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• Best format for backing up data in Blu Ray

  - by Arrieta

  We are in the process of backing up our hard drives to Blu Rays. I am creating tar.gz files and burning them to Blu Ray. Is it possible to use a simple (preferably Python-based) solution for creating images of those tar.gz files, of a predetermined size (to fit in the Blu Ray), and simply burn this images to the disc? Do you have any other approach for creating physical back-up of your hard drives?

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• Estimating compressed file size using a list parameter

  - by Sai

  I am currently compressing a list of files from a directory in the following format: tar -cvjf test_1.tar.gz -T test_1.lst --no-recursion The above command will compress only those files mentioned in the list. I am doing this because this list is generated such that it fits a DVD. However, during compression the compression rate decreases the estimated file size and there is abundant space left in the DVD. This is something like a Knapsack algorithm. I would like to estimate the compressed file size and add some more files to the list. I found that it is possible to estimate file size using the following command: tar -cjf - Folder/ | wc -c This command does not take a list parameter. Is there a way to estimate compressed file size? I am also looking into options like perl scripts etc. Edit: I think I should provide more information since I have been doing a lot of web search. I came across a perl script(Link)that sort of emulates the Knapsack algorithm. The current problem with the above mentioned script is that it splits the files in their original state. When I compress the files after splitting them, there are opportunities for adding more files which I consider to be inefficient. There are 2 ways I could resolve the inefficiency: a) Compress individual files and save them in a directory using a script. The compressed file could provide a best estimate. I could generate a script using a folder of compressed files and use them on the uncompressed ones. b) Check whether the compressed file's size is less than the required size. If so, I should keep adding files until I meet the requirement. However, the addition of new files to the compressed file is an optimization problem by itself.

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• Apache security for multi-user development web server.

  - by mrmartinblue

  I've been searching and reading through documents all morning and understand that I need to use some combination of chown and probably 'jailing' to securely give programmers access to directories on my centos webserver. Here's the situation: I have an apache web server that has any number of virtual sites located in /var/www/site1 /var/www/site2 etc.. I have different developers that need full access both ssh and vsFTP to only the site they are working on. What is the best way to create and maintain security in this scenario. My thought would be to create a new user for each coder, jail that user to the website directory they are allowed to work in, add their user to a group and set the webroot's owner to that group. Any thoughts? Good, bad, ugly? Thanks!

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• Cannot install CentOS 6.5 using UEFI usb boot

  - by Vaindil

  I am trying to dual-boot CentOS 6.5 on my desktop that is currently running Windows 8.1. I have two storage devices: an SSD that has my Windows installation, and an HDD that has all of my data. Both are formatted using GPT, and Windows boots using UEFI. I used the CentOS 6.5 live DVD (CentOS-6.5-x86_64-LiveDVD.iso) to create an EFI-bootable flash drive (it does boot properly in EFI mode). I receive an error, however, when CentOS is booting (error is below). I have a 6.4 boot DVD which boots as expected, but it does not boot in UEFI mode and therefore doesn't play nicely with my Windows installation (I have no way to access it, even using rEFInd or any other similar tools). What do I need to do to get the device to boot properly in UEFI mode? Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! Pid: 1, comm: init Not tainted 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 #1 Call Trace: [<ffffffff815271fa>] ? panic+0xa7/0x16f [<ffffffff81077622>] ? do_exit+0x862/0x870 [<ffffffff8118a865>] ? fput+0x25/0x30 [<ffffffff81077688>] ? do_group_exit+0x58/0xd0 [<ffffffff81077717>] ? sys_exit_group+0x17/0x20 [<ffffffff8100b072>] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b drm_kms_helper: panic occurred, switching back to text console

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• how to word wrap, align text like the output of man?

  - by cody

  what is the command that word wraps and justifies a text file so that the output looks like that of a man page: All of these system calls are used to wait for state changes in a child of the calling process, and obtain information about the child whose state has changed. A state change is considered to be: the child terminated; the child was stopped by a signal; or the child was resumed by a signal. In the case of a terminated child, performing a wait allows the system to release the resources associated with the child; if a wait is not performed, then the termi- nated child remains in a "zombie" state (see NOTES below). Thanks.

