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  • How to build a "traffic AI"?

    - by Lunikon
    A project I am working on right now features a lot of "traffic" in the sense of cars moving along roads, aircraft moving aroun an apron etc. As of now the available paths are precalculated, so nodes are generated automatically for crossings which themselves are interconnected by edges. When a character/agent spawns into the world it starts at some node and finds a path to a target node by means of a simply A* algorithm. The agent follows the path and ultimately reaches its destination. No problem so far. Now I need to enable the agents to avoid collisions and to handle complex traffic situations. Since I'm new to the field of AI I looked up several papers/articles on steering behavior but found them to be too low-level. My problem consists less of the actual collision avoidance (which is rather simple in this case because the agents follow strictly defined paths) but of situations like one agent leaving a dead-end while another one wants to enter exactly the same one. Or two agents meeting at a bottleneck which only allows one agent to pass at a time but both need to pass it (according to the optimal route found before) and they need to find a way to let the other one pass first. So basically the main aspect of the problem would be predicting traffic movement to avoid dead-locks. Difficult to describe, but I guess you get what I mean. Do you have any recommendations for me on where to start looking? Any papers, sample projects or similar things that could get me started? I appreciate your help!

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  • Can someone explain the (reasons for the) implications of colum vs row major in multiplication/concatenation?

    - by sebf
    I am trying to learn how to construct view and projection matrices, and keep reaching difficulties in my implementation owing to my confusion about the two standards for matrices. I know how to multiply a matrix, and I can see that transposing before multiplication would completely change the result, hence the need to multiply in a different order. What I don't understand though is whats meant by only 'notational convention' - from the articles here and here the authors appear to assert that it makes no difference to how the matrix is stored, or transferred to the GPU, but on the second page that matrix is clearly not equivalent to how it would be laid out in memory for row-major; and if I look at a populated matrix in my program I see the translation components occupying the 4th, 8th and 12th elements. Given that: "post-multiplying with column-major matrices produces the same result as pre-multiplying with row-major matrices. " Why in the following snippet of code: Matrix4 r = t3 * t2 * t1; Matrix4 r2 = t1.Transpose() * t2.Transpose() * t3.Transpose(); Does r != r2 and why does pos3 != pos for: Vector4 pos = wvpM * new Vector4(0f, 15f, 15f, 1); Vector4 pos3 = wvpM.Transpose() * new Vector4(0f, 15f, 15f, 1); Does the multiplication process change depending on whether the matrices are row or column major, or is it just the order (for an equivalent effect?) One thing that isn't helping this become any clearer, is that when provided to DirectX, my column major WVP matrix is used successfully to transform vertices with the HLSL call: mul(vector,matrix) which should result in the vector being treated as row-major, so how can the column major matrix provided by my math library work?

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  • Assigning a colour to imorted obj. files that are being used as default material

    - by Salino
    I am having a problem with assigning a colour to the different meshes that I have on one object. The technique that I have used is the first approach on this site. Is it possible to export a simulation (animation) from Blender to Unity? So what I would like to do is the following. I have about 107 meshes that are different frames from my shape key animation of my blender model. What I would like to have is that the first mesh will be bright green and up to the 40th mesh the colour turns to be white /greyish... the best would be if I could assign every mesh by hand a colour, however they are all default materials. And if I assign the object a colour, the whole "animation" is going to be in that colour

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  • GPU optimization question: pre-computed or procedural?

    - by Jay
    Good morning, I'm learning shader program and need some general direction. I want to add noise to my laser beam (like this). Which is the best way to handle it? I could pre-compute an image and pass it to the shader. I could then use the image to change the opacity and easily animate the smoke by changing the offset of the texture lookup. I could also generate noise in the shader and do the same thing the texture was used for. Is it generally better to avoid I/O to the graphics card or the opposite? Thanks!

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  • Why is my animation getting aborted?

