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  • Iterating through nested dictionaries

    - by Framester
    I want to write an iterator for my 'toy' Trie implementation. Adding already works like this: class Trie: def __init__(self): self.root = dict() pass def add(self, string, value): global nops current_dict = self.root for letter in s: nops += 1 current_dict = current_dict.setdefault(letter, {}) current_dict = current_dict.setdefault('value', value) pass The output of the adding looks like that: trie = Trie() trie.add("hello",1) trie.add("world",2) trie.add("worlds",12) print trie.root {'h': {'e': {'l': {'l': {'o': {'value': 1}}}}}, 'w': {'o': {'r': {'l': {'d': {'s': {'value': 2}, 'value': 2}}}}}} I know, that I need a __iter__ and next method. def __iter__(self): self.root.__iter__() pass def next(self): print self.root.next() But AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'next'. How should I do it? [Update] In the perfect world I would like the output to be one dict with all the words/entries with their corresponding values.

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  • PGU Tiles collision detection

    - by user280454
    Hi, I've been using PGU(Phil's Pygame Utilities) for a while. It has a dictionary called tdata, which is passed as an argument while loading tiles tdata = { tileno:(agroup, hit_handler, config)} I'm making a pacman clone in which I have 2 groups : player and ghost, for which I want to collision detection with the same type of tile. For example, if the tile no is 2, I want this tile to have agroups as both player and ghost. I tried doing the following: tdata = {0x02 :('player', tile_hit_1, config), 0x02 : ('ghost', tile_hit_2, config)} However, on doing this, it only gives collision detection for ghost, not the player. Any ideas on how I can do collision detection for both the player and the ghost with the same type of tile?

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  • Django TestCase testing order

    - by ziang
    If there are several methods in the test class, I found that the order to execute is alphabetical. But I want to customize the order of execution. How to define the execution order? For example: testTestA will be loaded first than testTestB. class Test(TestCase): def setUp(self): ... def testTestB(self): #test code def testTestA(self): #test code

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  • Cookies with urllib

    - by CMC
    This will probably seem like a really simple question, and I am quite confused as to why this is so difficult for me. I would like to write a function that takes three inputs: [url, data, cookies] that will use urllib (not urllib2) to get the contents of the requested url. I figured it'd be simple, so I wrote the following: def fetch(url, data = None, cookies = None): if isinstance(data, dict): data = urllib.urlencode(data) if isinstance(cookies, dict): # TODO: find a better way to do this cookies = "; ".join([str(key) + "=" + str(cookies[key]) for key in cookies]) opener = urllib.FancyURLopener() opener.addheader("Cookie", cookies) obj = opener.open(url, data) result = obj.read() obj.close() return result This doesn't work, as far as I can tell (can anyone confirm that?) and I'm stumped.

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  • Multi choice form field in Django

    - by Dingo
    Hi! I'am developing application on app-engine-path. I would like to make form with multichoice (acceptably languages for user). Code look like this: Language settings: settings.LANGUAGES = ((u"cs", u"Ceština"), (u"en", u"English")) Form model: class UserForm(forms.ModelForm): first_name = forms.CharField(max_length=100) last_name = forms.CharField(max_length=100) languages = forms.MultipleChoiceField(widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple, choices=settings.LANGUAGES) The form is rendered o.k. (all languages have checkbox. IDs, NAMEs is ok.) But if I save some languages for user, those languages don't check checkboxes. User model look like this class User(User): #... languages = db.StringListProperty() #... and view: def edit_profile(request): user = request.user if request.method == 'POST': form = UserForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): # ... else: form = UserForm(instance=user) data = {"user":user, "form": form} return render_to_response(request, 'user_profile/user_profile.html', data)

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  • Django models avaoid duplicates

    - by Hulk
    In models, class Getdata(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=255) state = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=STATE, default="0") name = models.ForeignKey(School) created_by = models.ForeignKey(profile) def __unicode__(self): return self.id() In templates <form> <input type="submit" save the data/> </form> If the user clicks on the save button and the above data is saved in the table how to avoid the duplicates,i.e, if the user again clicks on the same submit button there should not be another entry for the same values.Or is it some this that has to be handeled in views Thanks..

