only have one section. In addition, each sibling node can be chain-referenced to each other. So: Nav has "section" (OneToMany) and "before" (OneToOne - to reference preceeding node) Page has "section" (ManyToOne - many pages in one section) and inherits "before" Section inherits all from Nav The code I've written looks like this: class Nav(Entity): using_options(inheritance='multi') name = Field(Unicode(30), default=u'Untitled Node') path = Field(Unicode(255), default=u'') section = OneToMany('Page', inverse='section') after = OneToOne('Nav', inverse='before') before = OneToMany('Nav', inverse='after') class Page(Nav): using_options(inheritance='multi') content = Field(UnicodeText, nullable=False) posted = Field(DateTime, default=now()) title = Field(Unicode(255), default=u'Untitled Page') heading = Field(Unicode(255)) tags = ManyToMany('Tag') comments = OneToMany('Comment') section = ManyToOne('Nav', inverse='section') class Section(Nav): using_options(inheritance='multi') Errors received on this: sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (OperationalError) table nav has no column named aftr_id u'INSERT INTO nav (name, path, aftr_id, row_type) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)' I've also tried: before = ManyToMany('Nav', inverse='before') on Nav in the hopes this might break the problem, but also not. The original SQLAlchemy code from the tutorial for these declarations is as follows: nav_table = schema.Table('nav', meta.metadata, schema.Column('id', types.Integer(), schema.Sequence('nav_id_seq', optional=True), primary_key=True), schema.Column('name', types.Unicode(255), default=u'Untitled Node'), schema.Column('path', types.Unicode(255), default=u''), schema.Column('section', types.Integer(), schema.ForeignKey('nav.id')), schema.Column('before', types.Integer(), default=None), schema.Column('type', types.String(30), nullable=False) ) page_table = schema.Table('page', meta.metadata, schema.Column('id', types.Integer, schema.ForeignKey('nav.id'), primary_key=True), schema.Column('content', types.Text(), nullable=False), schema.Column('posted', types.DateTime(), default=now), schema.Column('title', types.Unicode(255), default=u'Untitled Page'), schema.Column('heading', types.Unicode(255)), ) section_table = sa.Table('section', meta.metadata, schema.Column('id', types.Integer, schema.ForeignKey('nav.id'), primary_key=True), ) orm.mapper(Nav, nav_table, polymorphic_on=nav_table.c.type, polymorphic_identity='nav') orm.mapper(Section, section_table, inherits=Nav, polymorphic_identity='section') orm.mapper(Page, page_table, inherits=Nav, polymorphic_identity='page', properties={ 'comments':orm.relation(Comment, backref='page', cascade='all'), 'tags':orm.relation(Tag, secondary=pagetag_table) }) Any help is much appreciated.

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  • Textually diffing JSON

    - by Richard Levasseur
    As part of my release processes, I have to compare some JSON configuration data used by my application. As a first attempt, I just pretty-printed the JSON and diff'ed them (using kdiff3 or just diff). As that data has grown, however, kdiff3 confuses different parts in the output, making additions look like giant modifies, odd deletions, etc. It makes it really hard to figure out what is different. I've tried other diff tools, too (meld, kompare, diff, a few others), but they all have the same problem. Despite my best efforts, I can't seem to format the JSON in a way that the diff tools can understand. Example data: [ { "name": "date", "type": "date", "nullable": true, "state": "enabled" }, { "name": "owner", "type": "string", "nullable": false, "state": "enabled", } ...lots more... ] The above probably wouldn't cause the problem (the problem occurs when there begin to be hundreds of lines), but thats the gist of what is being compared. Thats just a sample; the full objects are 4-5 attributes, and some attributes have 4-5 attributes in them. The attribute names are pretty uniform, but their values pretty varied. In general, it seems like all the diff tools confuse the closing "}" with the next objects closing "}". I can't seem to break them of this habit. I've tried adding whitespace, changing indentation, and adding some "BEGIN" and "END" strings before and after the respective objects, but the tool still get confused.