    - by Homer_Simpson
    I have a class named Animation which handles my animations. The animation class can be called from multiple other classes. For example, the class Player.cs can call the animation class like this: Animation Playeranimation; Playeranimation = new Animation(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2.5f), 80, 40, Animation.Sequences.forwards, 0, 5, false, true); //updating the animation public void Update(GameTime gametime) { Playeranimation.Update(gametime); } //drawing the animation public void Draw(SpriteBatch batch) { playeranimation.Draw(batch, PlayerAnimationSpritesheet, PosX, PosY, 0, SpriteEffects.None); } The class Lion.cs can call the animation class with the same code, only the animation parameters are changing because it's another animation that should be played: Animation Lionanimation; Lionanimation = new Animation(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2.5f), 100, 60, Animation.Sequences.forwards, 0, 8, false, true); Other classes can call the animation class with the same code like the Player class. But sometimes I have some trouble with the animations. If an animation is running and then shortly afterwards another class calls the animation class too, the second animation starts but the first animation is getting aborted. In this case, the first animation couldn't run until it's end because another class started a new instance of the animation class. Why is an animation sometimes getting aborted when another animation starts? How can I solve this problem? My animation class: public class Animation { private int _animIndex, framewidth, frameheight, start, end; private TimeSpan PassedTime; private List<Rectangle> SourceRects = new List<Rectangle>(); private TimeSpan Duration; private Sequences Sequence; public bool Remove; private bool DeleteAfterOneIteration; public enum Sequences { forwards, backwards, forwards_backwards, backwards_forwards } private void forwards() { for (int i = start; i < end; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle(i * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); } private void backwards() { for (int i = start; i < end; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle((end - 1 - i) * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); } private void forwards_backwards() { for (int i = start; i < end - 1; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle(i * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); for (int i = start; i < end; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle((end - 1 - i) * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); } private void backwards_forwards() { for (int i = start; i < end - 1; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle((end - 1 - i) * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); for (int i = start; i < end; i++) SourceRects.Add(new Rectangle(i * framewidth, 0, framewidth, frameheight)); } public Animation(TimeSpan duration, int frame_width, int frame_height, Sequences sequences, int start_interval, int end_interval, bool remove, bool deleteafteroneiteration) { Remove = remove; DeleteAfterOneIteration = deleteafteroneiteration; framewidth = frame_width; frameheight = frame_height; start = start_interval; end = end_interval; switch (sequences) { case Sequences.forwards: { forwards(); break; } case Sequences.backwards: { backwards(); break; } case Sequences.forwards_backwards: { forwards_backwards(); break; } case Sequences.backwards_forwards: { backwards_forwards(); break; } } Duration = duration; Sequence = sequences; } public void Update(GameTime dt) { PassedTime += dt.ElapsedGameTime; if (PassedTime > Duration) { PassedTime -= Duration; } var percent = PassedTime.TotalSeconds / Duration.TotalSeconds; if (DeleteAfterOneIteration == true) { if (_animIndex >= SourceRects.Count) Remove = true; _animIndex = (int)Math.Round(percent * (SourceRects.Count)); } else { _animIndex = (int)Math.Round(percent * (SourceRects.Count - 1)); } } public void Draw(SpriteBatch batch, Texture2D Textures, float PositionX, float PositionY, float Rotation, SpriteEffects Flip) { if (DeleteAfterOneIteration == true) { if (_animIndex >= SourceRects.Count) return; } batch.Draw(Textures, new Rectangle((int)PositionX, (int)PositionY, framewidth, frameheight), SourceRects[_animIndex], Color.White, Rotation, new Vector2(framewidth / 2.0f, frameheight / 2.0f), Flip, 0f); } }

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  • Problem playing repeat animation/action?

