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• does the *physical* order/location of drives in a mdadm-managed RAID-10 array matter?

  - by locuse

  i've setup a 4-drive RAID-10 array using mdadm-managed, software-raid on an x86_64 box. it'd up & running and works as expected, cat /proc/mdstat md127 : active raid10 sdc2[2] sdd2[3] sda2[0] sdb2[1] 1951397888 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [4/4] [UUUU] bitmap: 9/466 pages [36KB], 2048KB chunk atm the four SATA drives are physically plugged into the motherboard's 1st four SATA ports. i'd like to gather the necessary/complete info for catastrophic recovery. reading starting here, http://neil.brown.name/blog, and the mailing list, i'm not yet completely confident i have it right. i understand 'drive order matters'. is that logical, &/or physical order that matters? if i unplugged the four drives in this array, and plugged them each back into different ports on the motherboard or a pci card, as long as i've changed nothing in software config, will the array correctly auto-re-assemble?

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• NTFS write speed really slow (<15MB/s)

  - by Zulakis

  I got a new Seagate 4TB harddrive formatted with ntfs using parted /dev/sda > mklabel gpt > mkpart pri 1 -1 mkfs.ntfs /dev/sda1 When copying files or testing writespeed with dd, the max writespeed I can get is about 12MB/s. The harddrive should be capable of atleast 100MB/s. top shows high cpu usage for the mount.ntfs process. The system has a AMD dualcore. This is the output of parted /dev/sda unit s print: Model: ATA ST4000DM000-1F21 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 7814037168s Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 2048s 7814035455s 7814033408s pri The used kernel is 3.5.0-23-generic. The ntfs-3g versions I tried are ntfs-3g 2012.1.15AR.1 (ubuntu 12.04 default) and the newest version ntfs-3g 2013.1.13AR.2. When formatted with ext4 I get good write speeds with about 140MB/s. How can I fix the writespeed?

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• LVM, Soft RAID1, and Replication?

  - by mtkoan

  Hi all, I am practicing putting together a HA file server. It is a linux server with 2 1.5TB Hard drives. My plan is to use LVM to manage the physical volumes into logical volumes for /, /home, and /var. Then use md (soft RAID 1) to mirror the image onto the second HDD, THEN use DRDB to mirror the entire setup another server. Is this overkill? Would I just be okay with just md and DRDB? The system will serve user's homedirs (~100) and probably some groupware or other local intranet. On my own machines I've always separated root and /home partitions in case I break something, I can easily reinstall the OS. Should I follow that same theory here? If so I need LVM, because I really can't predict where we'll need more space, /var or /home.

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• How can I combine non-identical disks efficiently?

  - by Odys

  There are some not-identical disk of various capacities that I want to combine (somehow). Since there are no duplicate models, I can't use raid between none of them. Is there a way to use them efficiently while being safe? What I have in mind is a software that will use them as if it were Raid-5 or something. I really don't care about max speed. I want in the end to have as less logical drives as possible. Also, I don't mind spending some money on hardware, if needed.

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• win 2008 core create a partition with an offset to allow other partition expand

  - by Rqomey

  We are running a win 2008 core host in a HyperV role. We have expanded the logical drive on a RAID 1+0 array belonging to the server, as we needed more space. We have two data partitions D: and E: I want to expand them both so they use all space, and are equally sized. There is data on all partitions, although E is not in live use (so files can be moved and copied from it. Current: What I want- temporary Partition (F:) at end of drive: I am going to create a temporary partition F: so I can move the files from E: onto it, then delete E:, expand D: to the desired size, then rename F: to E: To do this I need to create F: from the end of the drive, ie. have unused space between E: and F: tl;dr How do I create a partition with a large offset in Windows server?

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• Using Credentials with network scanners

  - by grossmae

  I'm testing out both Tenable's Nessus scanner as well as eEye's Retina for scanning network devices. I am trying to supply credentials to get deeper, more accurate results, however there seems to be no difference in the results whether I supply the credentials or not. I've read the documentation and it seems like I've tried all the logical settings in the Credential options. I've submit along with usernames and passwords for many different accounts and types of accounts (both SSH Credentials and Web Application Credentials) on the devices as well as their respective domain names (when applicable). Is there possibly a good test for either (or both) scanners to tell where these credentials are being provided (if at all) and if any of them are successfully getting authentication?

