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  • Inheritance, commands and event sourcing

    - by Arthis
    In order not to redo things several times I wanted to factorize common stuff. For Instance, let's say we have a cow and a horse. The cow produces milk, the horse runs fast, but both eat grass. public class Herbivorous { public void EatGrass(int quantity) { var evt= Build.GrassEaten .WithQuantity(quantity); RaiseEvent(evt); } } public class Horse : Herbivorous { public void RunFast() { var evt= Build.FastRun; RaiseEvent(evt); } } public class Cow: Herbivorous { public void ProduceMilk() { var evt= Build.MilkProduced; RaiseEvent(evt); } } To eat Grass, the command handler should be : public class EatGrassHandler : CommandHandler<EatGrass> { public override CommandValidation Execute(EatGrass cmd) { Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(cmd != null); var herbivorous= EventRepository.GetById<Herbivorous>(cmd.Id); if (herbivorous.IsNull()) throw new AggregateRootInstanceNotFoundException(); herbivorous.EatGrass(cmd.Quantity); EventRepository.Save(herbivorous, cmd.CommitId); } } so far so good. I get a Herbivorous object , I have access to its EatGrass function, whether it is a horse or a cow doesn't matter really. The only problem is here : EventRepository.GetById<Herbivorous>(cmd.Id) Indeed, let's imagine we have a cow that has produced milk during the morning and now wants to eat grass. The EventRepository contains an event MilkProduced, and then come the command EatGrass. With the CommandHandler, we are no longer in the presence of a cow and the herbivorious doesn't know anything about producing milk . what should it do? Ignore the event and continue , thus allowing the inheritance and "general" commands? or throw an exception to forbid execution, it would mean only CowEatGrass, and HorseEatGrass might exists as commands ? Thanks for your help, I am just beginning with these kinds of problem, and I would be glad to have some news from someone more experienced.

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  • Android threads trouble wrapping my head around design

    - by semajhan
    I am having trouble wrapping my head around game design. On the android platform, I have an activity and set its content view with a custom surface view. The custom surface view acts as my panel and I create instances of all classes and do all the drawing and calculation in there. Question: Should I instead create the instances of other classes in my activity? Now I create a custom thread class that handles the game loop. Question: How do I use this one class in all my activities? Or do I have to create a separate thread each time? In my previous game, I had multiple levels that had to create an instance of the thread class and in the thread class I had to set constructor methods for each separate level and in the loop use a switch statement to check which level it needs to render and update. Sorry if that sounds confusing. I just want to know if the method I am using is inefficient (which it probably is) and how to go about designing it the correct way. I have read many tutorials out there and I am still having lots of trouble with this particular topic. Maybe a link to a some tutorials that explain this? Thanks.

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  • Why C# does not support multiple inheritance?

    - by Jalpesh P. Vadgama
    Yesterday, One of my friend Dharmendra ask me that why C# does not support multiple inheritance. This is question most of the people ask every time. So I thought it will be good to write a blog post about it. So why it does not support multiple inheritance? I tried to dig into the problem and I have found the some of good links from C# team from Microsoft for why it’s not supported in it. Following is a link for it. http://blogs.msdn.com/b/csharpfaq/archive/2004/03/07/85562.aspx Also, I was giving some of the example to my friend Dharmendra where multiple inheritance can be a problem.The problem is called the diamond problem. Let me explain a bit. If you have class that is inherited from the more then one classes and If two classes have same signature function then for child class object, It is impossible to call specific parent class method. Here is the link that explains more about diamond problem. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_problem Now of some of people could ask me then why its supporting same implementation with the interfaces. But for interface you can call that method explicitly that this is the method for the first interface and this the method for second interface. This is not possible with multiple inheritance. Following is a example how we can implement the multiple interface to a class and call the explicit method for particular interface. Multiple Inheritance in C# That’s it. Hope you like it. Stay tuned for more update..Till then happy programming.

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  • Inconsistent accessibility error in xna.

    - by Tom
    Hey all, you may remember me asking a question regarding a snake game I was creating about two weeks ago. Well I'm quite far now into making the game (thanks to a brilliant tutorial I found). But I've come across the error described named above. So heres my problem; I have a SnakeFood class that has a method called "Reposition". In the game1 class I have a method called "UpdateInGame" which calls the reposition method to load an orange that spawns in a random place every second. My latest piece of code changed the reposition method to allow the snake I have on the screen to not be overlapped by the orange that randomly spawns. Now I get the error (in full): Error 1 Inconsistent accessibility: parameter type 'TheMathsSnakeGame.Snake' is less accessible than method 'TheMathsSnakeGame.SnakeFood.Reposition(TheMathsSnakeGame.Snake)' C:\Users\Tom\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\TheMathsSnakeGame\TheMathsSnakeGame\SnakeFood.cs 33 21 TheMathsSnakeGame I understand what the errors trying to tell me but having changed the accessiblity of the methods, I still can't get it to work. Sorry about the longwinded question. Thanks in advance :) Edit: Code I'm using (Game1 Class) private void UpdateInGame(GameTime gameTime) { //Calls the oranges "reposition" method every second if (gameTime.TotalGameTime.Milliseconds % 1000 == 0) orange.Reposition(sidney); sidney.Update(gameTime); } (SnakeFood Class) public void Reposition(Snake snake) { do { position = new Point(rand.Next(Grid.maxHeight), rand.Next(Grid.maxWidth)); } while (snake.IsBodyOnPoint(position)); }

