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• Linux memory fragmentation

  - by Raghu

  Hi all, Is there a way to detect memory fragmentation on linux ? This is because on some long running servers I have noticed performance degradation and only after I restart process I see better performance. I noticed it more when using linux huge page support -- are huge pages in linux more prone to fragmentation ? I have looked at /proc/buddyinfo in particular. I want to know whether there are any better ways(not just CLI commands per se, any program or theoretical background would do) to look at it.

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• Beginners security question

  - by Reg H

  Hi everyone, I'm still pretty new to web development, and have a question about security. Every day I look at the "Latest Visitors" in my CPanel, and today there were some strange entries (one is pasted below). Not knowing any better, it looks to me like there is some site that's referring users to my site, for some reason. Can someone explain what these really are, and if it's something to be concerned about? Thanks! Host: 77.68.38.175 /?p=http://teen-37.net/myid.jpg? Http Code: 404 Date: Feb 17 08:13:58 Http Version: HTTP/1.1 Size in Bytes: - Referer: - Agent: libwww-perl/5.805 * /?p=../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../proc/self/environ%00 Http Code: 404 Date: Feb 17 08:13:59 Http Version: HTTP/1.1 Size in Bytes: - Referer: - Agent: libwww-perl/5.805

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• No sound on Debian unstable Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) HD Audio Controller

  - by Dave Roger

  I have no sound on my Debian unstable. # cat /etc/issue Debian GNU/Linux squeeze/sid # lspci |grep -i audio 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02) # lsmod | grep -i snd snd_hda_codec_realtek 235506 1 snd_hda_intel 19907 0 snd_hda_codec 54244 2 snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel snd_hwdep 5380 1 snd_hda_codec snd_pcm_oss 32591 0 snd_mixer_oss 12606 1 snd_pcm_oss snd_pcm 60471 3 snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_pcm_oss snd_seq_midi 4400 0 snd_rawmidi 15515 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq_midi_event 4628 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq 42881 2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event snd_timer 15582 2 snd_pcm,snd_seq snd_seq_device 4493 3 snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq snd 46446 11 snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hwdep,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device soundcore 4598 1 snd snd_page_alloc 6249 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm # cat /proc/asound/version Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.21. # uname -r 2.6.32-5-amd64

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• LFD always stops working after ~30 days, until I give /etc/csf/csf.pl -r

  - by gus

  When I give /etc/csf/csf.pl -r , I see lots of lines flushing, then I begin to get the notification emails again, (several emails per day), for example: Time: Wed Sep 12 08:39:47 2012 +0800 IP: 221.13.104.162 (CN/China/-) Failures: 5 (sshd) Interval: 300 seconds Blocked: Permanent Block Log entries: Sep 12 08:39:25 MyHost sshd[9677]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 51106 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:28 MyHost sshd[9712]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 51690 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:32 MyHost sshd[9739]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 52128 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:36 MyHost sshd[9778]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 52670 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:40 MyHost sshd[9821]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 53155 ssh2 And then after about 30 days, the emails stop coming, it is as if something has filled up, and requires flushing again. I don't know much about CSF/LFD, but I would have imagined that this would work in a FIFO manner, so it should be able to run indefinitely within finite space. My /etc/csf/version.txt says 4.83 My cat /proc/version says Linux version 2.6.18-028stab066.8 (root@rhel5-64-build) (gcc version 4.1.2 20070626 (Red Hat 4.1.2-14)) #1 SMP Fri Nov 27 20:19:25 MSK 2009

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• Retrieving an RSA key from a running instance of Apache?

  - by Nathan Osman

  I created an RSA keypair for an SSL certificate and stored the private key in /etc/ssl/private/server.key. Unfortunately this was the only copy of the private key that I had. Then I accidentally overwrote the file on disk (yes, I know). Apache is still running and still serving SSL requests, leading me to believe that there may be hope in recovering the private key. (Perhaps there is a symbolic link somewhere in /proc or something?) This server is running Ubuntu 12.04 LTS.