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• Macbook superdrive got calibration problems

  - by Fractal

  I have an intel macbook dual 2Ghz, bought about three years ago. I've had some problems with the superdrive and changed it a year and a half ago. the drive is Matshita DVD-R UJ 857 now I'm into burning cd's again and try to burn a DVD with Toast Titanium from an .iso on my hard drive But it won't work. When I launch the burn, the disc suddenly stops turning, and an error log pops: medium error, sense code = 0x73, 0x03 then I try with the built in cd burner of the macbook as soon as I click burn, the cd stops turning in the drive, and error log says peripheral couldn't calibrate power of the laser required for medium so since I'm not that logical of a geek, I try my first idea: let's see with other brands of DVD! the problem is that it works, now. but I'd like for all of my medium to be usable, and I've already seen my ridata DVD being burn, so here's the question. What the hell is happening with my superdrive? :)

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• What SATA drive should I install FreeBSD onto? i.e. ar0 vs da0 vs ad4/5

  - by Matt

  I'm installing FreeBSD 8.0 on a server that has hardware SATA Raid. I'm just wondering. What is the difference between these devices. i.e. ar0, da0, ad4, ad5 I take it that ad4 & 5 are my two disks. Somehow the OS can see them individually even though it's one logical mirrored drive. Should I be installing it onto ar0 or one of the adX disks. What is da0? it's smaller than the others. ar0 is not some kind of software raid device is it? Just want to make sure I don't mess this up right from the get go.

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• Shrinking physical volumes in LVM on a Linux Guest in ESXi 5.0

  - by Stew

  The problem: Linux guest (OpenSuse 12.1), with multiple virtual disks attached. 3 disks are in a logical volume, two of which are exactly 2TB. None of the disks are independent, and due to the backup software we use, cannot be independent. When the two 2TB virtual disks are "dependent", the snapshot fails stating that the file is too large for the datastore. When I put those two disks in independent mode, snapshots work fine (the other disk is 1.8TB). I have therefore concluded that even shrinking the two physical disks by 100GB should solve the problem, however I am having trouble conceptualizing how to go about getting those disks smaller without breaking the LVM entirely. The actual LV has 1.3TB free, so there is plenty of space to shrink with. What I need to accomplish: Deallocate 100GB from the two, 2TB virtual disks within the linux guest. Shrink the two virtual disks by 100GB within vsphere (not as complicated). Are there any vsphere/LVM gurus that can give me a clue?

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• Why does HDTune report better performing drives 2 months after installing them?

  - by Rolnik

  OK, so this is really weird. I ran HDTune on a newly set-up home-built computer and got the following readings from my drives in mid-November. SSD 154 MB/s RAID1 87 RAID0 198 (software installs) RAID0 98 Swap drive Today, in January, I run HDTune (same version) and get these results, in MB/s: SSD 186 RAID1 98 RAID0 241 RAID0 98 (Swap drive) Here are more details that HDTune reports on the SSD drive: HD Tune: OCZ-VERTEX Benchmark Blockquote Transfer Rate Minimum : 135.4 MB/sec Transfer Rate Maximum : 219.4 MB/sec Transfer Rate Average : 185.7 MB/sec Access Time : 0.1 ms Burst Rate : 187.3 MB/sec CPU Usage : -1.0% To get to my question: Why are my hard drives improving in performance? Most of my logical drives are in some form of RAID, except for the SSD. Will this performance ever deteriorate? Note, none of my drives are a hybrid drive that uses some form of SSD to enhance the write/reads on actual platters.

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• How do you expand a raid disk array in a dell 2850?

  - by johnny

  Hi, I have a Dell 2850 and I want to install Windows 2008 Server. Problem is that my C drive only has 16GB of space. The requirements say I need at least 20. I have an open bay for a drive. If I put in another drive, how can I add that to the array and them make it only for the C drive? what do I do? Thank you. edit: I don't want to remove any drives. I just want to add a new one to the existing array. Can I do that and make sure that new drive is for the logical C drive?

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• My computer won't go into standby or hibernate

  - by Thomas B.

  Hi. I have a problem that I first noticed yesterday. Whenever I would press the half moon standby button on my keyboard, my computer would go to sleep. I also have a shortcut on my desktop configured to put my computer into hibernate. But now whenever I try to put my pc in sleep or hibernate mode, my monitor goes black for a few seconds but then comes back on at the login screen. I haven't installed or changed anything other than create a couple logical partitions in the hfs+ filesystem. (still in the process of trying to triple-boot) Any help would be great, but for now I'm going to bed. Will check back in the morning.

