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  • What is a monad?

    - by kronoz
    Having briefly looked at Haskell recently I wondered whether anybody could give a brief, succinct, practical explanation as to what a monad essentially is? I have found most explanations I've come across to be fairly inaccessible and lacking in practical detail, so could somebody here help me?

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  • How should a programmer go about getting started with Flash/Flex/ActionScript?

    - by Graphics Noob
    What is the shortest path between zero (ie no flash related development software on my computer or information about where to obtain it or get started) to running a "hello world" ActionScript? I'm hoping for an answer that gives step by step instructions about exactly what software is needed to get started, an example of some "hello world" code, and instructions for compiling and running the code. I've spent more time than I think should be necessary researching this question and not found much information. Hopefully this question will be found by programmers like me who want to get started with Flash/Flex/ActionScript (After my morning of researching I still don't even know what terminology to use so I'll just throw it all out there). ActionScript tutorials I've found are focused on programming concepts, ie logic, branching, OOP, etc, and some even have code examples to download, but not a single one I've found explains how to compile and run the code. They all seem to assume you have an IDE standing by but no knowledge of programming, exactly the opposite of the position I'm in. Here are the most related SO questions I've found: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/59083/what-is-adobe-flex-is-it-just-flash-ii http://stackoverflow.com/questions/554899/getting-started-with-flex-3-ui-actionscript-programming http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2123105/how-to-learn-flex

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  • Modify strings in Rails?

    - by Daniel O'Connor
    Hey everyone, So I'm new to Rails (teaching myself as a senior project in high school), and I'm trying to figure out how to modify these strings. Let's say someone writes the following string in a form: "you know you are a geek when" How can I automatically change it to this: "You know you are a geek when..."? I need Rails to check the case of the first letter and check for the three dots then modify the string as necessary. I've looked here, but I can't find anything that would work. Thanks a lot!

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  • python regex of a date in some text

    - by Horace Ho
    How can I find as many date patterns as possible from a text file by python? The date pattern is defined as: dd mmm yyyy ^ ^ | | +---+--- spaces where: dd is a two digit number mmm is three-character English month name (e.g. Jan, Mar, Dec) yyyy is four digit year there are two spaces as separators Thanks!

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  • Codeigniter: db data in controller

    - by Kevin Brown
    I'm confused about what to do... I'm working on a user's page where they can view certain things only if their supervisor has given them "money" or "credits". I need a simple way to get the person that is their supervisor by doing something like: $data['employer'] = $this->home_model->getEmployees(array('user_id'=>$manager_id)); Basically, get the user information about a person who's user_id matches the manager_id of the currently logged in member. I don't know how to set the variable $manager_id. Additional Information: The current user has an id, and a manager_id. I need the id of the manager. So, I need to grab the manager_id of the logged-in user and find the manager who's user_id is that of the manager_id. What's the process to do this? I can get each individually, but I don't know how to use one to get the other... I know it is confusing, but I'm confused! Thanks for the help!

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  • Python: re-initialize a function's default value for subsequent calls to the function.

    - by Peter Stewart
    I have a function that calls itself to increment and decrement a stack. I need to call it a number of times, and I'd like it to work the same way in subsequent calls but, as expected, it doesn't re-use the default value. I've read that this is a newbie trap and I've seen suggested solutions, but I haven't been able to make any solution work. It would be nice to be able to "fun.reset" def a(x, stack = [None]): print x,' ', stack if x > 5: temp = stack.pop() if x <=5: stack.append(1) if stack == []: return a(x + 1) print a(0) print a(2) #second call print a(3) #third call I expected this to work, but it doesn't. print a(0, [None]) print a(2, [None]) #second call print a(3, [None]) #third call Can I reset the function to it's initial state? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • PHP OOP properity constant usage

    - by Misiur
    Hi there. I'm really new to OOP. I'm even not a newbie - I'm noob. So. I want to transfer my pseudo-CMS from "normal" programming, into OOP programming system. And so: private static $dsn = DB_TYPE.':host='.DB_HOST.';dbname='.DB_NAME; What here causes problem? Usage of constraints? I don't know. My editor (aptana studio) shows error after 1 constant. Thanks

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  • Getting logging.debug() to work on Google App Engine/Python

    - by brainjam
    I'm just getting started on building a Python app for Google App Engine. In the localhost environment I'm trying to send debug info to the GoogleAppEngineLauncher Log Console via logging.debug(), but it isn't showing up. However, anything sent through, say, logging.info() or logging.error() does show up. I've tried a logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) before the logging.debug(), but to no avail. What am I missing?