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  • httplib2 giving internal server error 500 with proxy

    - by NJTechie
    Following is the code and error it throws. It works fine without the proxy http = httplib2.Http() . Any pointers are highly appreciated! Usage : http = httplib2.Http(proxy_info = httplib2.ProxyInfo(socks.PROXY_TYPE_HTTP, '74.115.1.11', 80)) main_url = 'http://www.mywebsite.com' response, content = http.request(main_url, 'GET') Error : File "testproxy.py", line 17, in <module> response, content = http.request(main_url, 'GET') File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/httplib2/__init__.py", line 1129, in request (response, content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey) File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/httplib2/__init__.py", line 901, in _request (response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers) File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/httplib2/__init__.py", line 862, in _conn_request conn.request(method, request_uri, body, headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/httplib.py", line 866, in request self._send_request(method, url, body, headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/httplib.py", line 889, in _send_request self.endheaders() File "/usr/lib/python2.5/httplib.py", line 860, in endheaders self._send_output() File "/usr/lib/python2.5/httplib.py", line 732, in _send_output self.send(msg) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/httplib.py", line 699, in send self.connect() File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/httplib2/__init__.py", line 740, in connect self.sock.connect(sa) File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/socks.py", line 383, in connect self.__negotiatehttp(destpair[0],destpair[1]) File "/home/kk/bin/pythonlib/socks.py", line 349, in __negotiatehttp raise HTTPError((statuscode,statusline[2])) socks.HTTPError: (500, 'Internal Server Error')

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  • Modify Django settings variables in a middleware

    - by jack
    I set a variable MAX_REQUEST = 100 in settings.py I write a middleware which may lower this value for request origining from a proxy ip address by the following code: settings.MAX_REQUEST = 10 However, looks like the above modification affects all legitimate users. Is it normal?

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  • Why is numpy's einsum faster than numpy's built in functions?

    - by Ophion
    Lets start with three arrays of dtype=np.double. Timings are performed on a intel CPU using numpy 1.7.1 compiled with icc and linked to intel's mkl. A AMD cpu with numpy 1.6.1 compiled with gcc without mkl was also used to verify the timings. Please note the timings scale nearly linearly with system size and are not due to the small overhead incurred in the numpy functions if statements these difference will show up in microseconds not milliseconds: arr_1D=np.arange(500,dtype=np.double) large_arr_1D=np.arange(100000,dtype=np.double) arr_2D=np.arange(500**2,dtype=np.double).reshape(500,500) arr_3D=np.arange(500**3,dtype=np.double).reshape(500,500,500) First lets look at the np.sum function: np.all(np.sum(arr_3D)==np.einsum('ijk->',arr_3D)) True %timeit np.sum(arr_3D) 10 loops, best of 3: 142 ms per loop %timeit np.einsum('ijk->', arr_3D) 10 loops, best of 3: 70.2 ms per loop Powers: np.allclose(arr_3D*arr_3D*arr_3D,np.einsum('ijk,ijk,ijk->ijk',arr_3D,arr_3D,arr_3D)) True %timeit arr_3D*arr_3D*arr_3D 1 loops, best of 3: 1.32 s per loop %timeit np.einsum('ijk,ijk,ijk->ijk', arr_3D, arr_3D, arr_3D) 1 loops, best of 3: 694 ms per loop Outer product: np.all(np.outer(arr_1D,arr_1D)==np.einsum('i,k->ik',arr_1D,arr_1D)) True %timeit np.outer(arr_1D, arr_1D) 1000 loops, best of 3: 411 us per loop %timeit np.einsum('i,k->ik', arr_1D, arr_1D) 1000 loops, best of 3: 245 us per loop All of the above are twice as fast with np.einsum. These should be apples to apples comparisons as everything is specifically of dtype=np.double. I would expect the speed up in an operation like this: np.allclose(np.sum(arr_2D*arr_3D),np.einsum('ij,oij->',arr_2D,arr_3D)) True %timeit np.sum(arr_2D*arr_3D) 1 loops, best of 3: 813 ms per loop %timeit np.einsum('ij,oij->', arr_2D, arr_3D) 10 loops, best of 3: 85.1 ms per loop Einsum seems to be at least twice as fast for np.inner, np.outer, np.kron, and np.sum regardless of axes selection. The primary exception being np.dot as it calls DGEMM from a BLAS library. So why is np.einsum faster that other numpy functions that are equivalent? The DGEMM case for completeness: np.allclose(np.dot(arr_2D,arr_2D),np.einsum('ij,jk',arr_2D,arr_2D)) True %timeit np.einsum('ij,jk',arr_2D,arr_2D) 10 loops, best of 3: 56.1 ms per loop %timeit np.dot(arr_2D,arr_2D) 100 loops, best of 3: 5.17 ms per loop The leading theory is from @sebergs comment that np.einsum can make use of SSE2, but numpy's ufuncs will not until numpy 1.8 (see the change log). I believe this is the correct answer, but have not been able to confirm it. Some limited proof can be found by changing the dtype of input array and observing speed difference and the fact that not everyone observes the same trends in timings.