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• How can I mount an image from an external HDD to a partition within the host system?

  - by HardwareMuch

  I'm currently using Acronis True Image Home 2010 and I have created an image of my Windows 7 OS. I copied it to my external HDD and I repartitioned my other PC's HDD. The primary partition houses the Windows Xp system which also has Acronis installed. The new partition is logical. Whenever I try to go through the steps on "Clone Disk" the program would not let me select a destination drive if I choose the external HDD as the source. I also did not know that it you can only select disks instead of partitions as a source or destination. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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• How to benchmark kernel (-Os vs -O2)

  - by NightwishFan

  It seems logical to me that on a 64-bit kernel compiling it to optimize for size might help overall. (My distro of choice uses -O2) It has the benefits of more registers and memory and perhaps less cache contention than normal optimized code. I have a kernel compiled like this and it seems excellent. However my question is how can I prove this? I like using Phoronix for "real world" sort of benchmarks so I would prefer to test cases like that. What should I pick to test? Does anyone else have any alternatives? Thank you very much in advance.

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• How can I know if a VM is used or not?

  - by Saariko

  I am running eSXI 4.1. In my main datastore I have plenty of folders, some of them has logical names, while the others don't, they hold BASE configurations/images of clients that I duplicate and activate. I only have a fraction of the actual clients loaded and running on the server. How can I know, but looking in the datastore folder, if the VM is in the inventory or not? If I right click on the vmx file, I can add it to the inventory - EVEN if the same client/folder is already active.

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• Is email forwarding to the sender's address usually blocked in Mail servers / MTA?

  - by codecowboy

  I've noticed that email forwarding to an address seems not to work if I send an email from the address to which I am forwarding email. This happens for GMail and Fasthosts mail servers. e.g I send an email to [email protected] from [email protected] , [email protected] is set to forward to [email protected] and the email never arrives. I realise this seems logical but it is a potential cause of confusion when testing email functionality in a web application (for me, anyway ;-). I would just like to know if this is standard for all MTA software so I can avoid confusing myself.

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• ext4 loopback device, Buffer I/O Error on reboot

  - by cvb

  I am trying to mount a loopback device on my ext4 formatted ssd drive. I get these errors when I reboot on Linux kernel 2.6.38.8 Buffer I/O error on device loop1, logical block 0 Here is what I do: dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/s/lodev bs=4096 count=250000 mkfs.ext4 /mnt/s/lodev mount -n -o loop,rw /mnt/s/lodev /mnt/test The loopback mount is successful, but on reboot I get errors as mentioned above. Even mouting with 'sync','data=writeback' does not help. I tried to losetup a device, but see the same behavior. I also reformatted the base device and created the loopback device and mounted as above, I still see these errors. I do not see them when I format them as vfat. Appreciate any suggestions on this problem.

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• Move /var directories to to /mnt on an EC2 instance

  - by Geoff Lanotte

  I am trying to work on a standard configuration for a set of EC2 instances running ubuntu 12.04. These servers are going to be primarily web servers for a Ruby on Rails application. When you configure a new large instance, you are given a primary of 8GB and then ephemeral storage of 400 GB that is mounted to /mnt. It seems logical to me to move some directories that have a potential for growth off to the /mnt directory, I was specifically thinking of /var/www and /var/log. My question is two-fold: Is this a good idea or are there pitfalls that I cannot see? If this is a good idea, how should I go about configuring this. I do have the ability to configure new instances and down our old instances. My concern is over long term, doing this in such a way that it prevents downtime. I am a developer with some experience in devops, but mounting drives is something I have not faced before, so explicit directions would be greatly appreciated.

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• Volume expanded in Volume Group, old disk reduced but still in use in system

  - by Yurij73

  Tryed to add a new hard sdb (not formated) to my virtualbox Centos. Successfully extended an existing vg_localhost to /dev/sdb/ # lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/vg_localhost/lv_root LV Name lv_root VG Name vg_localhost LV UUID DkYX7D-DMud-vLaI-tfnz-xIJJ-VzHz-bRp3tO LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.centos, 2012-12-17 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 18,03 GiB Current LE 4615 Segments 2 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk +-vg_localhost-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0 0 18G 0 lvm / +-vg_localhost-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] sda 8:0 0 9G 0 disk +-sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part /boot +-sda2 8:2 0 8,5G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom df -h /dev/mapper/vg_localhost-lv_root 6,5G 6,2G 256M 97% / tmpfs 499M 200K 499M 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 485M 78M 382M 17% /boot it still old sda in use, what i have to do further?

