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  • Which style of return is "better" for a method that might return None?

    - by Daenyth
    I have a method that will either return an object or None if the lookup fails. Which style of the following is better? def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() if needle not in haystack: return None return haystack[needle] or, def get_foo(needle): haystack = object_dict() try: return haystack[needle] except KeyError: # Needle not found return None I'm undecided as to which is more more desirable myself. Another choice would be return haystack[needle] if needle in haystack else None, but I'm not sure that's any better.

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  • What is the difference between type.__getattribute__ and object.__getattribute__?

    - by Neil G
    Given: In [37]: class A: ....: f = 1 ....: In [38]: class B(A): ....: pass ....: In [39]: getattr(B, 'f') Out[39]: 1 Okay, that either calls super or crawls the mro? In [40]: getattr(A, 'f') Out[40]: 1 This is expected. In [41]: object.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[41]: 1 In [42]: object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-42-de76df798d1d> in <module>() ----> 1 object.__getattribute__(B, 'f') AttributeError: 'type' object has no attribute 'f' What is getattribute not doing that getattr does? In [43]: type.__getattribute__(B, 'f') Out[43]: 1 What?! type.__getattribute__ calls super but object's version doesn't? In [44]: type.__getattribute__(A, 'f') Out[44]: 1

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  • Passing parameter to base class constructor or using instance variable?

    - by deamon
    All classes derived from a certain base class have to define an attribute called "path". In the sense of duck typing I could rely upon definition in the subclasses: class Base: pass # no "path" variable here def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): self.path = "something/" Another possiblity would be to use the base class constructor: class Base: def __init__(self, path): self.path = path def Sub(Base): def __init__(self): super().__init__("something/") What would you prefer and why? Is there a better way?

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  • Django, url tag in template doesn't work: NoReverseMatch

    - by Lukasz Jocz
    I've encountered a problem with generating reverse url in templates in django. I'm trying to solve it since a few hours and I have no idea what the problem might be. URL reversing works great in models and views: # like this in models.py @models.permalink def get_absolute_url(self): return ('entry', (), { 'entry_id': self.entry.id, }) # or this in views.py return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('entry',args=(entry_id,))) but when I'm trying to make it in template I get such an error: NoReverseMatch at /entry/1/ Reverse for ''add_comment'' with arguments '(1L,)' and keyword arguments '{}' not found. My file structure looks like this: project/ +-- frontend ¦   +-- models.py ¦   +-- urls.py ¦   +-- views.py +-- settings.py +-- templates ¦   +-- add_comment.html ¦   +-- entry.html +-- utils ¦   +-- with_template.py +-- wsgi.py My urls.py: from project.frontend.views import * from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url urlpatterns = patterns('project.frontend.views', url(r'^entry/(?P<entry_id>\d+)/', 'entry', name="entry"), (r'^entry_list/', 'entry_list'), Then entry_list.html: {% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} {% for entry in entries %} {% url 'entry' entry.id %} {% endfor %} {% endblock %} In views.py I have: @with_template def entry(request, entry_id): entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id) entry.comments = entry.get_comments() return locals() where with_template is following decorator(but I don't think this is a case): class TheWrapper(object): def __init__(self, default_template_name): self.default_template_name = default_template_name def __call__(self, func): def decorated_func(request, *args, **kwargs): extra_context = kwargs.pop('extra_context', {}) dictionary = {} ret = func(request, *args, **kwargs) if isinstance(ret, HttpResponse): return ret dictionary.update(ret) dictionary.update(extra_context) return render_to_response(dictionary.get('template_name', self.default_template_name), context_instance=RequestContext(request), dictionary=dictionary) update_wrapper(decorated_func, func) return decorated_func if not callable(arg): return TheWrapper(arg) else: default_template_name = ''.join([ arg.__name__, '.html']) return TheWrapper(default_template_name)(arg) Do you have any idea, what may cause the problem? Great thanks in advance!

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  • What are the common patterns in web programming?