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  • Free Fall Question

    - by Makenshi
    ok im gonna try my best to explain my problem i have this program where u can select 5 balls when u select one you can take it with you while you have the mouse button pressed and its within the ball radius. The problem is that i need a way to make the ball go up when the user stop pressing the mouse button like he sent it to float in the air then make it fall down again i have one way to know the time,velocity and thus the acceleration but i dont know how to implement it... right now i have this void Circulo::caida(float velocidad,float tiempo) { if(this->posY >= 580) { this->posY = 580; this->vcaida = 0.0f; } else if(this->posY < 580) { //this->distancia=9.81f * 0.5f*tiempo*tiempo; this->vcaida += velocidad; this->posY += this->vcaida; } } with this like this it just falls and i cant make the effect i tried to explain... thank you i hope someone can help me .< oh yeah im calculating the time like this just in case it helps difX=(x> evento.motion.xrel)? x-evento.motion.xrel : evento.motion.xrel-x; difY=(y> evento.motion.yrel)? y-evento.motion.yrel : evento.motion.yrel-y; and im sending difY as the time variable

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  • JDBC with MySQL

    - by Josh K
    I'm working on getting my database to talk to my Java programs. What do I need to get started? Having already read through (and been thoroughly confused, something that does not happen often) with some other turorials I figured I'd best ask here. How do I import a jar file from the local directory? Can someone give me a quick and dirty sample program using the JDBC?

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  • Guaranteed COM object release?

    - by Jurily
    I wrote the following code under the assumption that Excel will die with Monkey: class ExcelMonkey { private static Excel.Application xl = new Excel.Application(); public static bool parse(string filename) { if (filename.Contains("foo")) { var workbook = xl.Workbooks.Open(filename); var sheet = workbook.Worksheets.get_Item(1); // do stuff return true; } return false; } } How do I make sure it does? Do I need to release workbook and sheet separately? I want to have Excel around for the lifetime of the program, it's a huge performance improvement.

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  • Is there a better (i.e vectorised) way to put part of a column name into a row of a data frame in R

    - by PaulHurleyuk
    I have a data frame in R that has come about from running some stats on the result fo a melt/cast operation. I want to add a row into this dataframe containing a Nominal value. That Nominal Value is present in the names for each column df<-as.data.frame(cbind(x=c(1,2,3,4,5),`Var A_100`=c(5,4,3,2,1),`Var B_5`=c(9,8,7,6,5))) > df x Var A_100 Var B_5 1 1 5 9 2 2 4 8 3 3 3 7 4 4 2 6 5 5 1 5 So, I want to create a new row, that contains '100' in the column Var A_100 and '5' in Var B_5. Currently this is what I'm doing but I'm sure there must be a better, vectorised way to do this. temp_nom<-NULL for (l in 1:length(names(df))){ temp_nom[l]<-strsplit(names(df),"_")[[l]][2] } temp_nom [1] NA "100" "5" df[6,]<-temp_nom > df x Var A_100 Var B_5 1 1 5 9 2 2 4 8 3 3 3 7 4 4 2 6 5 5 1 5 6 <NA> 100 5 rm(temp_nom) Typically I'd have 16-24 columns. Any ideas ?

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  • Arithmetic operator confusion

    - by Dusk
    Why I'm getting two different values while using the arithmetic operators for the same value of variables. I've just altered little bit my second program, which is resulted in giving me the different output. Could anyone please tell me why? int number=113; int rot=0; rot=number%10; rot*=100+number/10; System.out.println(rot);//333 int number=113; int rot=0; rot=number%10; rot=rot*100+number/10; System.out.println(rot);//311

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  • C# Proxy using Sockets, how should I do this?

    - by Kin
    I'm writing a proxy using .NET and C#. I haven't done much Socket programming, and I am not sure the best way to go about it. What would be the best way to implement this? Should I use Synchronous Sockets, Asynchronous sockets? Please help! It must... Accept Connections from the client on two different ports, and be able to receive data on both ports at the same time. Connect to the server on two different ports, and be able to send data on both ports as the same time. Immediately connect to the server and start forwarding packets as soon as a client connection is made. Forward packets in the same order they were received. Be as low latency as possible. I don't need the ability for multiple clients to connect to the proxy, but it would be a nice feature if its easy to implement. Client --------- Proxy ------- Server ---|-----------------|----------------| Port <-------- Port <------- Port Port <-------- Port <------- Port

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  • Windows API Programming

    - by Chris
    I found this site, http://www.apitalk.com/document.php?id=1184207999_1 and I'm not sure if this site is using ATL, STL, MFC, or just calling API functions directly. I have done console programming with C++ and graphics programmign with C++ in Borland, but I've have never done Win32 C++ programming and I'm curious if anyone knows of a good site to start with? Does anyone know of any good sites to recommend about getting up and going fast with Win32 API C++?