    - by Beast
    I'm calling this function on multiple sprites after checking numberOfRunningActions()"to play same animation but it's not working only the first tagged sprite plays the animation. What am I doing wrong? void CGame::playAnimation(const char* filename, int tag, CCLayer* target) { CCAnimation* animation = CCAnimation::animation(); CCSprite* spriteSheet = CCSprite::spriteWithFile(filename); for(int i = 0; i < spriteSheet->getTexture()->getPixelsWide()/SIZE; i++) // SIZE is an int value { animation->addFrameWithTexture(spriteSheet->getTexture(), CCRect(SIZE * i, 0, SIZE, SIZE)); } CCActionInterval* action = CCAnimate::actionWithDuration(1, animation, true); CCRepeatForever* repeatAction = CCRepeatForever::actionWithAction(action); target->getChildByTag(tag)->runAction(repeatAction); }

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  • How do professional games avoid showing pixel seams in adjacent mesh boundaries due to decimal imprecision?

    - by ufomorace
    Graphics cards are mathematically imprecise. So when some meshes are joined by their borders, the graphics card often makes mistakes and decides that some pixels at the seam represent neither object, and unwanted pixels appear. It's a natural behaviour on all graphics cards. How are such worries avoided in Pro Games? Batching? Shaders? Different tangent vectors? Merging? Overlaping seams? Dark backgrounds? Extra vertices at borders? Z precision? Camera distance tweaks? Screencap of a fix that ended up not working:

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  • Understanding how to go from a scene to what's actually rendered to screen in OpenGL?

    - by Pris
    I want something that explains step by step how, after setting up a simple scene I can go from that 'world' space, to what's finally rendered on my screen (ie, actually implement something). I need the resource to clearly show how to derive and set up both orthographic and perspective projection matrices... basically I want to thoroughly understand what's going on behind the scenes and not plug in random things without knowing what they do. I've found lots of half explanations, presentation slides, walls of text, etc that aren't really doing much for me. I have a basic understanding of linear algebra/matrix transforms, and a rough idea of what's going on when you go from model space - screen, but not enough to actually implement it in code.

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  • what's wrong with my lookAt and move forward code?

    - by alaslipknot
    so am still in the process of getting familiar with libGdx and one of the fun things i love to do is to make basics method for reusability on future projects, and for now am stacked on getting a Sprite rotate toward target (vector2) and then move forward based on that rotation the code am using is this : // set angle public void lookAt(Vector2 target) { float angle = (float) Math.atan2(target.y - this.position.y, target.x - this.position.x); angle = (float) (angle * (180 / Math.PI)); setAngle(angle); } // move forward public void moveForward() { this.position.x += Math.cos(getAngle())*this.speed; this.position.y += Math.sin(getAngle())*this.speed; } and this is my render method : @Override public void render(float delta) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub Gdx.gl.glClearColor(0, 0, 0.0f, 1); Gdx.gl.glClear(GL20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // groupUpdate(); Vector3 mousePos = new Vector3(Gdx.input.getX(), Gdx.input.getY(), 0); camera.unproject(mousePos); ball.lookAt(new Vector2(mousePos.x, mousePos.y)); // if (Gdx.input.isTouched()) { ball.moveForward(); } batch.begin(); batch.draw(ball.getSprite(), ball.getPos().x, ball.getPos().y, ball .getSprite().getOriginX(), ball.getSprite().getOriginY(), ball .getSprite().getWidth(), ball.getSprite().getHeight(), .5f, .5f, ball.getAngle()); batch.end(); } the goal is to make the ball always look at the mouse cursor, and then move forward when i click, am also using this camera : // create the camera and the SpriteBatch camera = new OrthographicCamera(); camera.setToOrtho(false, 800, 480); aaaand the result was so creepy lol Thank you

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  • Rendering only a part of text FTGL, OpenGL

    - by Mosquito
    I'm using FTGL library to render text in my C++ project. I can easily render text by using: CFontManager::Instance().renderWrappedText(font, lineLength, position, text); Unfortunately there is a situation in which this Button which displays text, is partly hidden because of resizing container in which it is situated. I'm able without any problem to draw Button's background to fit the container, but I've got a problem with doing the same with a text. Is it possible to somehow draw only text for given width and the rest just ignore? This is a screen which presents my problem: As you can see, the Button "Click here" is being drawn properly, but I can't do the same with "Click here" text.