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• How to install Windows 8 boot manager in a different partition?

  - by arnab321

  the last time i installed Windows 7, the boot manager automatically got installed in a small hidden partition, and the main os into another partition. So, formatting the c: won't affect the boot manager. yesterday i wiped and repartitioned my hdd like this: 50mb primary ntfs (meant for boot manager) 100gb primary ntfs (for win 8) 50gb primary ntfs (for win 7) some logical partitions to install ubuntu and other os i installed win 7 and then win 8, and now there is no os choosing menu. system directly boots win 8 and the 50 mb partition is empty. There is a way to boot Windows 7 and even Ubuntu directly from the Windows boot manager with EasyBCD. But How do i put the boot manager in the 50mb partition ?

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• Turn off write barriers on ext4 whiche FS is mounted

  - by user462982

  I am doing some IO intensive DB imports that run for several days now and the IO performance has dropped tremendously over times. The DB data files (log files) are on an ext4 formatted logical volume which is mounted with default options (did not specify something special in fstab). Since I just learned that ext4 enables write barriers by default: Q: Is there some way to disable write barriers online (i.e. while the file system is in use), because I cannot interrupt the import and don't want to restart it again. I am aware that write barriers might not be the only thing impeding performance it is a bad idea to have write barriers disabled on journalling file systems if data safty is important (e.g. on a production system)

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• Enlarge partition on SD card

  - by chenwj

  I have followed Cloning an SD card onto a larger SD card to clone a 2G SD card to a 32G SD card, and the file system is ext4. However, on the 32G SD card I only can see 2G space available. Is there a way to maximize it out? Here is the output of fdisk: Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32026656768 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 30543 cylinders, total 62552064 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e015a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 147455 73712 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdb2 147456 3994623 1923584 83 Linux I want to make /dev/sdb2 use up the remaining space. I try resize2fs /dev/sdb after dd, but get message below: $ sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb resize2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. Any idea on what I am doing wrong? Thanks.

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• Force RAID to read exiled disk?

  - by user198847

  user user197015 asked on 1th of November the following question: "We have a RAID 6 array (Infortrend EonStor DS S16F) that recently had two disks fail. Immediately prior to replacing these two disks, a third, good, disk was accidentally ejected from the array. After reinserting this disk it is marked as "exiled" by the array's firmware, and so even after replacing the two failed disks with new ones the array refuses to rebuild the logical volume and remains inaccessible. Since the temporarily-ejected disk is still functional and nothing has been written to the array since it was ejected, it seems that it should theoretically be possible to recover all the data on the array, but how can we convince the array to use the data from the "exiled" disk? Thanks for any help or advice you can offer." Now I've got quite the same problem. The post has been deleted by the user, so I don#t know if he was successful. Is there anybody who can help me? Thank you!

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• Dell Precision 670 no booting

  - by fristson

  Our dell running xp did not boot one day and was making a beep code I had a hard time finding on the internet. It was one of the RAM sticks so i replaced it. Before that i removed the motherboard battery to see if there was a problem with the battery. Now at start up it tells me that No Logical Drives Found and then BIOS not installed!. I have read over alot of post here and other places but everyone is talking about installation of the OS. I just want it to start with what it had. Please help.

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• How to setup IP alias on bridged interface in Ubuntu

  - by Anonymouslemming

  How do I setup an IP alias on a bridge (br0) device on Ubuntu ? If I wait for br0 to come up and then do /sbin/ifconfig br0:0 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 then it works fine. If however I add the following to my /etc/network/interfaces file, it does not work and the network fails to start: auto br0:0 iface br0:0 inet static address 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 At the moment, I have a script in /etc/network/if-up.d/bridge_alias that does this as follows: #!/bin/bash if [ "${LOGICAL}" == "br0" ] && [ "${PHASE}" = "post-up" ]; then echo -n "Starting br0:0 ... " /sbin/ifconfig br0:0 192.168.10.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 echo "Done!" fi What is the right way of doing this though, just using the OS network config files ?

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