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• Gre Tunnel Cisco Linux traffic forwarding

  - by mezgani

  I setup a gre tunnel a cisco router and a Linux machine, the tunnel interface in the Linux box named pic. Well i have to forward traffic coming from cisco through the Linux box. the rules i've set in the Linux box is described as follow: echo "1" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A INPUT -p 47 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i pic -o ppp0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -o pic -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE I see the traffic coming from tunnel and forwarded to internet but no reply from sent packet. May i miss something like a routing rule.

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• EBS full device confusion

  - by Mike

  I have a 500GB EBS device (/dev/xvdf) mounted to /vol and all data on the box seems to be writing to /vol correctly (see du output below). For some reason /dev/xvda1 is totally full. Any idea what's going on here? $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 32G 30G 8.0K 100% / udev 34G 8.0K 34G 1% /dev tmpfs 14G 176K 14G 1% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 34G 0 34G 0% /run/shm /dev/xvdb 827G 201M 785G 1% /mnt /dev/xvdf 500G 145G 356G 29% /vol $ du -sh * 8.7M bin 18M boot 8.0K dev 5.1M etc 48K home 0 initrd.img 80M lib 4.0K lib64 16K lost+found 4.0K media 20K mnt 4.0K opt 0 proc 40K root 176K run 7.1M sbin 4.0K selinux 4.0K srv 0 sys 4.0K tmp 414M usr 356M var 0 vmlinuz 145G vol

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• Amazon ec2 folder missing

  - by CQM

  To set permissions on the settings file On your Amazon EC2 instance, at a command prompt, use the following command to set permissions: sudo chmod 666 /var/www/html/sites/default/settings.php except I don't have a www folder in my instance [ec2-user@ip-10-242-118-215 ~]$ cd / [ec2-user@ip-10-242-118-215 /]$ ls bin cgroup etc lib local media opt root selinux sys usr boot dev home lib64 lost+found mnt proc sbin srv tmp var [ec2-user@ip-10-242-118-215 /]$ cd var [ec2-user@ip-10-242-118-215 var]$ ls account db games local log nis preserve run tmp cache empty lib lock mail opt racoon spool yp Please advise, did I forget to install something that the amazon instructions assumed I knew about? Running 64bit Amazon linux ami march 2012 I feel like the webserver is missing?

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• How to see when stored procedures have last run

  - by Brandon Moore

  I want to see a listing of all the stored procs for each database on a server along with when the last time that store proc was run. I'm pretty good with SQL but I don't know about looking at stats like this that sql keeps so I'd appreciate a little help finding this info. EDIT: From the answers I'm getting it sounds like this is not possible the way I thought it would be. I was thinking that it could be done similarly to how you can see when a table was last accessed: select t.name, user_seeks, user_scans, user_lookups, user_updates, last_user_seek, last_user_scan, last_user_lookup, last_user_update from sys.dm_db_index_usage_stats i JOIN sys.tables t ON (t.object_id = i.object_id) where database_id = db_id() The above script was stolen from a comment on http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2009/05/09/sql-server-find-last-date-time-updated-for-any-table/.

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• procfs and youtube flash video

  - by trideceth12

  Up until recently (about 3 months ago), ALL open flash videos had deleted file handles in the procfs virtual folder for the flash plugin, I could see them thus: ps x|grep flash cd /proc/#PROCESS#/fd ls -l cp #FILE# ~/ This still works for the vast majority of flash video, but some YouTube videos no longer keep this open file handle. My questions are: A) Why not? B) Where are these files now stored? C) How can I get this file Yes I know I could probably get a browser plugin, it just annoys me that they are hiding these files so I want to keep doing it the hard way.

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• forward ssh ports on EC2

  - by Will Glass

  I have an SSH server on a private subnet within an EC2 vpc listening for ssh on port 9022 I also have a nat instance (standard Amazon EC2 nat) on a public instance. I would like to forward incoming SSH connections (port 9022) to my nat to the internal server (port 9022). I tried this, but it didn't work: sudo iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 9022 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.2.11:9022 I verified that 10.0.2.11 is listening on port 9022. (I can telnet). I verified my security group allows incoming port 9022. I verified that /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward is 1. What am I missing? Edit: Turns out this was correct after all. I had a mistake in my security group.