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  • Switch vs Polymorphism when dealing with model and view

    - by Raphael Oliveira
    I can't figure out a better solution to my problem. I have a view controller that presents a list of elements. Those elements are models that can be an instance of B, C, D, etc and inherit from A. So in that view controller, each item should go to a different screen of the application and pass some data when the user select one of them. The two alternatives that comes to my mind are (please ignore the syntax, it is not a specific language) 1) switch (I know that sucks) //inside the view controller void onClickItem(int index) { A a = items.get(index); switch(a.type) { case b: B b = (B)a; go to screen X; x.v1 = b.v1; // fill X with b data x.v2 = b.v2; case c: go to screen Y; etc... } } 2) polymorphism //inside the view controller void onClickItem(int index) { A a = items.get(index); Screen s = new (a.getDestinationScreen()); //ignore the syntax s.v1 = a.v1; // fill s with information about A s.v2 = a.v2; show(s); } //inside B Class getDestinationScreen(void) { return Class(X); } //inside C Class getDestinationScreen(void) { return Class(Y); } My problem with solution 2 is that since B, C, D, etc are models, they shouldn't know about view related stuff. Or should they in that case?

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  • C++11 Tidbits: access control under SFINAE conditions

    - by Paolo Carlini
    Lately I have been spending quite a bit of time on the SFINAE ("Substitution failure is not an error") features of C++, fixing and tweaking various bits of the GCC implementation. An important missing piece was the implementation of the resolution of DR 1170 which, in a nutshell, mandates that access checking is done as part of the substitution process. Consider: class C { typedef int type; }; template <class T, class = typename T::type> auto f(int) - char; template <class> auto f(...) -> char (&)[2]; static_assert (sizeof(f<C>(0)) == 2, "Ouch"); According to the resolution, the static_assert should not fire, and the snippet should compile successfully. The reason being that the first f overload must be removed from the candidate set because C::type is private to C. On the other hand, before the resolution of DR 1170, the expected behavior was for the first overload to remain in the candidate set, win over the second one, to eventually lead to an access control error (*). GCC mainline (would be 4.8) finally implements the DR, thus benefiting the many modern programming techniques heavily exploiting SFINAE, among which certainly the GNU C++ runtime library itself, which relies on it for the internals of <type_traits> and in several other places. Note that the resolution of the DR is active even in C++98 mode, not just in C++11 mode, because it turned out that the traditional behavior, as implemented in GCC, wasn't fully consistent in all the possible circumstances. (*) In practice, GCC didn't really implement this, the static_assert triggered instead.

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  • Should a Parent with Children have a DefaultChild, or should a Child have a Default property?

    - by Stijn
    Which of the following two models makes more sense? I'm leaning towards the first one because there can only be one default child. The examples are in C# but I think it can apply to other languages too. Here DefaultChild holds one of the items in Children. class Parent { int ID { get; set; } Child DefaultChild { get; set; } IEnumerable<Child> Children { get; set; } } class Child { int ID { get; set; } } Here one of the items in Children has Default set to true while the others have it set to false. class Parent { int ID { get; set; } IEnumerable<Child> Children { get; set; } } class Child { int ID { get; set; } bool Default { get; set; } } A concrete situation: a User in our system has one or more Customers attached. When logging in, if said User has a default Customer, they are immediately working under this Customer. If they don't, they have to select a Customer to work under. While logged in, they can switch between Customers.

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  • Dependency injection: what belongs in the constructor?

    - by Adam Backstrom
    I'm evaluating my current PHP practices in an effort to write more testable code. Generally speaking, I'm fishing for opinions on what types of actions belong in the constructor. Should I limit things to dependency injection? If I do have some data to populate, should that happen via a factory rather than as constructor arguments? (Here, I'm thinking about my User class that takes a user ID and populates user data from the database during construction, which obviously needs to change in some way.) I've heard it said that "initialization" methods are bad, but I'm sure that depends on what exactly is being done during initialization. At the risk of getting too specific, I'll also piggyback a more detailed example onto my question. For a previous project, I built a FormField class (which handled field value setting, validation, and output as HTML) and a Model class to contain these fields and do a bit of magic to ease working with fields. FormField had some prebuilt subclasses, e.g. FormText (<input type="text">) and FormSelect (<select>). Model would be subclassed so that a specific implementation (say, a Widget) had its own fields, such as a name and date of manufacture: class Widget extends Model { public function __construct( $data = null ) { $this->name = new FormField('length=20&label=Name:'); $this->manufactured = new FormDate; parent::__construct( $data ); // set above fields using incoming array } } Now, this does violate some rules that I have read, such as "avoid new in the constructor," but to my eyes this does not seem untestable. These are properties of the object, not some black box data generator reading from an external source. Unit tests would progressively build up to any test of Widget-specific functionality, so I could be confident that the underlying FormFields were working correctly during the Widget test. In theory I could provide the Model with a FieldFactory() which could supply custom field objects, but I don't believe I would gain anything from this approach. Is this a poor assumption?