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  • Munging non-printable characters to dots using string.translate()

    - by Jim Dennis
    So I've done this before and it's a surprising ugly bit of code for such a seemingly simple task. The goal is to translate any non-printable character into a . (dot). For my purposes "printable" does exclude the last few characters from string.printable (new-lines, tabs, and so on). This is for printing things like the old MS-DOS debug "hex dump" format ... or anything similar to that (where additional whitespace will mangle the intended dump layout). I know I can use string.translate() and, to use that, I need a translation table. So I use string.maketrans() for that. Here's the best I could come up with: filter = string.maketrans( string.translate(string.maketrans('',''), string.maketrans('',''),string.printable[:-5]), '.'*len(string.translate(string.maketrans('',''), string.maketrans('',''),string.printable[:-5]))) ... which is an unreadable mess (though it does work). From there you can call use something like: for each_line in sometext: print string.translate(each_line, filter) ... and be happy. (So long as you don't look under the hood). Now it is more readable if I break that horrid expression into separate statements: ascii = string.maketrans('','') # The whole ASCII character set nonprintable = string.translate(ascii, ascii, string.printable[:-5]) # Optional delchars argument filter = string.maketrans(nonprintable, '.' * len(nonprintable)) And it's tempting to do that just for legibility. However, I keep thinking there has to be a more elegant way to express this!

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  • Crossfading audio with PyQT4 and Phonon

    - by dwelch
    I'm trying to get audio files to crossfade with phonon. I'm using PyQT4. I have tracks queuing properly, but I'm stuck with the fade effect. I think I need to be using the KVolumeFader effect. Here's my current code: def music_play(self): self.delayedInit() self.m_media.setCurrentSource(Phonon.MediaSource(self.playlist[self.playlist_pos])) self.m_media.play() def music_stop(self): self.m_media.stop() def delayedInit(self): if not self.m_media: self.m_media = Phonon.MediaObject(self) audioOutput = Phonon.AudioOutput(Phonon.MusicCategory, self) Phonon.createPath(self.m_media, audioOutput) def enqueueNextSource(self): if len(self.playlist) >= self.playlist_pos+1: self.playlist_pos += 1 self.m_media.enqueue(Phonon.MediaSource(self.playlist[self.playlist_pos])) else: self.m_media.stop() Can anyone give me some advice on implementing the effect?

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  • Rewriting Live TCP Streams

    - by user213060
    I want to rewrite TCP/IP streams. Ettercap's etterfilter command lets you perform simple live replacements of TCP/IP data based on fixed strings or regexes. Example: http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2833 I would like to rewrite streams based on my own filter program instead of just simple string replacements. Anyone have an idea of how to do this? Is there anything other than Ettercap that can do live replacement like this, maybe as a plugin to a VPN software or something? Thanks!

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  • Server authorization with MD5 and SQL.

    - by Charles
    I currently have a SQL database of passwords stored in MD5. The server needs to generate a unique key, then sends to the client. In the client, it will use the key as a salt then hash together with the password and send back to the server. The only problem is that the the SQL DB has the passwords in MD5 already. Therefore for this to work, I would have to MD5 the password client side, then MD5 it again with the salt. Am I doing this wrong, because it doesn't seem like a proper solution. Any information is appreciated.

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  • How to "signal" interested child processes (without signals)?

    - by Teddy
    I'm trying to find a good and simple method to signal child processes (created through SocketServer with ForkingMixIn) from the parent process. While Unix signals could be used, I want to avoid them since only children who are interested should receive the signal, and it would be overkill and complicated to require some kind of registration mechanism to identify to the parent process who is interested. (Please don't suggest threads, as this particular program won't work with threads, and thus has to use forks.)

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  • How to call Twiter's Streaming/Filter Feed with urllib2/httplib?