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• Is there a test to see if hardware virtualization (vmx / xvm) are presently enabled within a Linux session?

  - by Dr. Edward Morbius

  I'm writing procedures for configuring VirtualBox support for 64-bit SMP guests, which requires hardware virtualization suppot (VTx/Intel, AMD-V/AMD). I have successfully configured this myself, however I'd like the procedure to be clear. sed -ne '/^flags/s/^.*: //p' /proc/cpuinfo | egrep -q '(vmx|svm)' && echo Has hardware virt || echo No HW virt ... shows if the CPU is capable. I've still got to go enable the feature in BIOS. Any way to test from within Linux to see that this is no or not? Thanks.

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• Gre tunnel Linux Cisco

  - by mezgani

  I've created a GRE tunnel between LAN A and LAN B. LAN A is behind a router, and LAN B is behind a Linux box and this box has a pppoe interface. When i do tcpdump on Linux box i see that the traffic is routerd to Linux box (tunnel end), so my need is routing the tunnel traffic to internet. I've added these rules to my iptables script, and i stay unable to connect to internet from LAN A Permitting Linux to act as router (necessary to forward packets) echo "1" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A INPUT -p 47 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o gre0 -j MASEQUARADE What i've forgot to set in this case?

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• GTA 4 crashes (WIN7 64-bit)

  - by Damian

  Hi! I got those two errors when I'm trying to run GTA4: Opis: Critical runtime problem Podpis problemu: Nazwa zdarzenia problemu: APPLICATION CRASH System RAM: -1 Available RAM: -532590592 Number of CPUs: 4 Video Card Manufacturer: NVIDIA Video Card Description: NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GT Video Card Driver Version: 8.17.0012.5919 Wersja systemu operacyjnego: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 Identyfikator ustawien regionalnych: 1045 And the second error: Podpis problemu: Nazwa zdarzenia problemu: BEX Nazwa aplikacji: GTAIV.exe Wersja aplikacji: 1.0.7.0 Sygnatura czasowa aplikacji: 4bd9efbe Nazwa modulu z bledem: StackHash_fea7 Wersja modulu z bledem: 0.0.0.0 Sygnatura czasowa modulu z bledem: 00000000 Przesuniecie wyjatku: 0000b513 Kod wyjatku: c0000005 Dane wyjatku: 00000008 Wersja systemu operacyjnego: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 Identyfikator ustawien regionalnych: 1045 Dodatkowe informacje 1: fea7 Dodatkowe informacje 2: fea78afc140967119290cc27385e0510 Dodatkowe informacje 3: 20ce Dodatkowe informacje 4: 20ce3e492a2aa7e5b8cfe9b7b1f05b42 My PC spec: Proc: Intel i5 (4x2,66ghz) ;RAM: 8GB DDR3 1066mhz ;Graphics: ASUS EN9800GT/DI/1GD3 ;OS: WINDOWS 7 64-bit I think it should work well on my PC, I couldn't find the solution to get it working so I hope You can help me. P.S. Sorry for my English - I'm from Poland.

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• Limiting Sybase ASE 15 CPU usage on VM

  - by reiniero

  I've set up a single CPU Sybase ASE 15.7 test/hobby/experimentation system on a Debian Squeeze x64 KVM VM. I notice the CPU load goes to 100% and stays there. Definitely not a Sybase guru, only interested to see if some programs I'm running work on the database. Looking at Sybase docs it seems ASE detects the machine is idle and then takes over all processing just waiting for a connection (and if needed, doing some housekeeping apparently). Normally that would be fine but as it is running in a VM it's taking away processor resources other VMs could use - and the increased fan noise of the PC near my desk annoy me. I've tried to remedy this: set the "runnable process search count" parameter from DEFAULT (2000 IRC) to 3 in /opt/sybase/ASE-15_0/SYBASE.cfg from http://sybase.reygrobellet.com/tutorials/install_sybase_vb/standalone04_configure_oralin11#TOC-Configure-kernel I added this to my /etc/init.d/sybase startup script: echo 0 /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space (though I don't think it'll make much difference) How can I tell Sybase to "behave" and not hog the processor - I don't mind reduced performance.