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  • Changing State in PlayerControler from PlayerInput

    - by Jeremy Talus
    In my player input I wanna change the the "State" of my player controller but I have some trouble to do it my player input is declared like that : class ResistancePlayerInput extends PlayerInput within ResistancePlayerController config(ResistancePlayerInput); and in my playerControler I have that : class ResistancePlayerController extends GamePlayerController; var name PreviousState; DefaultProperties { CameraClass = class 'ResistanceCamera' //Telling the player controller to use your custom camera script InputClass = class'ResistanceGame.ResistancePlayerInput' DefaultFOV = 90.f //Telling the player controller what the default field of view (FOV) should be } simulated event PostBeginPlay() { Super.PostBeginPlay(); } auto state Walking { event BeginState(name PreviousStateName) { Pawn.GroundSpeed = 200; `log("Player Walking"); } } state Running extends Walking { event BeginState(name PreviousStateName) { Pawn.GroundSpeed = 350; `log("Player Running"); } } state Sprinting extends Walking { event BeginState(name PreviousStateName) { Pawn.GroundSpeed = 800; `log("Player Sprinting"); } } I have tried to use PCOwner.GotoState(); and ResistancePlayerController(PCOwner).GotoState(); but won't work. I have also tried a simple GotoState, and nothing happen how can I call GotoState for the PC Class from my player input ?

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  • XNA CustomModelAnimationSample problem

    - by Mentoliptus
    I downloaded the official tutorial from:CustomModelAnimationSample It works fine but when I try to replicate it in my project, it fails to load the Tag property in my model. Is found that the probelm is in the line: skinnedModel = Content.Load<Model>("DudeWalk"); This line loads the model from the DudeWalk.fbx file and with the custom SkinnedModelProcessor. It loads the animations data in the model. After the line the Tag property is full. I stepped into the method and it went to the custom ModelData class. I copied everything from the projects CustomModelAnimationWindows and CustomModelAnimationPipeline to my solution and set all the references. I tried the same line of code and couldn't step in the method. It called the default method or model constructor and after the line the model's Tag propetry was null. I have to load the model through my custom SkinnedModelProcessor class, but how I tell the game to use this class? In the tutroail CustomModelClass the line is changed to: model = Content.Load<CustomModel>("tank"); So I assumed that I have to set the generic type to a custom model class, but the first example works without it. If anyone has some useful advice or some other helpful link, I'll be happy to try it.

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  • Custom inventory items based on inheritance

    - by Bogdan Marginean
    So, here's the scenario: I'm building an RPG. Like most of the other RPGs on the market, my game will feature an inventory and of course, inventory items. So far I've worked well with using a single class for all items, because I did not need anything else than character stat alteration on item usage (consumption). However, I'd like some items to have a more exotic effect. Think of something like when the user consumes a transformation potion, he automatically turns into a beast. In order to achieve this I've thought about declaring a new class that inherits from BaseItem for each item. Each descendant would override some methods (like void OnConsume()), to change the base behavior. This works fine, but when it comes to inventory management, I have some issues. The actual inventory will have to work with BaseItem components only (for obvious reasons, as it's an enumerable collection of objects of the same type); casting any descendant to the base class is possible, so no problems in adding items to the inventory. But how can I keep track of the descendant's type (class) for each item in the inventory? And how to perform the descendant's OnConsume from withint he inventory, for each item? Let me know if you can think of a better solution than mine, or if you can think of a solution to my problem only. Development is done in C#, inside Unity 3.5. Thanks!

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  • What's a good entity hierarchy for a 2D game?

    - by futlib
    I'm in the process of building a new 2D game out of some code I wrote a while ago. The object hierarchy for entities is like this: Scene (e.g. MainMenu): Contains multiple entities and delegates update()/draw() to each Entity: Base class for all things in a scene (e.g. MenuItem or Alien) Sprite: Base class for all entities that just draw a texture, i.e. don't have their own drawing logic Does it make sense to split up entities and sprites up like that? I think in a 2D game, the terms entity and sprite are somewhat synonymous, right? But I do believe that I need some base class for entities that just draw a texture, as opposed to drawing themselves, to avoid duplication. Most entities are like that. One weird case is my Text class: It derives from Sprite, which accepts either the path of an image or an already loaded texture in its constructor. Text loads a texture in its constructor and passes that to Sprite. Can you outline a design that makes more sense? Or point me to a good object-oriented reference code base for a 2D game? I could only find 3D engine code bases of decent code quality, e.g. Doom 3 and HPL1Engine.

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  • Code contracts and inheritance