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  • How can I keep straight alpha during rendering particles?

    - by April
    Rencently,I was trying to save textures of 3D particles so that I can reuse the in 2D rendering.Now I had some problem with alpha channel.Some artist told me I that my textures should have unpremultiplied alpha channel.When I try to get the rgb value back,I got strange result.Some area went lighter and even totally white.I mainly focus on additive and blend mode,that is: ADDITIVE: srcAlpha VS 1 BLEND: srcAlpha VS 1-srcAlpha I tried a technique called premultiplied alpha.This technique just got you the right rgb value,its all you need on screen.As for alpha value,it worked well with BLEND mode,but not ADDITIVE mode.As you can see in parameters,BLEND mode always controlled its value within 1.While ADDITIVE mode cannot guarantee. I want proper alpha,but it just got too big or too small consider to rgb.Now what can I do?Any help will be great thankful. PS:If you don't understand what I am trying to do,there is a commercial software called "Particle Illusion".You can create various particles and then save the scene to texture,where you can choose to remove background of particles. Now,I changed the title.For some software like maya or AE,what I want is called [straight alpha].

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  • Do I need a Point and a Vector object? Or just using a Vector object to represent a Point is ok?

    - by JCM
    Structuring the components of an engine that I am developing along with a friend (learning purposes), I came to this doubt. Initially we had a Point constructor, like the following: var Point = function( x, y ) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }; But them we started to add some Vector math to it, and them decided to rename it to Vector2d. But now, some methods are a bit confusing (at least in my opinion), such as the following, which is used to make a line: //before the renaming of Point to Vector2, the parameters were startingPoint and endingPoint Geometry.Line = function( startingVector, endingVector ) { //... }; I should make a specific constructor for the Point object, or there are no problems in defining a point as a vector? I know a vector have magnitude and direction, but I see so many people using a vector to just represent the position of an object.

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  • How to implement custom texture formats in Android?

    - by random1337
    What I know: Android can load PNG, BMP, WEBP,... via BitmapFactory. What I want to achive: Load my own 2D file format (e.g. 1-bit texture with a 1-bit alpha channel) and output a RGBA8888 texture. Question: Is there any interface to achieve this?(or any other way) The resulting image is used as a texture for a 3D model. Why would you do that? Saving phone memory and download bandwidth while expanding the texture at runtime to RAM seems reasonable for very simple textures.

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  • Any recommended books/resources on component-based design?

    - by user1163640
    I come from a background with heavy use of the classical object-oriented paradigm for software development. The company I am a part of switched to Unity not too long ago, and we're all very excited to get started using it However, one aspect that have sparked my interested, and which I think will become a very important part of our future development, is Unity's approach to component-based design with scripting; with less focus on typical hierarchical aspect. Question I was wondering if anyone could recommend any good books on this subject? I have had trouble finding any books or books with reliable reviews, and was wondering if anyone more experienced here had something to say on the issue? Any other kind of resource would be excellent too, I'm just interested in getting to learn everything I can about it. This is not meant as a discussion about best books or resources on the topic, but simply a question regarding any resources that any of you find useful. Thank you all for your time!

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  • Triangles in a C++ STL Vector as an Objective-C member sometimes draws incorrectly in OpenGL ES

    - by Rahil627
    The polygons draw correctly 80% of the time. When it fails, a vertex is dislocated. The polygon is consistently drawn with the wrong vertex. I checked that the vector is correct during initialization, even when it's wrongly drawn. I'm using Cocos2d. The class member: @interface Polygon : CCSprite { std::vector<float> triangleVertices; } The draw function called in [Polygon draw]: + (void)drawTrianglesWithVertices:(const std::vector<float> &)v { //glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, &v[0]); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, v.size()); //glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY); glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); } Any ideas?