    - by lankerisms
    I have been trying to write my first big web app (more than one cgi file) and as I kept moving forward with the rough prototype, paralelly trying to predict more tasks, this is the todo that got accumulated (In no particular order). * Validations and input sanitizations * Object versioning (to avoid edit conflicts. I dont want hard locks) * Exception handling * memcache * xss and injection protections * javascript * html * ACLs * phonetics in search, match and find duplicates (for form validation) * Ajaxify!!! (I have snipped off the project specific items.) I know that each todo will be quite tied up to its project and technologies used. What I am wondering though, is if there is a pattern in your todo items as well as the sequence in which you experienced guys have come across them.

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  • Named keywords in decorators?

    - by wheaties
    I've been playing around in depth with attempting to write my own version of a memoizing decorator before I go looking at other people's code. It's more of an exercise in fun, honestly. However, in the course of playing around I've found I can't do something I want with decorators. def addValue( func, val ): def add( x ): return func( x ) + val return add @addValue( val=4 ) def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined If I want to do that I have to do this: def addTwo( func ): return addValue( func, 2 ) @addTwo def computeSomething( x ): #function gets defined Why can't I use keyword arguments with decorators in this manner? What am I doing wrong and can you show me how I should be doing it?

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  • Loading datasets from datastore and merge into single dictionary. Resource problem.

    - by fredrik
    Hi, I have a productdatabase that contains products, parts and labels for each part based on langcodes. The problem I'm having and haven't got around is a huge amount of resource used to get the different datasets and merging them into a dict to suit my needs. The products in the database are based on a number of parts that is of a certain type (ie. color, size). And each part has a label for each language. I created 4 different models for this. Products, ProductParts, ProductPartTypes and ProductPartLabels. I've narrowed it down to about 10 lines of code that seams to generate the problem. As of currently I have 3 Products, 3 Types, 3 parts for each type, and 2 languages. And the request takes a wooping 5500ms to generate. for product in productData: productDict = {} typeDict = {} productDict['productName'] = product.name cache_key = 'productparts_%s' % (slugify(product.key())) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) if not partData: for type in typeData: typeDict[type.typeId] = { 'default' : '', 'optional' : [] } ## Start of problem lines ## for defaultPart in product.defaultPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in defaultPart.partLabelList: typeDict[defaultPart.type.typeId]['default'] = label.partLangLabel for optionalPart in product.optionalPartsData: for label in labelsForLangCode: if label.key() in optionalPart.partLabelList: typeDict[optionalPart.type.typeId]['optional'].append(label.partLangLabel) ## end problem lines ## memcache.add(cache_key, typeDict, 500) partData = memcache.get(cache_key) productDict['parts'] = partData productList.append(productDict) I guess the problem lies in the number of for loops is too many and have to iterate over the same data over and over again. labelForLangCode get all labels from ProductPartLabels that match the current langCode. All parts for a product is stored in a db.ListProperty(db.key). The same goes for all labels for a part. The reason I need the some what complex dict is that I want to display all data for a product with it's default parts and show a selector for the optional one. The defaultPartsData and optionaPartsData are properties in the Product Model that looks like this: @property def defaultPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.defaultParts) @property def optionalPartsData(self): return ProductParts.gql('WHERE __key__ IN :key', key = self.optionalParts) When the completed dict is in the memcache it works smoothly, but isn't the memcache reset if the application goes in to hibernation? Also I would like to show the page for first time user(memcache empty) with out the enormous delay. Also as I said above, this is only a small amount of parts/product. What will the result be when it's 30 products with 100 parts. Is one solution to create a scheduled task to cache it in the memcache every hour? It this efficient? I know this is alot to take in, but I'm stuck. I've been at this for about 12 hours straight. And can't figure out a solution. ..fredrik

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  • Send Special Keys to Gtk.VteTerminal

    - by Ubersoldat
    Hi I have this OSS Project called Monocaffe connections manager which uses the Gtk.VteTerminal widget from PyGTK. A nice feature is that it allows the users to send commands to different servers' consoles (cluster mode) using a Gtk.TextView for the input. The way I send key strokes to each Gtk.VteTerminal is by using the feed_child method. For common keys there's no problem: I simply feed what the TextView receives to all the terminals, but when doing so with special keys I get into a little trouble. For "Return" I catch the event and feed the terminal a '\n'. For back-space is the same, catch the event and feed a '\b'. def cluster_backspace(self, widget): return self.cluster_send_key('\b') The problem comes with other keys like Tab, Arrows, Esc which I don't know how to feed as str to the terminal to recognize them. In the case of Esc is a real pain, because the users can edit the same file on different servers using vi, but cannot escape insert mode. Anyway, I'm not looking for a complete solution, just ideas since I've ran out of them. Thanks.