    - by DigiMortal
    In my last posting about code contracts I introduced you how to force code contracts to classes through interfaces. In this posting I will go step further and I will show you how code contracts work in the case of inherited classes. As a first thing let’s take a look at my interface and code contracts. [ContractClass(typeof(ProductContracts))] public interface IProduct {     int Id { get; set; }     string Name { get; set; }     decimal Weight { get; set; }     decimal Price { get; set; } }   [ContractClassFor(typeof(IProduct))] internal sealed class ProductContracts : IProduct {     private ProductContracts() { }       int IProduct.Id     {         get         {             return default(int);         }         set         {             Contract.Requires(value > 0);         }     }       string IProduct.Name     {         get         {             return default(string);         }         set         {             Contract.Requires(!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value));             Contract.Requires(value.Length <= 25);         }     }       decimal IProduct.Weight     {         get         {             return default(decimal);         }         set         {             Contract.Requires(value > 3);             Contract.Requires(value < 100);         }     }       decimal IProduct.Price     {         get         {             return default(decimal);         }         set         {             Contract.Requires(value > 0);             Contract.Requires(value < 100);         }     } } And here is the product class that inherits IProduct interface. public class Product : IProduct {     public int Id { get; set; }     public string Name { get; set; }     public virtual decimal Weight { get; set; }     public decimal Price { get; set; } } if we run this code and violate the code contract set to Id we will get ContractException. public class Program {     static void Main(string[] args)     {         var product = new Product();         product.Id = -100;     } }   Now let’s make Product to be abstract class and let’s define new class called Food that adds one more contract to Weight property. public class Food : Product {     public override decimal Weight     {         get         {             return base.Weight;         }         set         {             Contract.Requires(value > 1);             Contract.Requires(value < 10);               base.Weight = value;         }     } } Now we should have the following rules at place for Food: weight must be greater than 1, weight must be greater than 3, weight must be less than 100, weight must be less than 10. Interesting part is what happens when we try to violate the lower and upper limits of Food weight. To see what happens let’s try to violate rules #2 and #4. Just comment one of the last lines out in the following method to test another assignment. public class Program {     static void Main(string[] args)     {         var food = new Food();         food.Weight = 12;         food.Weight = 2;     } } And here are the results as pictures to see where exceptions are thrown. Click on images to see them at original size. Violation of lower limit. Violation of upper limit. As you can see for both violations we get ContractException like expected. Code contracts inheritance is powerful and at same time dangerous feature. Although you can always narrow down the conditions that come from more general classes it is possible to define impossible or conflicting contracts at different points in inheritance hierarchy.

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  • Better solution then simple factory method when concrete implementations have different attributes

    - by danip
    abstract class Animal { function eat() {..} function sleep() {..} function isSmart() } class Dog extends Animal { public $blnCanBark; function isSmart() { return $this->blnCanBark; } } class Cat extends Animal { public $blnCanJumpHigh; function isSmart() { return $this->blnCanJumpHigh; } } .. and so on up to 10-20 animals. Now I created a factory using simple factory method and try to create instances like this: class AnimalFactory { public static function create($strName) { switch($strName) { case 'Dog': return new Dog(); case 'Cat': return new Cat(); default: break; } } } The problem is I can't set the specific attributes like blnCanBark, blnCanJumpHigh in an efficient way. I can send all of them as extra params to create but this will not scale to more then a few classes. Also I can't break the inheritance because a lot of the basic functionality is the same. Is there a better pattern to solve this?

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  • Pygame: Save a list of objects/classes/surfaces

    - by Sam Tubb
    I am working on a game, in which you can create mazes. You place blocks on a 16x16 grid, while choosing from a variety of block to make the level with. Whenever you create a block, it adds this class: class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) to a list called instances. I tried shelving it to a .bin file, but it returns some error dealing with surfaces. How can I go about saving and loading levels? Any help is appreciated! :) Here is the whole code for reference: import pygame from pygame.locals import * #initstuff pygame.init() screen=pygame.display.set_mode((640,480)) pygame.display.set_caption('PiMaze') instances=[] #loadsprites menuspr=pygame.image.load('images/menu.png').convert() b1spr=pygame.image.load('images/b1.png').convert() b2spr=pygame.image.load('images/b2.png').convert() currentbspr=b1spr curspr=pygame.image.load('images/curs.png').convert() curspr.set_colorkey((0,255,0)) #menu menuspr.set_alpha(185) menurect=menuspr.get_rect(x=-260,y=4) class MenuItem(object): def __init__(self,pos,spr): self.x=pos[0] self.y=pos[1] self.sprite=spr self.pos=(self.x,self.y) self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) while True: #menu items b1menu=b1spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+32,y=48) b2menu=b2spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+64,y=48) menuitems=[MenuItem(b1menu,b1spr),MenuItem(b2menu,b2spr)] screen.fill((20,30,85)) mse=pygame.mouse.get_pos() key=pygame.key.get_pressed() placepos=((mse[0]/16)*16,(mse[1]/16)*16) if key[K_q]: if mse[0]<260: if menurect.right<255: menurect.right+=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 for e in pygame.event.get(): if e.type==QUIT: exit() if menurect.right<100: if e.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP: if e.button==1: to_remove = [i for i in instances if i.rect.collidepoint(placepos)] for i in to_remove: instances.remove(i) if not to_remove: instances.append(Block(placepos[0],placepos[1],currentbspr)) for i in instances: screen.blit(i.sprite,i.rect) if not key[K_q]: screen.blit(curspr,placepos) screen.blit(menuspr,menurect) for item in menuitems: screen.blit(item.sprite,item.pos) if item.rect.collidepoint(mse): if pygame.mouse.get_pressed()==(1,0,0): currentbspr=item.sprite pygame.draw.rect(screen, ((255,0,0)), item, 1) pygame.display.flip()