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• Linux Kernel IRQ Routing with irqbalance / kernel options

  - by tim

  I'm trying to get my Xen Dom0 distributing the irqs in an smp enviroment. As far as I know there are 2 Options: Use irqbalance Configure the kernel without cpu hotplug support My System is Debian Squeeze, Xen 4.0.4, Kernel 3.2.31. My Problem is: irqbalance segfaults due to a changed /proc/irq* layout or irq0 missing (this seems to be a very old bug existing since Lenny) To configure a kernel without cpu hotplug support you must disable cpu powermanagement which seems to be impossible through the standard wys (make config / make menuconfig) - the option CONFIG_PM simply defaults to "Y". Any idea anyone on how to get a debian dom0 kernel with a proper irq distribution?

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• Need IP port forwarding to access an internel service running on an internal machine

  - by appleluo

  I am trying to configure iptables to do port forwarding for certain request. The scenario is like this: Login node A can be accessed from outside Compute node B that running the service can be accessed from A but not from outside. I want to set up iptables so that a request for the service on B from outside can be accessed through A. A has two ethernet ports: Internal eth0, with ip internal_A and External eth1, with ip external_A. B has 1 ethernet port, internal eth0. let's say its ip is internal_B The service listens to internal_B:5900. We open external_A:10000 for user access. I configure my iptables with the following commands: echo 1> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward /sbin/iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE /sbin/iptables -A PREROUTING -p tcp -t nat --dport 10000 -j DNAT --to-destination interal_B:5900 /sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -t nat -d external_A --dport 10000 -j DNAT --to-destination internal_B:5900 But it didn't work. Can anybody help me?

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• How to track down a file descriptor leak?

  - by cclark

  I have a java process (Glassfish) which is leaking file descriptors. I know this because I get the helpful java.io.IOException: Too many open files exception. I can look in /proc/PID#/fd and see all the open file descriptors. When I use lsof I get a very large number of entries like this: java 18510 root 8811u sock 0,4 1576079 can't identify protocol java 18510 root 8812u sock 0,4 1576111 can't identify protocol java 18510 root 8813u sock 0,4 1576150 can't identify protocol I see 12 new ones created per minute. What options can I use on lsof or what other tools are available to me to help track down socket file descriptors where the protocol can't be identified? thanks, chuck

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• How do I enable SELinux when booting a ramdisk from a CD/DVD?

  - by JeffG

  I have a bootable DVD which boots the same Kernel as the Hard Drive (which uses SELinux). I have copied /etc/selinux and all kernel modules to my ramdisk, and have tried various combinations of selinux=1 and selinux 1 with enforcing 1 and enforcing 0. as Kernel boot parameters. All files contained in the checkpolicy, libselinux, policycoreutils, selinux-policy and selinux-policy-targeted rpms have also been copied into the ramdisk tree. After the system boots from the ramdisk, I check dmesg: % dmesg | grep -i selinux Kernel command line: initrd=idrd.img ramdisk_size=110476 selinux=1 SELinux: Initializing. SELinux: Starting in permissive mode selinux_register_security: Registering secondary module capability SElinux: Registering netfilter hooks But SELinux isn't running: % /usr/sbin/getenforce Disabled % /usr/sbin/setenforce 1 /usr/sbin/setenforce: SELinux is disabled Neither /var/log/messages nor /proc/kmsg hold clues.

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• Bash Script to Back Up Backs Up Itself

  - by Jay LaCroix

  I have the following bash script that creates a tar.gz of my filesystem on a Kubuntu PC. The problem is, that it also tries to backup the tar.gz backup file, even though I am storing the backup in /tmp and omitting /tmp from the backup. I am wondering why it's backing up the file in /tmp even though I told it not to. #!/bin/bash # init DATE=$(date +20%y%m%d) sudo tar -cvpzf /tmp/`hostname`_$DATE.tar.gz \ --exclude=/proc \ --exclude=/lost+found \ --exclude=/sys \ --exclude=/mnt \ --exclude=/media \ --exclude=/dev \ --exclude=/tmp \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Desktop \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Documents \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Music \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Pictures \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Projects \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Roms \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/Videos \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/.VirtualBox\ VMs \ --exclude=/home/jlacroix/.SpiderOak \ / scp /tmp/`hostname`_$DATE.tar.gz jlacroix@Pluto:/share/Recovery/Snapshots sudo rm /tmp/`hostname`_$DATE.tar.gz