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  • Best way to get back to using the power of lxml after having to use a regex to find something in an

    - by PyNEwbie
    I am trying to rip some text out of a large number of html documents (numbers in the hundreds of thousands). The documents are really forms but they are prepared by a very large group of different organizations so there is significant variation in how they create the document. For example, the documents are divided into chapters. I might want to extract the contents of Chapter 5 from every document so I can analyze the content of the chapter. Initially I thought this would be easy but it turns out that the authors might use a set of non-nested tables throughout the document to hold the content so that Chapter n could be displayed using td tags inside a table. Or they might use other elements such as p tags H tags, div tags or any other block level element. After trying repeatedly to use lxml to help me identify the beginning and end of each chapter I have determined that it is a lot cleaner to use a regular expression because in every case, no matter what the enclosing html element is the chapter label is always in the form of >Chapter # It is a little more complicated in that there might be some white space or non-breaking space represented in different ways (  or   or just spaces). Nonetheless it was trivial to write a regular expression to identify the beginning of each section. (The beginning of one section is the end of the previous section.) But now I want to use lxml to get the text out. My thought is that I have really no choice but to walk along my string to find the close tag for the element that encloses the text I am using to find the relevant section. That is here is one example where the element holding the Chapter name is a div <div style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0pt; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0pt" align="left"><font style="DISPLAY: inline; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Chapter 1.&#160;&#160;&#160;Our Beginnings.</font></div> So I am imagining that I would begin at the location where I found the match for chapter 1 and set up a regular expressions to find the next </div|</td|</p|</h1 . . . So at this point I have identified the type of element holding my chapter heading I can use the same logic to find all of the text that is within that element that is set up a regular expression to help me mark from >Chapter 1.&#160;&#160;&#160;Our Beginnings.< So I have identified where my Chapter 1 begins I can do the same for chapter 2 (which is where Chapter 1 ends) Now I am imagining that I am going to snip the document beginning at the opening of the element that I identified as the element the indicates where chapter 1 begins and ending just before the opening of the element that I identified as the element that indicates where Chapter 2 begins. The string that I have identified will then be fed to lxml to use its power to get the content. I am going to all of this trouble because I have read over and over - never use a regular expression to extract content from html documents and I have not hit on a way to be as accurate with lxml to identify the starting and ending locations for the text I want to extract. For example, I can never be certain that the subtitle of Chapter 1 is Our Beginnings it could be Our Red Canary. Let me say that I spent two solid days trying with lxml to be confident that I had the beginning and ending elements and I could only be accurate <60% of the time but a very short regular expression has given me better than 95% success. I have a tendency to make things more complicated than necessary so I am wondering if anyone has seen or solved a similar problems and if they had an approach (not the details mind you) that they would like to offer.