    - by Simon
    Update: I switched this back from answered as I tried the solution posed in cogent Nick's answer and switched to Google's urlfetch: logging.debug("starting urlfetch for http://%s%s" % (self.host, self.url)) result = urlfetch.fetch("http://%s%s" % (self.host, self.url), payload=self.body, method="POST", headers=self.headers, allow_truncated=True, deadline=5) logging.debug("finished urlfetch") but unfortunately finished urlfetch is never printed - I see the timeout happen in the logs (it returns 200 after 5 seconds), but execution doesn't seem tor return. Hi All- I'm attempting to play around with Twitter's Streaming (aka firehose) API with Google App Engine (I'm aware this probably isn't a great long term play as you can't keep the connection perpetually open with GAE), but so far I haven't had any luck getting my program to actually parse the results returned by Twitter. Some code: logging.debug("firing up urllib2") req = urllib2.Request(url="http://%s%s" % (self.host, self.url), data=self.body, headers=self.headers) logging.debug("called urlopen for %s %s, about to call urlopen" % (self.host, self.url)) fobj = urllib2.urlopen(req) logging.debug("called urlopen") When this executes, unfortunately, my debug output never shows the called urlopen line printed. I suspect what's happening is that Twitter keeps the connection open and urllib2 doesn't return because the server doesn't terminate the connection. Wireshark shows the request being sent properly and a response returned with results. I tried adding Connection: close to my request header, but that didn't yield a successful result. Any ideas on how to get this to work? thanks -Simon

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  • Preserve time stamp when shrinking an image

    - by Ckhrysze
    My digital camera takes pictures with a very high resolution, and I have a PIL script to shrink them to 800x600 (or 600x800). However, it would be nice for the resultant file to retain the original timestamp. I noticed in the docs that I can use a File object instead of a name in PIL's image save method, but I don't know if that will help or not. My code is basically name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename) # open an image file (.bmp,.jpg,.png,.gif) you have in the working folder image = Image.open(filename) width = 800 height = 600 w, h = image.size if h > w: width = 600 height = 800 name = name + ".jpg" shunken = image.resize((width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS) shunken.save(name) Thank you for any help you can give!

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  • Start PyGTK cellrenderer edit from code

    - by mkotechno
    I have a treeview with an editable CellRendererText: self.renderer = gtk.CellRendererText() self.renderer.set_property('editable', True) But now I need to launch the edition from code instead from user, this is to focus the user attention in the fact he just created a new row and needs to be named. I tried this but does not work: self.renderer.start_editing( gtk.gdk.Event(gtk.gdk.NOTHING), self.treeview, str(index), gtk.gdk.Rectangle(), gtk.gdk.Rectangle(), 0) Neither does not throw errors, but the documentation about for what is each argument is not clear, in fact I really don't know if start_editing method is for this. All suggestions are welcome, thanks.

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  • Check if the integer in a list is not duplicated, and sequential

    - by prosseek
    testGroupList is a list of integer. I need to check the numbers in testGroupList is sequential (i.e, 1-2-3-4...) and not duplicate numbers. Ignore the negative integer. I implemented it as follows, and it's pretty ugly. Is there any clever way to do this? buff = filter(lambda x: x 0, testGroupList) maxval = max(buff) for i in range(maxval): id = i+1 val = buff.count(id) if val == 1: print id, elif val = 2: print "(Test Group %d duplicated %d times)" % (id, val), elif val == 0: print "(Test Group %d missing)" % id,

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  • is the sender of google-app-engine allow my own gmail..

    - by zjm1126
    my gmail is [email protected] i can only use [email protected] in the sender=".." ,yes ?? from google.appengine.api import mail message = mail.EmailMessage(sender="[email protected]", subject="Your account has been approved") message.to = "[email protected]" message.body = """ Dear Albert: Your example.com account has been approved. You can now visit http://www.example.com/ and sign in using your Google Account to access new features. Please let us know if you have any questions. The example.com Team """ message.send() thanks

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  • Sort and limit queryset by comment count and date using queryset.extra() (django)