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  • Fast image coordinate lookup in Numpy

    - by victor
    I've got a big numpy array full of coordinates (about 400): [[102, 234], [304, 104], .... ] And a numpy 2d array my_map of size 800x800. What's the fastest way to look up the coordinates given in that array? I tried things like paletting as described in this post: http://opencvpython.blogspot.com/2012/06/fast-array-manipulation-in-numpy.html but couldn't get it to work. I was also thinking about turning each coordinate into a linear index of the map and then piping it straight into my_map like so: my_map[linearized_coords] but I couldn't get vectorize to properly translate the coordinates into a linear fashion. Any ideas?

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  • Exposing a "dumbed-down", read-only instance of a Model in GAE

    - by Blixt
    Does anyone know a clever way, in Google App Engine, to return a wrapped Model instance that only exposes a few of the original properties, and does not allow saving the instance back to the datastore? I'm not looking for ways of actually enforcing these rules, obviously it'll still be possible to change the instance by digging through its __dict__ etc. I just want a way to avoid accidental exposure/changing of data. My initial thought was to do this (I want to do this for a public version of a User model): class ReadOnlyUser(db.Model): display_name = db.StringProperty() @classmethod def kind(cls): return 'User' def put(self): raise SomeError() Unfortunately, GAE maps the kind to a class early on, so if I do ReadOnlyUser.get_by_id(1) I will actually get a User instance back, not a ReadOnlyUser instance.

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  • which file stored os.environ,and store where , disk c: or disk d:

    - by zjm1126
    my code is : os.environ['ss']='ssss' print os.environ and it show : {'TMP': 'C:\\DOCUME~1\\ADMINI~1\\LOCALS~1\\Temp', 'COMPUTERNAME': 'PC-200908062210', 'USERDOMAIN': 'PC-200908062210', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER': 'x86 Family 6 Model 15 Stepping 2, GenuineIntel', 'PROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files', 'PROCESSOR_REVISION': '0f02', 'SYSTEMROOT': 'C:\\WINDOWS', 'PATH': 'C:\\WINDOWS\\system32;C:\\WINDOWS;C:\\WINDOWS\\System32\\Wbem;C:\\Program Files\\Hewlett-Packard\\IAM\\bin;C:\\Program Files\\Common Files\\Thunder Network\\KanKan\\Codecs;D:\\Program Files\\TortoiseSVN\\bin;d:\\Program Files\\Mercurial\\;D:\\Program Files\\Graphviz2.26.3\\bin;D:\\TDDOWNLOAD\\ok\\gettext\\bin;D:\\Python25;C:\\Program Files\\StormII\\Codec;C:\\Program Files\\StormII;D:\\zjm_code\\;D:\\Python25\\Scripts;D:\\MinGW\\bin;d:\\Program Files\\Google\\google_appengine\\', 'TEMP': 'C:\\DOCUME~1\\ADMINI~1\\LOCALS~1\\Temp', 'BID': '56727834-D5C3-4EBF-BFAA-FA0933E4E721', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE': 'x86', 'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\Documents and Settings\\All Users', 'SESSIONNAME': 'Console', 'HOMEPATH': '\\Documents and Settings\\Administrator', 'USERNAME': 'Administrator', 'LOGONSERVER': '\\\\PC-200908062210', 'COMSPEC': 'C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\cmd.exe', 'PATHEXT': '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH', 'CLIENTNAME': 'Console', 'FP_NO_HOST_CHECK': 'NO', 'WINDIR': 'C:\\WINDOWS', 'APPDATA': 'C:\\Documents and Settings\\Administrator\\Application Data', 'HOMEDRIVE': 'C:', 'SS': 'ssss', 'SYSTEMDRIVE': 'C:', 'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS': '2', 'PROCESSOR_LEVEL': '6', 'OS': 'Windows_NT', 'USERPROFILE': 'C:\\Documents and Settings\\Administrator'} i find google-app-engine set user_id in os.version not in session,look here at line 96-100 and line 257 , and aeoid at line 177 , and i want to know : which file stored os.environ ,and store where , disk c: ,or disk d: ? thanks

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  • Horizontal scrolling in a wx.RichTextCtrl

    - by Sam
    I have a RichTextCtrl created as follows: self.userlist = wx.richtext.RichTextCtrl(self, style=wx.TE_MULTILINE|wx.TE_READONLY|wx.HSCROLL) It all works fine, except for the wx.HSCROLL style. If I change the RichTextCtrl to a regular TextCtrl, it correctly horizontal scrolls on long lines, rather than wrapping, but on the RichTextCtrl it wraps regardless. Is there an easy way to make it scroll horizontally? (I do, unfortunately, need the RichTextCtrl's featureset for this object.)