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  • How can this PHP code be improved? What should be changed?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    This is a custom encryption library. I do not know much about PHP's standard library of functions and was wondering if the following code can be improved in any way. The implementation should yield the same results, the API should remain as it is, but ways to make is more PHP-ish would be greatly appreciated. Code <?php /*************************************** Create random major and minor SPICE key. ***************************************/ function crypt_major() { $all = range("\x00", "\xFF"); shuffle($all); $major_key = implode("", $all); return $major_key; } function crypt_minor() { $sample = array(); do { array_push($sample, 0, 1, 2, 3); } while (count($sample) != 256); shuffle($sample); $list = array(); for ($index = 0; $index < 64; $index++) { $b12 = $sample[$index * 4] << 6; $b34 = $sample[$index * 4 + 1] << 4; $b56 = $sample[$index * 4 + 2] << 2; $b78 = $sample[$index * 4 + 3]; array_push($list, $b12 + $b34 + $b56 + $b78); } $minor_key = implode("", array_map("chr", $list)); return $minor_key; } /*************************************** Create the SPICE key via the given name. ***************************************/ function named_major($name) { srand(crc32($name)); return crypt_major(); } function named_minor($name) { srand(crc32($name)); return crypt_minor(); } /*************************************** Check validity for major and minor keys. ***************************************/ function _check_major($key) { if (is_string($key) && strlen($key) == 256) { foreach (range("\x00", "\xFF") as $char) { if (substr_count($key, $char) == 0) { return FALSE; } } return TRUE; } return FALSE; } function _check_minor($key) { if (is_string($key) && strlen($key) == 64) { $indexs = array(); foreach (array_map("ord", str_split($key)) as $byte) { foreach (range(6, 0, 2) as $shift) { array_push($indexs, ($byte >> $shift) & 3); } } $dict = array_count_values($indexs); foreach (range(0, 3) as $index) { if ($dict[$index] != 64) { return FALSE; } } return TRUE; } return FALSE; } /*************************************** Create encode maps for encode functions. ***************************************/ function _encode_map_1($major) { return array_map("ord", str_split($major)); } function _encode_map_2($minor) { $map_2 = array(array(), array(), array(), array()); $list = array(); foreach (array_map("ord", str_split($minor)) as $byte) { foreach (range(6, 0, 2) as $shift) { array_push($list, ($byte >> $shift) & 3); } } for ($byte = 0; $byte < 256; $byte++) { array_push($map_2[$list[$byte]], chr($byte)); } return $map_2; } /*************************************** Create decode maps for decode functions. ***************************************/ function _decode_map_1($minor) { $map_1 = array(); foreach (array_map("ord", str_split($minor)) as $byte) { foreach (range(6, 0, 2) as $shift) { array_push($map_1, ($byte >> $shift) & 3); } } return $map_1; }function _decode_map_2($major) { $map_2 = array(); $temp = array_map("ord", str_split($major)); for ($byte = 0; $byte < 256; $byte++) { $map_2[$temp[$byte]] = chr($byte); } return $map_2; } /*************************************** Encrypt or decrypt the string with maps. ***************************************/ function _encode($string, $map_1, $map_2) { $cache = ""; foreach (str_split($string) as $char) { $byte = $map_1[ord($char)]; foreach (range(6, 0, 2) as $shift) { $cache .= $map_2[($byte >> $shift) & 3][mt_rand(0, 63)]; } } return $cache; } function _decode($string, $map_1, $map_2) { $cache = ""; $temp = str_split($string); for ($iter = 0; $iter < strlen($string) / 4; $iter++) { $b12 = $map_1[ord($temp[$iter * 4])] << 6; $b34 = $map_1[ord($temp[$iter * 4 + 1])] << 4; $b56 = $map_1[ord($temp[$iter * 4 + 2])] << 2; $b78 = $map_1[ord($temp[$iter * 4 + 3])]; $cache .= $map_2[$b12 + $b34 + $b56 + $b78]; } return $cache; } /*************************************** This is the public interface for coding. ***************************************/ function encode_string($string, $major, $minor) { if (is_string($string)) { if (_check_major($major) && _check_minor($minor)) { $map_1 = _encode_map_1($major); $map_2 = _encode_map_2($minor); return _encode($string, $map_1, $map_2); } } return FALSE; } function decode_string($string, $major, $minor) { if (is_string($string) && strlen($string) % 4 == 0) { if (_check_major($major) && _check_minor($minor)) { $map_1 = _decode_map_1($minor); $map_2 = _decode_map_2($major); return _decode($string, $map_1, $map_2); } } return FALSE; } ?> This is a sample showing how the code is being used. Hex editors may be of help with the input / output. Example <?php # get and process all of the form data @ $input = htmlspecialchars($_POST["input"]); @ $majorname = htmlspecialchars($_POST["majorname"]); @ $minorname = htmlspecialchars($_POST["minorname"]); @ $majorkey = htmlspecialchars($_POST["majorkey"]); @ $minorkey = htmlspecialchars($_POST["minorkey"]); @ $output = htmlspecialchars($_POST["output"]); # process the submissions by operation # CREATE @ $operation = $_POST["operation"]; if ($operation == "Create") { if (strlen($_POST["majorname"]) == 0) { $majorkey = bin2hex(crypt_major()); } if (strlen($_POST["minorname"]) == 0) { $minorkey = bin2hex(crypt_minor()); } if (strlen($_POST["majorname"]) != 0) { $majorkey = bin2hex(named_major($_POST["majorname"])); } if (strlen($_POST["minorname"]) != 0) { $minorkey = bin2hex(named_minor($_POST["minorname"])); } } # ENCRYPT or DECRYPT function is_hex($char) { if ($char == "0"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "1"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "2"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "3"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "4"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "5"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "6"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "7"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "8"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "9"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "a"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "b"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "c"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "d"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "e"): return TRUE; elseif ($char == "f"): return TRUE; else: return FALSE; endif; } function hex2bin($str) { if (strlen($str) % 2 == 0): $string = strtolower($str); else: $string = strtolower("0" . $str); endif; $cache = ""; $temp = str_split($str); for ($index = 0; $index < count($temp) / 2; $index++) { $h1 = $temp[$index * 2]; if (is_hex($h1)) { $h2 = $temp[$index * 2 + 1]; if (is_hex($h2)) { $cache .= chr(hexdec($h1 . $h2)); } else { return FALSE; } } else { return FALSE; } } return $cache; } if ($operation == "Encrypt" || $operation == "Decrypt") { # CHECK FOR ANY ERROR $errors = array(); if (strlen($_POST["input"]) == 0) { $output = ""; } $binmajor = hex2bin($_POST["majorkey"]); if (strlen($_POST["majorkey"]) == 0) { array_push($errors, "There must be a major key."); } elseif ($binmajor == FALSE) { array_push($errors, "The major key must be in hex."); } elseif (_check_major($binmajor) == FALSE) { array_push($errors, "The major key is corrupt."); } $binminor = hex2bin($_POST["minorkey"]); if (strlen($_POST["minorkey"]) == 0) { array_push($errors, "There must be a minor key."); } elseif ($binminor == FALSE) { array_push($errors, "The minor key must be in hex."); } elseif (_check_minor($binminor) == FALSE) { array_push($errors, "The minor key is corrupt."); } if ($_POST["operation"] == "Decrypt") { $bininput = hex2bin(str_replace("\r", "", str_replace("\n", "", $_POST["input"]))); if ($bininput == FALSE) { if (strlen($_POST["input"]) != 0) { array_push($errors, "The input data must be in hex."); } } elseif (strlen($bininput) % 4 != 0) { array_push($errors, "The input data is corrupt."); } } if (count($errors) != 0) { # ERRORS ARE FOUND $output = "ERROR:"; foreach ($errors as $error) { $output .= "\n" . $error; } } elseif (strlen($_POST["input"]) != 0) { # CONTINUE WORKING if ($_POST["operation"] == "Encrypt") { # ENCRYPT $output = substr(chunk_split(bin2hex(encode_string($_POST["input"], $binmajor, $binminor)), 58), 0, -2); } else { # DECRYPT $output = htmlspecialchars(decode_string($bininput, $binmajor, $binminor)); } } } # echo the form with the values filled echo "<P><TEXTAREA class=maintextarea name=input rows=25 cols=25>" . $input . "</TEXTAREA></P>\n"; echo "<P>Major Name:</P>\n"; echo "<P><INPUT id=textbox1 name=majorname value=\"" . $majorname . "\"></P>\n"; echo "<P>Minor Name:</P>\n"; echo "<P><INPUT id=textbox1 name=minorname value=\"" . $minorname . "\"></P>\n"; echo "<DIV style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center\"><INPUT class=submit type=submit value=Create name=operation>\n"; echo "</DIV>\n"; echo "<P>Major Key:</P>\n"; echo "<P><INPUT id=textbox1 name=majorkey value=\"" . $majorkey . "\"></P>\n"; echo "<P>Minor Key:</P>\n"; echo "<P><INPUT id=textbox1 name=minorkey value=\"" . $minorkey . "\"></P>\n"; echo "<DIV style=\"TEXT-ALIGN: center\"><INPUT class=submit type=submit value=Encrypt name=operation> \n"; echo "<INPUT class=submit type=submit value=Decrypt name=operation> </DIV>\n"; echo "<P>Result:</P>\n"; echo "<P><TEXTAREA class=maintextarea name=output rows=25 readOnly cols=25>" . $output . "</TEXTAREA></P></DIV></FORM>\n"; ?> What should be editted for better memory efficiency or faster execution?

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  • Compile/use unrar C++ source for iphone app?

    - by greypoint
    Writing an app that will include the ability to decompress zip and rar files. I think I'm OK on how to handle the .zips but .rars seem a little more trouble. I noticed that rarlabs has source available but it's C++. Is there a way to compile, wrap or otherwise use this code within an iPhone app? Reference: http://www.rarlab.com/rar_add.htm Open to alternate suggestions on how to handle .rar files as well. I'm still pretty much a newbie so please explain in small words :)

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  • Iterating over key and value of defaultdict dictionaries

    - by gf
    The following works as expected: d = [(1,2), (3,4)] for k,v in d: print "%s - %s" % (str(k), str(v)) But this fails: d = collections.defaultdict(int) d[1] = 2 d[3] = 4 for k,v in d: print "%s - %s" % (str(k), str(v)) With: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable Why? How can i fix it?

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  • Reading all compile errors in Windows command-line?

    - by ArdillaRoja
    Noob question, apologies. I'm compiling Java in Windows Vista's command-line and have so many syntax errors that some are being pushed off the top (a lot of 'class, interface or enum expected' errors which leads me to believe it's an obvious syntax mistake early on in the code that I can't spot). Does anyone know how I could get it to display those first errors? Thanks in advance for the help.

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