    - by thornomad
    I am trying to sort/narrow a queryset of objects based on the number of comments each object has as well as by the timeframe during which the comments were posted. Am using a queryset.extra() method (using django_comments which utilizes generic foreign keys). I got the idea for using queryset.extra() (and the code) from here. This is a follow-up question to my initial question yesterday (which shows I am making some progress). Current Code: What I have so far works in that it will sort by the number of comments; however, I want to extend the functionality and also be able to pass a time frame argument (eg, 7 days) and return an ordered list of the most commented posts in that time frame. Here is what my view looks like with the basic functionality in tact: import datetime from django.contrib.comments.models import Comment from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType from django.db.models import Count, Sum from django.views.generic.list_detail import object_list def custom_object_list(request, queryset, *args, **kwargs): '''Extending the list_detail.object_list to allow some sorting. Example: http://example.com/video?sort_by=comments&days=7 Would get a list of the videos sorted by most comments in the last seven days. ''' try: # this is where I started working on the date business ... days = int(request.GET.get('days', None)) period = datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(days=int(days)) except (ValueError, TypeError): days = None period = None sort_by = request.GET.get('sort_by', None) ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(queryset.model) if sort_by == 'comments': queryset = queryset.extra(select={ 'count' : """ SELECT COUNT(*) AS comment_count FROM django_comments WHERE content_type_id=%s AND object_pk=%s.%s """ % ( ctype.pk, queryset.model._meta.db_table, queryset.model._meta.pk.name ), }, order_by=['-count']).order_by('-count', '-created') return object_list(request, queryset, *args, **kwargs) What I've Tried: I am not well versed in SQL but I did try just to add another WHERE criteria by hand to see if I could make some progress: SELECT COUNT(*) AS comment_count FROM django_comments WHERE content_type_id=%s AND object_pk=%s.%s AND submit_date='2010-05-01 12:00:00' But that didn't do anything except mess around with my sort order. Any ideas on how I can add this extra layer of functionality? Thanks for any help or insight.

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  • do I need to use partial?

    - by wiso
    I've a general function, for example (only a simplified example): def do_operation(operation, a, b, name): print name do_something_more(a,b,name, operation(a,b)) def operation_x(a,b): return a**2 + b def operation_y(a,b): return a**10 - b/2. and some data: data = {"first": {"name": "first summation", "a": 10, "b": 20, "operation": operation_x}, "second": {"name": "second summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_y}, "third": {"name": "third summation", "a": 20, "b": 50, "operation": operation_x}, # <-- operation_x again } now I can do: what_to_do = ("first", "third") # this comes from command line for sum_id in what_to_do: do_operation(data["operation"], data["a"], data["b"], data["name"]) or maybe it's better if I use functools.partial? from functools import partial do_operation_one = do_operation(name=data["first"]["name"], operation=data["first"]["operation"], a=data["first"]["a"], b=data["first"]["b"]) do_operation_two = do_operation(name=data["second"]["name"], operation=data["second"]["operation"] a=data["second"]["a"], b=data["second"]["b"]) do_operation_three = do_operation(name=data["third"]["name"], operation=data["third"]["operation"] a=data["third"]["a"], b=data["third"]["b"]) do_dictionary = { "first": do_operation_one, "second": do_operation_two, "third": do_operation_three } for what in what_to_do: do_dictionary[what]()

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  • How split a column in two colunms in pandas

    - by user1345283
    I have el next dataframe data=read_csv('enero.csv') data Fecha DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 How to split the column Fecha in two columns,for example, get a dataframe as follows: Fecha Hora DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 I am using pandas for to read data I try to calculate daily averages from a monthly database has daily data recorded every 15 minutes. To do this, use pandas and grouped the columns: Date and Time for get a dataframe as follow: Fecha Hora 2011/07/01 00:00 -4.4 00:15 -1.7 00:30 -3.4 2011/07/02 00:00 -4.5 00:15 -4.2 00:30 -7.6 2011/07/03 00:00 -6.3 00:15 -13.7 00:30 -0.3 with this look, I get the following grouped.mean() Fecha DirRes 2011/07/01 -3 2011/07/02 -5 2011/07/03 -6

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