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• Virtualized CPU cores vs. threads

  - by nedm

  We've got a KVM host system on Ubuntu 9.10 with a newer Quad-core Xeon CPU with hyperthreading. As detailed on Intel's product page, the processor has 4 cores but 8 threads. /proc/cpuinfo and htop both list 8 processors, though each one states 4 cores in cpuinfo. KVM/QEMU also reports 8 VCPUs available to assign to guests. My question is when I'm allocating VCPUs to VM guests, should I allocate per-core or per-thread? Since KVM/QEMU reports the server has 8 VCPUs to allocate, should I go ahead and set a guest to use 4 CPUs where I previously would have set it to use 2 (assuming 4 total VCPUs available)? I'd like to get the most possible out of the host hardware without over-allocating.

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• How to detect hard disk failure?

  - by Devator

  So, one of my servers has a hard disk failure. It's running software RAID, the system locked up and according to /proc/mdstat (and /var/log/messages), it's really down: Personalities : [raid1] md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] 104320 blocks [2/1] [_U] md5 : active raid1 sdb5[1] 2104448 blocks [2/1] [_U] md6 : active raid1 sdb6[1] 830134656 blocks [2/1] [_U] md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] 143363968 blocks [2/1] [_U] and Nov 5 22:04:37 m38501 smartd[4467]: Device: /dev/sda, not capable of SMART self-check However when I do smartctl -H /dev/sda, it passes the test. It also passes the test with smartctl --test=short /dev/sda. So, is smartctl a broken testing tool, or am I doing something completely off?

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• Help about NAT with virtual server

  - by Thanh Tran

  I have a dedicated server running Linux CentOS 5.3 with 2 IP addresses. I've installed a virtual machine using VMware Server. The host and the guest have a host-only network. Now I want to map the 2nd IP address to the virtual machine so that it can run as a second dedicated server for me. Here is what I do: modprobe iptable_nat echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -s 192.168.78.128 -d 64.85.164.184 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 64.85.164.184 -i eth0 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.78.128 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.78.128 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 64.85.164.184</p> But it not working as intended. What is the matter?

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• Mutli-processor workstation as a workstation/server

  - by posdef

  I work in a research institute and a number of programs we use are computationally intensive (I actually wrote one of them). Right now we have one computer that is dedicated for one of these programs (with local accounts only, as in users physically sitting in front of that pc) and the other programs are run on individual workstations assigned to people. I have been looking around to common brands such as Dell and HP, for a some sort of a small/medium scale server, which can be used as a workhorse by sending tasks remotely. It appears as if there is nothing in between workstations with one 6-core processor and a bunch of extras (like fancy graphics etc) and rack mount servers with ridiculous amount of RAM and HDD expansion capabilities but still relatively little number of processors/cores. I wonder if what I am looking for is such a small niche product? Are there other solutions that I might not be aware of? Does anyone know of a multi proc- multi-core workstation/server that is still within the reasonable

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• Is there any way to use the xscreensaver gltext to monitor system information?

  - by Shane

  I am trying to get the X screensaver gltext to monitor my system temp and maybe some other stats. Writing a script that puts together the stats periodically is no problem, but the main thing I'm running into is that gltext doesn't refresh - whatever text I feed it stays there. So, for example, I run this command: $ /usr/lib/xscreensaver/gltext -text "`cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/temperature`" and get a gltext window showing: temperature: 60 C I can manipulate it and format it as necessary, but as my CPU heats up and cools down, it doesn't update, even if I include time variables that do. I have a script that feeds gltext the time as the first line and the temp as the second line - and although the time updates continuously as the time changes, the temperature value remains the same as whenever the screensaver started. Is it possible to do what I want, which is change the text every 60 seconds if the temperature changes?

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