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  • Last matching symbol in Regex

    - by Menda
    I couldn't find a more descriptive title, but here there is an example: import re m = re.search(r"\((?P<remixer>.+) (Remix)\)", "Title (Menda Remix)") m.group("remixer") # returns 'Menda' OK m = re.search(r"\((?P<remixer>.+) (Remix)\)", "Title (Blabla) (Menda Remix)") m.group("remixer") # returns 'Blabla) (Menda' FAIL This regex finds the first parenthesis, and I would like to match the last parenthesis for always getting 'Menda'. I've made a workaround to this using extra functions, but I would like a cleaner and a more consistent way using the same regex. Thanks a lot guys.

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  • PyGTK/GIO: monitor directory for changes recursively

    - by detly
    Take the following demo code (from the GIO answer to this question), which uses a GIO FileMonitor to monitor a directory for changes: import gio def directory_changed(monitor, file1, file2, evt_type): print "Changed:", file1, file2, evt_type gfile = gio.File(".") monitor = gfile.monitor_directory(gio.FILE_MONITOR_NONE, None) monitor.connect("changed", directory_changed) import glib ml = glib.MainLoop() ml.run() After running this code, I can then create and modify child nodes and be notified of the changes. However, this only works for immediate children (I am aware that the docs don't say otherwise). The last of the following shell commands will not result in a notification: touch one mkdir two touch two/three Is there an easy way to make it recursive? I'd rather not manually code something that looks for directory creation and adds a monitor, removing them on deletion, etc. The intended use is for a VCS file browser extension, to be able to cache the statuses of files in a working copy and update them individually on changes. So there might by anywhere from tens to thousands (or more) directories to monitor. I'd like to just find the root of the working copy and add the file monitor there. I know about pyinotify, but I'm avoiding it so that this works under non-Linux kernels such as FreeBSD or... others. As far as I'm aware, the GIO FileMonitor uses inotify underneath where available, and I can understand not emphasising the implementation to maintain some degree of abstraction, but it suggested to me that it should be possible. (In case it matters, I originally posted this on the PyGTK mailing list.)

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  • 404 not found in telnet, works fine in browser

    - by Viranch Mehta
    i am having a very irritating problem, when i open a url ( http://celebs.widewallpapers.net/md/a/adriana-lima/1440/Adriana-Lima-1440x900-002.jpg ) in browser, it works fine.. but when i try to access it by telnet on bash, i get 404 not found!! my exact terminal: $ telnet celebs.widewallpapers.net 80 HEAD /md/a/adriana-lima/1440/Adriana-Lima-1440x900-002.jpg HTTP/1.0 [enter] [enter] HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Server: nginx Date: Sun, 23 May 2010 21:36:05 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1251 Content-Length: 166 Connection: close please help me with this as i m trying to make a C batch-downloader, which is almost working as same as the telnet.

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  • user inheritance in django

    - by amateur
    Hi guys, I saw a couple of ways extending user information of users and decided to adopt the model inheritance method. for instance, I have : class Parent(User): contact_means = models.IntegerField() is_staff = False objects = userManager() Now it is done, I've downloaded django_registration to help me out with sending emails to new users. The thing is, instead of using registration forms to register new user, I want to to invoke the email sending/acitvation capability of django_registration. So my workflow is: 1. add new Parent object in admin page. 2. send email My problem is, the django-registration creates a new registration profile together with a new user in the user table. how do I tweak this such that I am able to add the user entry into the custom user table. I have tried to create a modelAdmin and alter the save_model method to launch the create_inactive_user from django_registration, however I do not how to save the user object generated from django_registration into my Parent table when I have using model inheritance and I do not have a Foreign key attribute in my parent model.

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  • Pylons/Routes Did url_for() change within templates?

    - by Charles Merram
    I'm getting an error: GenerationException: url_for could not generate URL. Called with args: () {} from this line of a mako template: <p>Your url is ${h.url_for()}</p> Over in my helpers.py, I do have: from routes import url_for Looking at the Routes-1.12.1-py2.6.egg/routes/util.py, I seem to go wrong about line it calls _screenargs(). This is simple functionality from the Pylons book. What silly thing am I doing wrong? Was there a new url_current()? Where?