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  • State Design Pattern .NET Code Sample

    using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Text;class Program{ static void Main(string[] args) { Person p1 = new Person("P1"); Person p2 = new Person("P2"); p1.EatFood(); p2.EatFood(); p1.Vomit(); p2.Vomit(); }}interface StomachState{ void Eat(Person p); void Vomit(Person p);}class StomachFull : StomachState{ public void Eat(Person p) { Console.WriteLine("Can't eat more."); } public void Vomit(Person p) { Console.WriteLine("I've just Vomited."); p.StomachState = new StomachEmpty(); }}class StomachEmpty : StomachState{ public void Eat(Person p) { Console.WriteLine("I've just had food."); p.StomachState = new StomachFull(); } public void Vomit(Person p) { Console.WriteLine("Nothing to Vomit."); }}class Person{ private StomachState stomachState; private String personName; public Person(String personName) { this.personName = personName; StomachState = new StomachEmpty(); } public StomachState StomachState { get { return stomachState; } set { stomachState = value; Console.WriteLine(personName + " Stomach State Changed to " + StomachState.GetType().Name); Console.WriteLine("***********************************************\n"); } } public Person(StomachState StomachState) { this.StomachState = StomachState; } public void EatFood() { StomachState.Eat(this); } public void Vomit() { StomachState.Vomit(this); }} span.fullpost {display:none;}

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  • How can I resolve component types in a way that supports adding new types relatively easily?

    - by John
    I am trying to build an Entity Component System for an interactive application developed using C++ and OpenGL. My question is quite simple. In my GameObject class I have a collection of Components. I can add and retrieve components. class GameObject: public Object { public: GameObject(std::string objectName); ~GameObject(void); Component * AddComponent(std::string name); Component * AddComponent(Component componentType); Component * GetComponent (std::string TypeName); Component * GetComponent (<Component Type Here>); private: std::map<std::string,Component*> m_components; }; I will have a collection of components that inherit from the base Components class. So if I have a meshRenderer component and would like to do the following GameObject * warship = new GameObject("myLovelyWarship"); MeshRenderer * meshRenderer = warship->AddComponent(MeshRenderer); or possibly MeshRenderer * meshRenderer = warship->AddComponent("MeshRenderer"); I could be make a Component Factory like this: class ComponentFactory { public: static Component * CreateComponent(const std::string &compTyp) { if(compTyp == "MeshRenderer") return new MeshRenderer; if(compTyp == "Collider") return new Collider; return NULL; } }; However, I feel like I should not have to keep updating the Component Factory every time I want to create a new custom Component but it is an option. Is there a more proper way to add and retrieve these components? Is standard templates another solution?

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  • How do you encode Algebraic Data Types in a C#- or Java-like language?

    - by Jörg W Mittag
    There are some problems which are easily solved by Algebraic Data Types, for example a List type can be very succinctly expressed as: data ConsList a = Empty | ConsCell a (ConsList a) consmap f Empty = Empty consmap f (ConsCell a b) = ConsCell (f a) (consmap f b) l = ConsCell 1 (ConsCell 2 (ConsCell 3 Empty)) consmap (+1) l This particular example is in Haskell, but it would be similar in other languages with native support for Algebraic Data Types. It turns out that there is an obvious mapping to OO-style subtyping: the datatype becomes an abstract base class and every data constructor becomes a concrete subclass. Here's an example in Scala: sealed abstract class ConsList[+T] { def map[U](f: T => U): ConsList[U] } object Empty extends ConsList[Nothing] { override def map[U](f: Nothing => U) = this } final class ConsCell[T](first: T, rest: ConsList[T]) extends ConsList[T] { override def map[U](f: T => U) = new ConsCell(f(first), rest.map(f)) } val l = (new ConsCell(1, new ConsCell(2, new ConsCell(3, Empty))) l.map(1+) The only thing needed beyond naive subclassing is a way to seal classes, i.e. a way to make it impossible to add subclasses to a hierarchy. How would you approach this problem in a language like C# or Java? The two stumbling blocks I found when trying to use Algebraic Data Types in C# were: I couldn't figure out what the bottom type is called in C# (i.e. I couldn't figure out what to put into class Empty : ConsList< ??? >) I couldn't figure out a way to seal ConsList so that no subclasses can be added to the hierarchy What would be the most idiomatic way to implement Algebraic Data Types in C# and/or Java? Or, if it isn't possible, what would be the idiomatic replacement?

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  • Inheritance vs composition in this example

    - by Gerenuk
    I'm wondering about the differences between inheritance and composition examined with concrete code relevant arguments. In particular my example was Inheritance: class Do: def do(self): self.doA() self.doB() def doA(self): pass def doB(self): pass class MyDo(Do): def doA(self): print("A") def doB(self): print("B") x=MyDo() vs Composition: class Do: def __init__(self, a, b): self.a=a self.b=b def do(self): self.a.do() self.b.do() x=Do(DoA(), DoB()) (Note for composition I'm missing code so it's not actually shorter) Can you name particular advantages of one or the other? I'm think of: composition is useful if you plan to reuse DoA() in another context inheritance seems easier; no additional references/variables/initialization method doA can access internal variable (be it a good or bad thing :) ) inheritance groups logic A and B together; even though you could equally introduce a grouped delegate object inheritance provides a preset class for the users; with composition you'd have to encapsule the initialization in a factory so that the user does have to assemble the logic and the skeleton ... Basically I'd like to examine the implications of inheritance vs composition. I heard often composition is prefered, but I'd like to understand that by example. Of course I can always start with one and refactor later to the other.