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• OpenSSL missing during ./configure. How to fix?

  - by P K

  I was trying to install node.js and found OpenSSL support missing during ./configure. How can I fix it? Is it a mandatory step? # ./configure Checking for gcc : ok Checking for library dl : not found Checking for openssl : not found Checking for function SSL_library_init : not found Checking for header openssl/crypto.h : not found /home/ec2-user/node-v0.6.6/wscript:374: error: Could not autodetect OpenSSL support. Make sure OpenSSL development packages are installed. Use configure --without-ssl to disable this message.

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• Is it possible to either abort or interrupt and later continue a lvconvert -m1 operation?

  - by SLi

  I have run the command lvconvert -m1 rootvg/newroot /dev/sdb to convert a linear logical volume to a mirrored one. The operation has not yet finished; I interrupted the command with ctrl-c at around 10% mark, but the operation seems to be running in the background anyway. Is it possible to either 1) Abort the lvconvert operation and revert to the state before it? (This would be my preferred option) 2) To safely interrupt the operation and resume it later?

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• Aptitude - find new versions of packages

  - by tamm0r

  How do I find out if new versions of installed packages exist without installing them via aptitude in non-interactive mode? Is there anything comparable to the MacPorts port outdated command?

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• Is there a server distro with the capability of syncing live data to multiple machines?

  - by Adam Hart

  Scenario: I have a main server that is used for pagebuilding/storing master data, and is accessed by a few clients on site. This company also has multiple branches with their own server that that connect to locally, but need to work with all the same data, and have it synchronized across all servers in real (or close) time. Is there a way/specific server OS that can sync live data across all of these servers? These servers would also need to be able to: Configure AFP, FTP, CIFS, SMB Continue to host their web server and database server in a Microsoft environment, but move the file server off to commodity hardware Just wondering if this is even possible.

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• Postfix count relayed messages per user

  - by Martino Dino

  I would like to know if it's possible to count the outgoing (relayed) messages on a per user basis in postfix. I'm managing a small commercial SMTP relay and decided that it would be nice to have a detailed daily report on how much mail a single user have sent (and eventually enforce some limits) possibly in realtime. I've looked almost everywhere and started to think that writing my own milter would be the way to go... Are you aware of anything that already exists for postfix that can count and report relayed mail for authenticated users (a script, milter or whatever)?

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• Why mutt terminates with segmentation error?

  - by hugemeow

  I pressed $, in order to sync mailbox, but mutt just quit... in fact mutt don't quit every time i press $, it only quits sometimes, so how to know the reason why mutt quit? is this a bug in mutt'? The error message is: Sorting mailbox... Segmentation fault Can i use strace with mutt if i want to know what happens? Or are there tools which are better to find out more about the problem? right now i replied to a mail, then i press $, then segmentation fault...

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• Adding a jar file to CLASSPATH is still not executable

  - by Simon O'Hanlon

  Perhaps I just don't understand how the whole CLASSPATH environment variable works when trying to find .jar files on your system. I thought if you specified it, you could launch .jar files with java in much the same way that you can launch executables that are on your path. I have an executable java archive (.jar file) on my system, that I stuck in /usr/local/bin/gatk/. I added this to my CLASSPATH via: export CLASSPATH=/usr/local/bin/gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar I thought this would make the .jar file visible to my JVM. When I try to invoke it with java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar #Error: Unable to access jarfile .gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar I can invoke it setting the absolute path, e.g. java -jar /usr/local/bin/gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar, however I'd rather not type the full path each time. I have read many of the linked tutorials but somehow I don't seem to be getting this right and I can't understand what I am doing wrong.

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• FreeRADIUS Default Answer

  - by jinanwow

  We are using FreeRADIUS with a MySQL database, authenticating users. We ran into an issue where are MySQL database was slow causing the max number of threads to be reached. The issue with this is, when the server couldn't answer the requests as there were no threads avaiable, it sent the response of Access-Reject to the clients. Our devices cache client connections and periodically checks with the server to see if they should still be allowed or to remove them. The equipment is designed that if there is no response from the server and a client is connected it will remain connected. The issue is, when the radius server is at its max threads, its default answer is to send access-reject (verified via packet capture), however we would like to change the default behavior to just ignore the request (keeping the clients connected). We have fixed the MySQL database issue for now, but I would like to change the default from Access-Reject, to just ignore the client altogeather. I have done research, but not able to find an answer to the question. Thanks in Advance.