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  • Sending object C from class A to class B

    - by user278618
    Hi, I can't figure out how to design classes in my system. In classA I create object selenium (it simulates user actions at website). In this ClassA I create another objects like SearchScreen, Payment_Screen and Summary_Screen. # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import selenium import unittest, time, re class OurSiteTestCases(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.verificationErrors = [] self.selenium = selenium("localhost", 5555, "*chrome", "http://www.someaddress.com/") time.sleep(5) self.selenium.start() def test_buy_coffee(self): sel = self.selenium sel.open('/') sel.window_maximize() search_screen=SearchScreen(self.selenium) search_screen.choose('lavazza') payment_screen=PaymentScreen(self.selenium) payment_screen.fill_test_data() summary_screen=SummaryScreen(selenium) summary_screen.accept() def tearDown(self): self.selenium.stop() self.assertEqual([], self.verificationErrors) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It's example SearchScreen module: class SearchScreen: def __init__(self,selenium): self.selenium=selenium def search(self): self.selenium.click('css=button.search') I want to know if there is anything ok with a design of those classes?

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  • numpy array mapping and take average

    - by user566653
    Dear all, I have three array value = np.array ([1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 3]) index = np.array ([1, 1, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6]) data = np.array ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) and want to take average for item of "value" by array "index", and assign a new array with value of "data", such as [2, nan, 4, nan, nan, 5] first value is the average of 1st and 2nd of "value" second value is nan because there is not any key in "index" third value is the average of 3rd and 4th of "value" ... Thanks for your help!!! Regards, Roy

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  • changing order of items in tkinter listbox

    - by user1104854
    Is there an easier way to change the order of items in a tkinter listbox than deleting the values for specific key, then re-entering new info? For example, I want to be able to re-arrange items in a listbox. If I want to swap the position of two, this is what I've done. It works, but I just want to see if there's a quicker way to do this. def moveup(self,selection): value1 = int(selection[0]) - 1 #value to be moved down one position value2 = selection #value to be moved up one position nameAbove = self.fileListSorted.get(value1) #name to be moved down nameBelow = self.fileListSorted.get(value2) #name to be moved up self.fileListSorted.delete(value1,value1) self.fileListSorted.insert(value1,nameBelow) self.fileListSorted.delete(value2,value2) self.fileListSorted.insert(value2,nameAbove)

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  • Is there something similar to 'rake routes' in django?

    - by The MYYN
    In rails, on can show the active routes with rake (http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html): $ rake routes users GET /users {:controller=>"users", :action=>"index"} formatted_users GET /users.:format {:controller=>"users", :action=>"index"} POST /users {:controller=>"users", :action=>"create"} POST /users.:format {:controller=>"users", :action=>"create"} Is there a similar tool/command for django showing the e.g. the URL pattern, the name of the pattern (if any) and the associated function in the views?

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  • Best way to test instance methods without running __init__

    - by KenFar
    I've got a simple class that gets most of its arguments via init, which also runs a variety of private methods that do most of the work. Output is available either through access to object variables or public methods. Here's the problem - I'd like my unittest framework to directly call the private methods called by init with different data - without going through init. What's the best way to do this? So far, I've been refactoring these classes so that init does less and data is passed in separately. This makes testing easy, but I think the usability of the class suffers a little. EDIT: Example solution based on Ignacio's answer: import types class C(object): def __init__(self, number): new_number = self._foo(number) self._bar(new_number) def _foo(self, number): return number * 2 def _bar(self, number): print number * 10 #--- normal execution - should print 160: ------- MyC = C(8) #--- testing execution - should print 80 -------- MyC = object.__new__(C) MyC._bar(8)

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