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  • UnityEngine.Vector2 does not contian a definition for "Set".... using futile

    - by FreshJays
    I am a bit lost, I am using futile and I am just trying to run the demo. But I keep getting UnityEngine.Vector2 does not contian a definition for "Set" in just one class, my using statments are: using System; using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; When I look at the documents, I see that Set is a function http://docs.unity3d.com/Documentation/ScriptReference/Vector2.html I am using version 3.4.2 (in futile its happening in just the FAtlas class)

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  • How to draw a spotlight in 3D

    - by RecursiveCall
    To be clear, I am not talking about the light result (the lit area) but the spotlight itself, like this The two common suggestions that I tried are 2D image and a 3D cone. The problem with the pre-regenerated 2D image is that it always look 2D and flat no matter how it is rotated in world space. The cone on the other hand is next to impossible to control when it comes to fade distance, it doesn't look soft (smooth) and it is expensive to compute.

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  • Error when updating enumerated value?

    - by igrad
    Once upon a time, there was a Player class (simplified version) enum animState{RUNNING,JUMPING,FALLING,IDLING}; class Player { public: Player(int x, int y); void handle(); void show(); ~Player(); private: int m_x; int m_y; animState playerAnimState; } There was also a "handle" function-member, which took care of all movement and collisions for the player: #include "player.h" void Player::handle() { if(/*Player presses 'D' key*/) { m_x++; playerAnimState = RUNNING; } //Other stuff that is just there to look nice Through lots of experimentation with "//" and "/**/", I've found that I consistently get an error at "playerAnimState = RUNNING." Have I broken some enumeration rule? Does my laptop really suck that bad? I hate to post a "fix my code for me" question, but I'm not very seasoned with enums.

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  • OpenGL, objects disappear at a certain z distance

    - by smoth190
    I'm writing a managed OpenGL library in C++, and I'm having a pretty annoying problem. Whenever I set an objects position to -2.0 or lower, the object disappears. And at distances 0 through -1.9, it doesn't appear to move away from them camera. I have a world matrix (which is multiplied by the objects position to move it), a view matrix (which is just the identity matrix currently) and a projection matrix, which is setup like this: FOV: 45.0f Aspect Ratio: 1 zNear: 0.1f zFar: 100.0f using GLMs glm::perspective method. The order the matrices are multiplied by in the shader is world, view, projection, then position. I can move the object along the X and Y axis perfectly fine. I have depth testing enabled, using GL_LEQUAL. I can change the actually vertices positions to anything I want, and they move away from the camera or towards it perfectly fine. It just seems to be the world matrix acting up. I'm using glm::mat4 for the world matrix, and glm::vec3 for positions. Whats going on here? I'm also using OpenGL 3.1, GLSL version 140 (1.4?).

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  • Scaling sprite velocity / co-ordinatesin Android

    - by user22241
    I'm trying to find the answer to a question that I've had for a long time, but am having trouble finding it! I hope someone can help :-) I'm trying to find information on how to scale sprite velocity / movement / co-ordinates. What I mean by this is how do I get a sprite to move at the same speed relative to the screen size / DPI so that it takes the same amount of real-time to get from one side of the screen to the other? All of the posts pertaining to sprite scaling that I can find on the various forums relate to the size of the sprite, but this part of it I'm OK with so far, it's just that when I move a sprite, it kind of gets there at different speed depending on the dpi / resolution of the device. I hope I'm making sense. This is the code I have so far, instead of using explicit amounts, like 1, I'm using something like the following: platSpeedFloat= (1 * (dpi/160)); //Use '1' so on an MDPI screen, the sprite will move by 1 physical pixel Then basically what I'm doing is something like this: (all varialble previously declared) platSpeedSave+=platSpeedFloat; //Add the platSpeedFloat value to the current platSpeedSave value platSpeed=(int) platSpeedSave; //Cast to int so it can be checked in the following statement if (platSpeed==platSpeedSave) //Check the casted int value to float value stored previoiusly {floorY=floorY-platSpeed; //If they match then change the Y value platSpeedSave=0;} //Reset Would be grateful if someone could assists - hope I'm making sense. The above doesn't seems to work the sprite moves 'faster' on lower DPI screens. Thanks