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• Using public interfaces on a server connected through a GRE tunnel

  - by Evan

  I'm pretty new to networking so please forgive any terminology mistakes. I have 2 servers connected with a GRE tunnel. Server1 (10.0.0.1) ---- Server2 (10.0.0.2) I want to be able to bind to the public IPs on Server2 using Server1. To do this, I setup virtual interfaces with Server2's public IPs on Server1 and then used routing rules on Server1 to route the packets through the GRE tunnel. On Server1: ip rule add from [Server2's first public IP] table gre ip rule add from [Server2's second public IP] table gre ip route add default via 10.0.0.2 dev gre1 table gre This works great and I can see the packets arriving via GRE on Server2. I can see the packet exiting the tunnel on Server2's gre1 device as shown: From Server1: ping -I [Server2's public ip] google.com tcpdump from Server2's GRE tunnel device: 12:07:17.029160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 0, offset 0, flags [DF], proto ICMP (1), length 84) [Server2's public ip] > 74.125.225.38: ICMP echo request, id 6378, seq 50, length 64 This is exactly the packet I want. However, I'm not seeing it go out at all on eth0:0 (where Server2's public IP is bound to). I've tried to use routing rules to get packets coming from Server2's public IP (which would be coming out of dev gre1) to go through dev eth0 on the public default gateway and that doesn't work either. I'm at a loss, thank you to anyone who can help.

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• SSH works in putty but not terminal

  - by Ryan Naddy

  When I try to ssh this in a terminal: ssh [email protected] I get the following error: Connection closed by 69.163.227.82 When I use putty, I am able to connect to the server. Why is this happening, and how can I get this to work in a terminal? ssh -v [email protected] OpenSSH_6.0p1 (CentrifyDC build 5.1.0-472) (CentrifyDC build 5.1.0-472), OpenSSL 0.9.8w 23 Apr 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/centrifydc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/centrifydc/ssh/ssh_config line 52: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to sub.domain.com [69.163.227.82] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/ryannaddy/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 pat OpenSSH_5* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.0 debug1: Miscellaneous failure Cannot resolve network address for KDC in requested realm debug1: Miscellaneous failure Cannot resolve network address for KDC in requested realm debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP Connection closed by 69.163.227.82

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• send outgoing email via postfix from mail client

  - by Ey Jay

  I have installed postfix on my ubuntu that is hosted on digitalocean. What I want to do is. With my smtp server setup, I want to use it to send mail from my email client. I don't need to receive, I just need to send. I can telnet example.com 25 successfully, I received the email in my inbox, but when I tried using in a email client. smtp: example.com:25 user: smtp1user password: smtp1userpassword I get an error that says "Server doesn't respond. Try changing the port." I dont know how to proceed.

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• How to test server throughput

  - by embwbam

  I've always used apache benchmark to try to get a rough idea of how many requests/second my server can handle. I read that it was good, and it seemed to work well. Enter node.js, which is fully event-based, so it never blocks. If I run apache benchmark on a simple hello world server it can handle 2500 requests per second or so. However, if I put a timeout in the hello world function, so that it responds after 2 seconds, apache benchmark reports a dramatically reduced throughput: about 50/s. I'm running 100 concurrent connections with ab. If I increase the concurrency, it goes up. This makes sense, because apache benchmark is basically sending out requests in batches of 100, which come back every 2 seconds. 100 requests / 2 seconds = 50 requests / second If I increase the concurrency to about 400 or 500, it starts to crash. I don't think I've hit node.js's limit, I think I'm hitting a wall in my operating system on the number of open file descriptors or sockets or something. Any way I can get a good guess about how many requests my server can handle? I want to make sure the test computer isn't the one causing the problem.