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  • How do I require that an element has either one set of attributes or another in an XSD schema?

    - by Eli Courtwright
    I'm working with an XML document where a tag must either have one set of attributes or another. For example, it needs to either look like <tag foo="hello" bar="kitty" /> or <tag spam="goodbye" eggs="world" /> e.g. <root> <tag foo="hello" bar="kitty" /> <tag spam="goodbye" eggs="world" /> </root> So I have an XSD schema where I use the xs:choice element to choose between two different attribute groups: <xsi:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified"> <xs:element name="root"> <xs:complexType> <xs:sequence> <xs:element maxOccurs="unbounded" name="tag"> <xs:choice> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name="foo" type="xs:string" use="required" /> <xs:attribute name="bar" type="xs:string" use="required" /> </xs:complexType> <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name="spam" type="xs:string" use="required" /> <xs:attribute name="eggs" type="xs:string" use="required" /> </xs:complexType> </xs:choice> </xs:element> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> </xsi:schema> However, when using lxml to attempt to load this schema, I get the following error: >>> from lxml import etree >>> etree.XMLSchema( etree.parse("schema_choice.xsd") ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "xmlschema.pxi", line 85, in lxml.etree.XMLSchema.__init__ (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:118685) lxml.etree.XMLSchemaParseError: Element '{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}element': The content is not valid. Expected is (annotation?, ((simpleType | complexType)?, (unique | key | keyref)*))., line 7 Since the error is with the placement of my xs:choice element, I've tried putting it in different places, but no matter what I try, I can't seem to use it to define a tag to have either one set of attributes (foo and bar) or another (spam and eggs). Is this even possible? And if so, then what is the correct syntax?

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  • stopping a cherrypy server over http

    - by d.c
    I have a cherrypy app that I'm controlling over http with a wxpython ui. I want to kill the server when the ui closes, but I don't know how to do that. Right now I'm just doing a sys.exit() on the window close event but thats resulting in Traceback (most recent call last): File "ui.py", line 67, in exitevent urllib.urlopen("http://"+server+"/?sigkill=1") File "c:\python26\lib\urllib.py", line 87, in urlopen return opener.open(url) File "c:\python26\lib\urllib.py", line 206, in open return getattr(self, name)(url) File "c:\python26\lib\urllib.py", line 354, in open_http 'got a bad status line', None) IOError: ('http protocol error', 0, 'got a bad status line', None) is that because I'm not stopping cherrypy properly?

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  • How to get HTTP status message in (py)curl?

    - by mykhal
    spending some time studying pycurl and libcurl documentation, i still can't find a (simple) way, how to get HTTP status message (reason-phrase) in pycurl. status code is easy: import pycurl import cStringIO curl = pycurl.Curl() buff = cStringIO.StringIO() curl.setopt(pycurl.URL, 'http://example.org') curl.setopt(pycurl.WRITEFUNCTION, buff.write) curl.perform() print "status code: %s" % curl.getinfo(pycurl.HTTP_CODE) # -> 200 # print "status message: %s" % ??? # -> "OK"

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  • Issue reading packets from a pcap file. dpkt module. What gives?

    - by Chris
    I am running the following test script to try to read packets from a sample .pcap file I have downloaded. It won't seem to run. I have all of the modules, but no examples seem to be running. import socket import dpkt import sys pcapReader = dpkt.pcap.Reader(file("test1.pcap", "rb")) for ts, data in pcapReader: ether = dpkt.ethernet.Ethernet(data) if ether.type != dpkt.ethernet.ETH_TYPE_IP: raise ip = ether.data src = socket.inet_ntoa(ip.src) dst = socket.inet_ntoa(ip.dst) print "%s -> %s" % (src, dst) For some reason, this is not being interpreted properly. When running it, I get KeyError: 138 module body in test.py at line 4 function __init__ in pcap.py at line 105 Program exited. Why is this? What's wrong?