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  • Design for object with optional and modifiable attributtes?

    - by Ikuzen
    I've been using the Builder pattern to create objects with a large number of attributes, where most of them are optional. But up until now, I've defined them as final, as recommended by Joshua Block and other authors, and haven't needed to change their values. I am wondering what should I do though if I need a class with a substantial number of optional but non-final (mutable) attributes? My Builder pattern code looks like this: public class Example { //All possible parameters (optional or not) private final int param1; private final int param2; //Builder class public static class Builder { private final int param1; //Required parameters private int param2 = 0; //Optional parameters - initialized to default //Builder constructor public Builder (int param1) { this.param1 = param1; } //Setter-like methods for optional parameters public Builder param2(int value) { param2 = value; return this; } //build() method public Example build() { return new Example(this); } } //Private constructor private Example(Builder builder) { param1 = builder.param1; param2 = builder.param2; } } Can I just remove the final keyword from the declaration to be able to access the attributes externally (through normal setters, for example)? Or is there a creational pattern that allows optional but non-final attributes that would be better suited in this case?

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  • Farseer tutorial for the absolute beginners

    - by Bil Simser
    This post is inspired (and somewhat a direct copy) of a couple of posts Emanuele Feronato wrote back in 2009 about Box2D (his tutorial was ActionScript 3 based for Box2D, this is C# XNA for the Farseer Physics Engine). Here’s what we’re building: What is Farseer The Farseer Physics Engine is a collision detection system with realistic physics responses to help you easily create simple hobby games or complex simulation systems. Farseer was built as a .NET version of Box2D (based on the Box2D.XNA port of Box2D). While the constructs and syntax has changed over the years, the principles remain the same. This tutorial will walk you through exactly what Emanuele create for Flash but we’ll be doing it using C#, XNA and the Windows Phone platform. The first step is to download the library from its home on CodePlex. If you have NuGet installed, you can install the library itself using the NuGet package that but we’ll also be using some code from the Samples source that can only be obtained by downloading the library. Once you download and unpacked the zip file into a folder and open the solution, this is what you will get: The Samples XNA WP7 project (and content) have all the demos for Farseer. There’s a wealth of info here and great examples to look at to learn. The Farseer Physics XNA WP7 project contains the core libraries that do all the work. DebugView XNA contains an XNA-ready class to let you view debug data and information in the game draw loop (which you can copy into your project or build the source and reference the assembly). The downloaded version has to be compiled as it’s only available in source format so you can do that now if you want (open the solution file and rebuild everything). If you’re using the NuGet package you can just install that. We only need the core library and we’ll be copying in some code from the samples later. Your first Farseer experiment Start Visual Studio and create a new project using the Windows Phone template can call it whatever you want. It’s time to edit Game1.cs 1 public class Game1 : Game 2 { 3 private readonly GraphicsDeviceManager _graphics; 4 private DebugViewXNA _debugView; 5 private Body _floor; 6 private SpriteBatch _spriteBatch; 7 private float _timer; 8 private World _world; 9 10 public Game1() 11 { 12 _graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this) 13 { 14 PreferredBackBufferHeight = 800, 15 PreferredBackBufferWidth = 480, 16 IsFullScreen = true 17 }; 18 19 Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; 20 21 // Frame rate is 30 fps by default for Windows Phone. 22 TargetElapsedTime = TimeSpan.FromTicks(333333); 23 24 // Extend battery life under lock. 25 InactiveSleepTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1); 26 } 27 28 protected override void LoadContent() 29 { 30 // Create a new SpriteBatch, which can be used to draw textures. 31 _spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(_graphics.GraphicsDevice); 32 33 // Load our font (DebugViewXNA needs it for the DebugPanel) 34 Content.Load<SpriteFont>("font"); 35 36 // Create our World with a gravity of 10 vertical units 37 if (_world == null) 38 { 39 _world = new World(Vector2.UnitY*10); 40 } 41 else 42 { 43 _world.Clear(); 44 } 45 46 if (_debugView == null) 47 { 48 _debugView = new DebugViewXNA(_world); 49 50 // default is shape, controller, joints 51 // we just want shapes to display 52 _debugView.RemoveFlags(DebugViewFlags.Controllers); 53 _debugView.RemoveFlags(DebugViewFlags.Joint); 54 55 _debugView.LoadContent(GraphicsDevice, Content); 56 } 57 58 // Create and position our floor 59 _floor = BodyFactory.CreateRectangle( 60 _world, 61 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(480), 62 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(50), 63 10f); 64 _floor.Position = ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(240, 775); 65 _floor.IsStatic = true; 66 _floor.Restitution = 0.2f; 67 _floor.Friction = 0.2f; 68 } 69 70 protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) 71 { 72 // Allows the game to exit 73 if (GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One).Buttons.Back == ButtonState.Pressed) 74 Exit(); 75 76 // Create a random box every second 77 _timer += (float) gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; 78 if (_timer >= 1.0f) 79 { 80 // Reset our timer 81 _timer = 0f; 82 83 // Determine a random size for each box 84 var random = new Random(); 85 var width = random.Next(20, 100); 86 var height = random.Next(20, 100); 87 88 // Create it and store the size in the user data 89 var box = BodyFactory.CreateRectangle( 90 _world, 91 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(width), 92 