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• ios7 loops on the "trust this computer" dialog

  - by gcb

  trying to transfer files to the work ipad via my debian7 box. When i plug it on the computer usb port, it shows the dialog about trusting this computer, and the computer shows a gnome alert about the ipad being locked and that i should unlock it and try again. i press "trust" on the ipad and try again on gnome. and it starts again. over and over. endlessly. there are dozen threads about this on apple support forums. no solution. just dozens of "me too" flags. e.g. https://discussions.apple.com/message/23082859#23082859 (44 me-too, 2k views) here is the log/messages i get Oct 23 21:17:39 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.517766] usb 2-1.7: USB disconnect, device number 16 Oct 23 21:17:39 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.715441] usb 2-1.7: new high-speed USB device number 17 using ehci_hcd Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811031] usb 2-1.7: New USB device found, idVendor=05ac, idProduct=12ab Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811036] usb 2-1.7: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811039] usb 2-1.7: Product: iPad Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811041] usb 2-1.7: Manufacturer: Apple Inc. Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1928.811043] usb 2-1.7: SerialNumber: fec5e0f6a6fa18a936de3c53af661051d290275e Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix mtp-probe: checking bus 2, device 17: "/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.7" Oct 23 21:17:40 dotmatrix mtp-probe: bus: 2, device: 17 was not an MTP device Oct 23 21:17:43 dotmatrix kernel: [ 1932.346505] usb 2-1.7: USB disconnect, device number 17 If i never press the trust dialog it will stay there until i remove the cable. but the logs shows that it gave up 3sec after the cable was connected.

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• How can I log all traffic with its exact length?

  - by Legate

  I want to process all packets with their size going through our gateway server (running Debian 4.0). My idea is to use tcpdump, but I have two questions. The command I'm currently thinking of is tcpdump -i iface -n -t -q. Is it guaranteed that tcpdump will process all packets? What happens if the CPU is working to full capacity? The format of the output lines is IP ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port > ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port: tcp 1260. What exactly is 1260? I have the suspicion that it is the payload in bytes of the packet, which would be exactly what I need, but I'm not sure. It might be the TCP Window Size. Or perhaps there is an even better way of doing this? I thought about a LOG rule in iptables, but tcpdump seems easier and I don't know whether iptables can log the packet lengths.

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• How do I enable TUN/TAP forwarding?

  - by rafal

  I have a program which writes packets (destination address 10.3.0.2) to the TUN/TAP interface. Network: host1|tun0----eth1(10.3.0.1)|-------------------host2|eth1(10.3.0.2)| Wireshark captures these packets from interface tun0 but they are not forwarded to interface eth1. Commands: sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 sysctl -p iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT /etc/init.d/networking restart /etc/init.d/openvpn restart

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• Journaled filesystems and power failure

  - by Yoga

  I heard that even a journaled filesystems such as EXT3/EXT4 might corrupted during power failure, e.g. from wikipedia [1]: In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. Can anyone provide more detail by giving examples such that when corruption can occur corruption is avoided by journaled filesystems [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system

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• Partition table corrupted (USB flash drive)

  - by 13ren

  It's an 8 GB Patriot thumb drive, which I've used extensively with lots of data. Today, it is detected, but all data is gone: (EDIT at least some data is still there, but the partition table is gone) EDIT @Sathya (thanks) here's the relevant output from sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sdc: 8019 MB, 8019509248 bytes 247 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders Units = cylinders of 15314 * 512 = 7840768 bytes Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table It looks like it is /dev/sdc, with that 8 GB... and no partition table. I tried to mount /dev/sdc (and then dmesg | tail): /media> sudo mount /dev/sdc mytmp mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdc, missing codepage or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so /media> dmesg | tail [ 24.300000] sdc: unknown partition table [ 24.320000] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi removable disk sdc [ 24.370000] usb-storage: device scan complete [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! [ 50.420000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! EDIT @Col: results from testdisk Disk /dev/sdc - 8013 MB / 7642 MiB - CHS 1022 247 62 Current partition structure: Partition Start End Size in sectors Partition sector doesn't have the endmark 0xAA55 After I hit [proceed], it says: Structure: Ok. Keys A: add partition, L: load backup, Enter: to continue The "Structure: Ok." seems reassuring... will "A: add partition" make my old data accessible (if it's still there), or will it make a new, fresh partition? Another option is "[ MBR Code ] Write TestDisk MBR code to first sector" - would it be better to do this? EDIT I found that at least some of my data is still on the flash drive, by using the below, and searching for English text in less (like " the "): cat /dev/sde | tr -cd '\11\12\40\1540-\176' | less (The drive changed from "/dev/sdb" to "/dev/sde" because I connected some extra drives today). I've learnt that "/dev/sde1" would be the first partition; and "/dev/sde" is the whole drive. Because unix treats these devices just like files, you can use all the ordinary unix file commands on them, like cat, and then process them like any other stream of data. The tr above removes non-printable characters ("\40" is space, which I wanted to preserve). In less, you can use "/" to search, similar to Vim. How can I get my data back (assuming it's still there)? If only the partition table is corrupted, is there a standard "partition recovery tool"? Is there a way to "repartition" without deleting everything?