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  • Unexplained file not found for an existing file

    - by knishua
    Following is the error that occurs in this part of the code. Although the path is valid, a RuntimeError occurs—strange. What is happening, and how can I get this to work? for root,dirs,files in os.walk(self.path): for f in files : if (f.split('.')[1] == "mb"): z = utils.executeInMainThreadWithResult(self.contains,(f.split('.')[0])) if not (isinstance(z,NoneType)): cmds.symbolButton(self.arSubCategory + f.split('.')[0], image=(z[1].replace("\\","/")), width = 35,height = 70, c = "h.imp_file(" + "\"" + root.replace("\\","/") + "/" + f + "\"" + ")") def contains(self,imageName): print 'imageName : ',imageName,'\n' for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.path+"images"): for g in files: x = re.search(imageName,g) if not (isinstance(x, NoneType)): print 'g ',root+"/"+g.replace("\\","/"),'\n' return (1,(root+"/"+g)) Error: # z is (1, 'T:/Reference_Library/Reference_work/Char_models/Workfiles/images\\rboxdisk1\\female\\highpoly/granny01_highpoly.jpg') Error: File not found: T:/Reference_Library/Reference_work/Char_models/Workfiles/images/rboxdisk1/female/highpoly/granny01_highpoly.jpg Traceback (most recent call last): File "<maya console>", line 115, in <module> File "<maya console>", line 65, in showWindowanimLibrary RuntimeError: File not found: T:/Reference_Library/Reference_work/Char_models/Workfiles/images/rboxdisk1/female/highpoly/granny01_highpoly.jpg

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  • How to list directory hierarchy in PyGTK treeview widget?

    - by lyrae
    I am trying to generate a hierarchical directory listing in pyGTK. Currently, I have this following directory tree: /root folderA - subdirA - subA.py - a.py folderB - b.py I have written a function that -almost- seem to work: def go(root, piter = None): for filename in os.listdir(root): isdir = os.path.isdir(os.path.join(root, filename)) piter = self.treestore.append(piter, [filename]) if isdir == True: go(os.path.join(root, filename), piter) This is what i get when i run the app: I also think my function is inefficient and that i should be using os.walk(), since it already exists for such purpose. How can I, and what is the proper/most efficient way of generating a directory tree with pyGTK?

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  • Django Haystack exact filtering

    - by blackrobot
    I have a haystack search which has the following SearchIndex: class GrantIndex(indexes.SearchIndex): """ This provides the search index for the Grant application. """ text = indexes.CharField(document=True, use_template=True) year = indexes.IntegerField(model_attr='year__year') date = indexes.DateField(model_attr='date') program = indexes.CharField(model_attr='program__area') grantee = indexes.CharField(model_attr='grantee') amount = indexes.IntegerField(model_attr='amount') site.register(Grant, GrantIndex) If I want to search filtering out any programs that ARE NOT 'Health', I run the following query: from haystack.query import SearchQuerySet sqs = SearchQuerySet() sqs = sqs.filter(program='Health') Unfortunately, this also produces objects from the program 'Health\Other' and 'Health\Cardiovascular'. How do I stop the search from allowing those other programs in? I run Ubuntu 9.10 with Xapian as my search back-end.

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  • Authkit - deferring action for HTTP '401' response to client application

    - by jon
    Form, Redirect and Forward all send an unauthenticated user to a Form on a login page specified within an Authkit middleware application. I'd like to allow a client application to request a service via XHR and then present a custom 'client side' form if a HTTP status code of 401 is returned, which would then post to Authkit for authentication until valid authentication/authorization occured. Specifically, 1) a jquery $.get request might request a resource. 2) if an Authkit cookie check confirmed previous authorization the content would be returned. 3) if not I would like Authkit to simply return the '401 response' (and not redirect to another page, or return a form template) where a client side exception handler would notify the user and present an authentication form. Can Authkit work like this?

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  • Bug when drawing a QImage on a widget with PIL and PyQt

    - by oulipo
    I'm trying to write a small graphic application, and I need to construct some image using PIL that I show in a widget. The image is correctly constructed (I can check with im.show()), I can convert it to a QImage, that I can save normally to disk (using QImage.save), but if I try to draw it directly on my QWidget, it only show a white square. Here I commented out the code that is not working (converting the Image into QImage then QPixmap result in a white square), and I made a dirty hack to save the image to a temporary file and load it directly in a QPixmap, which work but is not what I want to do https://gist.github.com/f6d479f286ad75bf72b7 Someone has an idea? If it can help, when I try to save my QImage in a BMP file, I can access its content, but if I try to save it to a PNG it is completely white

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  • Best way to detect IronPython

    - by Adal
    I need to write a module which will be used from both CPython and IronPython. What's the best way to detect IronPython, since I need a slightly different behaviour in that case? I noticed that sys.platform is "win32" on CPython, but "cli" on IronPython. Is there another preferred/standard way of detecting it?

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