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(height), 93 10f, 94 new Point(width, height)); 95 96 box.BodyType = BodyType.Dynamic; 97 box.Restitution = 0.2f; 98 box.Friction = 0.2f; 99 100 // Randomly pick a location along the top to drop it from 101 box.Position = ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(random.Next(50, 400), 0); 102 } 103 104 // Advance all the elements in the world 105 _world.Step(Math.Min((float) gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds*0.001f, (1f/30f))); 106 107 // Clean up any boxes that have fallen offscreen 108 foreach (var box in from box in _world.BodyList 109 let pos = ConvertUnits.ToDisplayUnits(box.Position) 110 where pos.Y > _graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height 111 select box) 112 { 113 _world.RemoveBody(box); 114 } 115 116 base.Update(gameTime); 117 } 118 119 protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) 120 { 121 GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.FromNonPremultiplied(51, 51, 51, 255)); 122 123 _spriteBatch.Begin(); 124 125 var projection = Matrix.CreateOrthographicOffCenter( 126 0f, 127 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(_graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Width), 128 ConvertUnits.ToSimUnits(_graphics.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Height), 0f, 0f, 129 1f); 130 _debugView.RenderDebugData(ref projection); 131 132 _spriteBatch.End(); 133 134 base.Draw(gameTime); 135 } 136 } 137 Lines 4: Declare the debug view we’ll use for rendering (more on that later). Lines 8: Declare _world variable of type class World. World is the main object to interact with the Farseer engine. It stores all the joints and bodies, and is responsible for stepping through the simulation. Lines 12-17: Create the graphics device we’ll be rendering on. This is an XNA component and we’re just setting it to be the same size as the phone and toggling it to be full screen (no system tray). Lines 34: We create a SpriteFont here by adding it to the project. It’s called “font” because that’s what the DebugView uses but you can name it whatever you want (and if you’re not using DebugView for your production app you might have several fonts). Lines 37-44: We create the physics environment that Farseer uses to contain all the objects by specifying it here. We’re using Vector2.UnitY*10 to represent the gravity to be used in the environment. In other words, 10 units going in a downward motion. Lines 46-56: We create the DebugViewXNA here. This is copied from the […] from the code you downloaded and provides the ability to render all entities onto the screen. In a production release you’ll be doing the rendering yourself of each object but we cheat a bit for the demo and let the DebugView do it for us. The other thing it can provide is to render out a panel of debugging information while the simulation is going on. This is useful in tracking down objects, figuring out how something works, or just keeping track of what’s in the engine. Lines 49-67: Here we create a rigid body (Farseer only supports rigid bodies) to represent the floor that we’ll drop objects onto. We create it by using one of the Farseer factories and specifying the width and height. The ConvertUnits class is copied from the samples code as-is and lets us toggle between display units (pixels) and simulation units (usually metres). We’re creating a floor that’s 480 pixels wide and 50 pixels high (converting them to SimUnits for the engine to understand). We also position it near the bottom of the screen. Values are in metres and when specifying values they refer to the centre of the body object. Lines 77-78: The game Update method fires 30 times a second, too fast to be creating objects this quickly. So we use a variable to track the elapsed seconds since the last update, accumulate that value, then create a new box to drop when 1 second has passed. Lines 89-94: We create a box the same way we created our floor (coming up with a random width and height for the box). Lines 96-101: We set the box to be Dynamic (rather than Static like the floor object) and position it somewhere along the top of the screen. And now you created the world. Gravity does the rest and the boxes fall to the ground. Here’s the result: Farseer Physics Engine Demo using XNA Lines 105: We must update the world at every frame. We do this with the Step method which takes in the time interval. [more] Lines 108-114: Body objects are added to the world but never automatically removed (because Farseer doesn’t know about the display world, it has no idea if an item is on the screen or not). Here we just loop through all the entities and anything that’s dropped off the screen (below the bottom) gets removed from the World. This keeps our entity count down (the simulation never has more than 30 or 40 objects in the world no matter how long you run it for). Too many entities and the app will grind to a halt. Lines 125-130: Farseer knows nothing about the UI so that’s entirely up to you as to how to draw things. Farseer is just tracking the objects and moving them around using the physics engine and it’s rules. You’ll still use XNA to draw items (using the SpriteBatch.Draw method) so you can load up your usual textures and draw items and pirates and dancing zombies all over the screen. Instead in this demo we’re going to cheat a little. In the sample code for Farseer you can download there’s a project called DebugView XNA. This project contains the DebugViewXNA class which just handles iterating through all the bodies in the world and drawing the shapes. So we call the RenderDebugData method here of that class to draw everything correctly. In the case of this demo, we just want to draw Shapes so take a look at the source code for the DebugViewXNA class as to how it extracts all the vertices for the shapes created (in this case simple boxes) and draws them. You’ll learn a *lot* about how Farseer works just by looking at this class. That’s it, that’s all. Simple huh? Hope you enjoy the code and library. Physics is hard and requires some math skills to really grok. The Farseer Physics Engine makes it pretty easy to get up and running and start building games. In future posts we’ll get more in-depth with things you can do with the engine so this is just the beginning. Enjoy!