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• How to update Google chrome in Ubuntu?

  - by Oscar Reyes

  How to update Google chrome in Ubuntu?

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• Achieving/maxing out 1GBPS connectivity on a nginx server

  - by Ansell Cruz

  This page (http://www.remsys.com/nginx-on-1gbps) claims that it can max out a 1gbps line using JBOD setup and no raid. Currently I'm on a 1gbps dedicated port and I'm on raid 10 (4x2TB - the disks that comes with 100tb.com servers). Currently I'm only peaking at 500-550mbps. wa% would show something around 20% everytime. I'm looking into maxing out this 1gbps port because I have an unmetered service from them. Do you guys think that the page that I referenced would be better than my current raid setup? Do you guys have any other suggestions on how to max out the performance of this server? TYI.

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• "Possible SYN flooding" in log despite low number of SYN_RECV connections

  - by al4

  Recently we had an apache server which was responding very slowly due to SYN flooding. The workaround for this was to enable tcp_syncookies (net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 in /etc/sysctl.conf). I posted a question about this here if you want more background. After enabling syncookies we started seeing the following message in /var/log/messages approximately every 60 seconds: [84440.731929] possible SYN flooding on port 80. Sending cookies. Vinko Vrsalovic informed me that this means the syn backlog is getting full, so I raised tcp_max_syn_backlog to 4096. At some point I also lowered tcp_synack_retries to 3 (down from the default of 5) by issuing sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=3. After doing this, the frequency seemed to drop, with the interval of the messages varying between roughly 60 and 180 seconds. Next I issued sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65536, but am still getting the message in the log. Throughout all this I've been watching the number of connections in SYN_RECV state (by running watch --interval=5 'netstat -tuna |grep "SYN_RECV"|wc -l'), and it never goes higher than about 240, much much lower than the size of the backlog. Yet I have a Red Hat server which hovers around 512 (limit on this server is the default of 1024). Are there any other tcp settings which would limit the size of the backlog or am I barking up the wrong tree? Should the number of SYN_RECV connections in netstat -tuna correlate to the size of the backlog? Update As best I can tell I'm dealing with legitimate connections here, netstat -tuna|wc -l hovers around 5000. I've been researching this today and found this post from a last.fm employee, which has been rather useful. I've also discovered that the tcp_max_syn_backlog has no effect when syncookies are enabled (as per this link) So as a next step I set the following in sysctl.conf: net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 3 # default=5 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536 # default=1024 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 # default=124928 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 # default=131071 net.core.somaxconn = 512 # default = 128 net.core.optmem_max = 81920 # default = 20480 I then setup my response time test, ran sysctl -p and disabled syncookies by sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=0. After doing this the number of connections in the SYN_RECV state still remained around 220-250, but connections were starting to delay again. Once I noticed these delays I re-enabled syncookies and the delays stopped. I believe what I was seeing was still an improvement from the initial state, however some requests were still delayed which is much worse than having syncookies enabled. So it looks like I'm stuck with them enabled until we can get some more servers online to cope with the load. Even then, I'm not sure I see a valid reason to disable them again as they're only sent (apparently) when the server's buffers get full. But the syn backlog doesn't appear to be full with only ~250 connections in the SYN_RECV state! Is it possible that the SYN flooding message is a red herring and it's something other than the syn_backlog that's filling up? If anyone has any other tuning options I haven't tried yet I'd be more than happy to try them out, but I'm starting to wonder if the syn_backlog setting isn't being applied properly for some reason.

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