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  • How to properly code in Unity? [on hold]

    - by Vincent B.
    I'm fairly new to Unity (yet I touched it and made a few proto with it) and I'd like to know how I'm supposed to work with it. I'm student in programming so I'm used to C/C++ with SDL/SFML, writing code and only using Input/Graphics/Network libs. I followed a few Unity guides and it was way more around drag & drop on scenes and a bit of scripting to activate it all, which disturbed me. So I fond a way to only use one GameObject and use a Singleton to launch code and display stuff (for 2d games at least). At the end of the day I make games not using "Instantiate" or such at all. Is it the right way ? Am I supposed to do this ? How much are your scenes populated (in a professional environment) ? When should I stop coding and start using the editor ?

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  • How can I calculate the angle between two 2D vectors?

    - by Error 454
    I am working on some movement AI where there are no obstacles and movement is restricted to the XY plane. I am calculating two vectors, v, the facing direction of ship 1, and w, the vector pointing from the position of ship 1 to ship 2. I am then calculating the angle between these two vectors using the formula arccos((v · w) / (|v| · |w|)) The problem I'm having is that arccos only returns values between 0° and 180°. This makes it impossible to determine whether I should turn left or right to face the other ship. Is there a better way to do this?

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  • Using 2d collision with 3d objects

    - by Lyise
    I'm planning to write a fairly basic scrolling shoot 'em up, however, I have run into a query with regards to checking for collision. I plan to have a fixed top down view, where the player and enemies are all 3d objects on a fixed plane, and when the enemy or player fires at the other, their shots will also be along this fixed plane. In order to handle the collision, I have read up a bit on collision detection in 3d, as it is not something I have looked into previously, but I'm not sure what would be ideal for this situation. My options appear to be: Sphere collision, however, this lacks the pixel precision I would like Detection using all vertexes and planes of each object, but this seems overly convoluted for a fixed plane of play Rendering the play screen in black and white (where white is an object, black is empty space), once for enemies and once for the player, and checking for collisions that way (if a pixel is white on both, there is a collision) Which of these would be the best approach, or is there another option that I am missing? I have done this previously using 2d sprites, however I can't use the same thinking here as I don't have the image to refer to.

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  • OpenGL : Keeping alpha in a render buffer

    - by Cyan
    In my current task, i need to render a texture into a render buffer, in order to work on it (apply special filters) there. The result is then considered a "new texture", which is later displayed. This works fine, except when the texture contains some transparent/semi-transparent parts. My current guess it that, within the render buffer, the texture is "merged" with a kind of "grey background". In this case, it obviously impacts the R,G,B color components of transparent pixels. I've yet to find a way around this. Even manually assigning alpha after the rendering process doesn't save the day for semi-transparent pixels, which RGB are "tainted" by the grey background.

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  • c++ and SDL: How would I add tile layers with my area class as a singleton?

    - by Tony
    I´m trying to wrap my head around how to get this done, if at all possible. So basically I have a Area class, Map class and Tile class. My Area class is a singleton, and this is causing some confusion. I´m trying to draw like this: Background / Tiles / Entities / Overlay Tiles / UI. void C_Application::OnRender() { // Fill the screen black SDL_FillRect( Surf_Screen, &Surf_Screen->clip_rect, SDL_MapRGB( Surf_Screen->format, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 ) ); // Draw background // Draw tiles C_Area::AreaControl.OnRender(Surf_Screen, -C_Camera::CameraControl.GetX(), -C_Camera::CameraControl.GetY()); // Draw entities for(unsigned int i = 0;i < C_Entity::EntityList.size();i++) { if( !C_Entity::EntityList[i] ) { continue; } C_Entity::EntityList[i]->OnRender( Surf_Screen ); } // Draw overlay tiles // Draw UI // Update the Surf_Screen surface SDL_Flip( Surf_Screen); } Would be nice if someone could give a little input. Thanks.

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