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  • How can I making Twitter, Facebook and Reddit share buttons load last?

    - by Daniel Bingham
    I have a website with a number of pages that sport twitter, facebook and reddit share buttons. They take forever to load and until they do the rest of the page doesn't load. So how I can make them load last? Currently, they are loaded something like this: <div class="item"><a href="http://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-count="vertical" data-via="FridgeToFood" data-related="danielBingham:Recipe and update tweets from Fridge to Food.">Tweet</a><script type="text/javascript" src="http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script></div> <div class="item"><script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like layout="box_count" width="40"></fb:like></div> <div class="item"> <script type="text/javascript">reddit_target='recipes';</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://reddit.com/static/button/button2.js"></script> </div> They are in a div called "shareWrapper" and are loading to one side of the page. The buttons load where ever the script code is placed. As far as I know, I can't place the script code at the bottom of the page and move the resulting buttons after the fact. I want them to appear near the top, which right now means they are stopping everything below them from loading for several seconds. I tried loading them using javascript, but using JQuery's $(document).ready(), but that failed. It seems to leave the page in some sort of loading loop from which it never emerges. Are there other ways to get these to load last?

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  • Everything has an Interface [closed]

    - by Shane
    Possible Duplicate: Do I need to use an interface when only one class will ever implement it? I am taking over a project where every single real class is implementing an Interface. The vast majority of these interfaces are implemented by a single class that share a similar name and the exact same methods (ex: MyCar and MyCarImpl). Almost no 2 classes in the project implement more than the interface that shares its name. I know the general recommendation is to code to an interface rather than an implementation, but isn't this taking it a bit too far? The system might be more flexible in that it is easier to add a new class that behaves very much like an existing class. However, it is significantly harder to parse through the code and method changes now require 2 edits instead of 1. Personally, I normally only create interfaces when there is a need for multiple classes to have the same behavior. I subscribe to YAGNI, so I don't create something unless I see a real need for it. Am I doing it all wrong or is this project going way overboard?

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  • An ideal way to decode JSON documents in C?

    - by AzizAG
    Assuming I have an API to consume that uses JSON as a data transmission method, what is an ideal way to decode the JSON returned by each API resource? For example, in Java I'd create a class for each API resource then initiate an object of that class and consume data from it. for example: class UserJson extends JsonParser { public function UserJson(String document) { /*Initial document parsing goes here...*/ } //A bunch of getter methods . . . . } The probably do something like this: UserJson userJson = new UserJson(jsonString);//Initial parsing goes in the constructor String username = userJson.getName();//Parse JSON name property then return it as a String. Or when using a programming language with associative arrays(i.e., hash table) the decoding process doesn't require creating a class: (PHP) $userJson = json_decode($jsonString);//Decode JSON as key=>value $username = $userJson['name']; But, when I'm programming in procedural programming languages (C), I can't go with either method, since C is neither OOP nor supports associative arrays(by default, at least). What is the "correct" method of parsing pre-defined JSON strings(i.e., JSON documents specified by the API provider via examples or documentation)? The method I'm currently using is creating a file for each API resource to parse, the problem with this method is that it's basically a lousy version of the OOP method, as it looks exactly like the OOP method but doesn't provide any OOP benefits(e.g., can't pass an object of the parser, etc.). I've been thinking about encapsulating each API resource parser file in a publicly accessed structure(pointing all functions/publicly usable variables to the structure) then accessing the parser file code from within the structure(parser.parse(), parser.getName(), etc.). As this way looks a bit better than the my current method, it still just a rip off the OOP way, isn't it? Any suggestions for methods to parse JSON documents on procedural programming lanauges? Any comments on the methods I'm currently using(either 3 of them)?

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  • Is there a better way to consume an ASP.NET Web API call in an MVC controller?

    - by davidisawesome
    In a new project I am creating for my work I am creating a fairly large ASP.NET Web API. The api will be in a separate visual studio solution that also contains all of my business logic and database interactions, Model classes as well. In the test application I am creating (which is asp.net mvc4), I want to be able to hit an api url I defined from the control and cast the return JSON to a Model class. The reason behind this is that I want to take advantage of strongly typing my views to a Model. This is all still in a proof of concept stage, so I have not done any performance testing on it, but I am curious if what I am doing is a good practice, or if I am crazy for even going down this route. Here is the code on the client controller: public class HomeController : Controller { protected string dashboardUrlBase = "http://localhost/webapi/api/StudentDashboard/"; public ActionResult Index() //This view is strongly typed against User { //testing against Joe Bob string adSAMName = "jBob"; WebClient client = new WebClient(); string url = dashboardUrlBase + "GetUserRecord?userName=" + adSAMName; //'User' is a Model class that I have defined. User result = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<User>(client.DownloadString(url)); return View(result); } . . . } If I choose to go this route another thing to note is I am loading several partial views in this page (as I will also do in subsequent pages). The partial views are loaded via an $.ajax call that hits this controller and does basically the same thing as the code above: Instantiate a new WebClient Define the Url to hit Deserialize the result and cast it to a Model Class. So it is possible (and likely) I could be performing the same actions 4-5 times for a single page. Is there a better method to do this that will: Let me keep strongly typed views. Do my work on the server rather than on the client (this is just a preference since I can write C# faster than I can write javascript).

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