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• Is there a functional way to do this?

  - by Ishpeck

  def flattenList(toFlatten): final=[] for el in toFlatten: if isinstance(el, list): final.extend(flattenList(el)) else: final.append(el) return final When I don't know how deeply the lists will nest, this is the only way I can think to do this. 2

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• Mean of Sampleset and powered Sampleset

  - by Milla Well

  I am working on an ICA implementation wich is based on the assumption, that all source signals are independent. So I checked on the basic concepts of Dependence vs. Correlation and tried to show this example on sample data from numpy import * from numpy.random import * k = 1000 s = 10000 mn = 0 mnPow = 0 for i in arange(1,k): a = randn(s) a = a-mean(a) mn = mn + mean(a) mnPow = mnPow + mean(a**3) print "Mean X: ", mn/k print "Mean X^3: ", mnPow/k But I couldn't produce the last step of this example E(X^3) = 0: >> Mean X: -1.11174580826e-18 >> Mean X^3: -0.00125229267144 First value I would consider to be zero, but second value is too large, isn't it? Since I subtract the mean of a, I expected the mean of a^3 to be zero as well. Does the problem lie in the random number generator, the precision of the numerical values in my misunderstanding of the concepts of mean and expected value?

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• Why does SQLAlchemy with psycopg2 use_native_unicode have poor performance?

  - by Bob Dover

  I'm having a difficult time figuring out why a simple SELECT query is taking such a long time with sqlalchemy using raw SQL (I'm getting 14600 rows/sec, but when running the same query through psycopg2 without sqlalchemy, I'm getting 38421 rows/sec). After some poking around, I realized that toggling sqlalchemy's use_native_unicode parameter in the create_engine call actually makes a huge difference. This query takes 0.5secs to retrieve 7300 rows: from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://localhost...", use_native_unicode=True) r = engine.execute("SELECT * FROM logtable") fetched_results = r.fetchall() This query takes 0.19secs to retrieve the same 7300 rows: engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://localhost...", use_native_unicode=False) r = engine.execute("SELECT * FROM logtable") fetched_results = r.fetchall() The only difference between the 2 queries is use_native_unicode. But sqlalchemy's own docs state that it is better to keep use_native_unicode=True (http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/postgresql.html). Does anyone know why use_native_unicode is making such a big performance difference? And what are the ramifications of turning off use_native_unicode?

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• ahow can I resolve Django Error: str' object has no attribute 'autoescape'?

  - by Angelbit

  Hi have tried to create a inclusion tag on Django but don't work and return str' object has no attribute 'autoescape' this is the code of custom tag: from django import template from quotes.models import Quotes register = template.Library() def show_quote(): quote = Quotes.objects.values('quote', 'author').get(id=0) return {'quote': quote['quote']} register.inclusion_tag('quotes.html')(show_quote) EDIT: Quote class from django.db import models class Quotes(models.Model): quote = models.CharField(max_length=255) author = models.CharField(max_length=100) class Meta: db_table = 'quotes' quotes.html <blockquote id="quotes">{{ quote }}</blockquote>

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• Mixing Matplotlib patches with polar plot?

  - by Roger

  I'm trying to plot some data in polar coordinates, but I don't want the standard ticks, labels, axes, etc. that you get with the Matplotlib polar() function. All I want is the raw plot and nothing else, as I'm handling everything with manually drawn patches and lines. Here are the options I've considered: 1) Drawing the data with polar(), hiding the superfluous stuff (with ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False), etc.) and then drawing my own axes (with Line2D, Circle, etc.). The problem is when I call polar() and subsequently add a Circle patch, it's drawn in polar coordinates and ends up looking like an infinity symbol. Also zooming doesn't seem to work with the polar() function. 2) Skip the polar() function and somehow make my own polar plot manually using Line2D. The problem is I don't know how to make Line2D draw in polar coordinates and haven't figured out how to use a transform to do that. Any idea how I should proceed?

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• Pass errors in Django using HttpResponseRedirect

  - by JPC

  I know that HttpResponseRedirect only takes one parameter, a URL. But there are cases when I want to redirect with an error message to display. I was reading this post: How to pass information using an http redirect (in Django) and there were a lot of good suggestions. I don't really want to use a library that I don't know how works. I don't want to rely on messages which, according to the Django docs, is going to be removed. I thought about using sessions. I also like the idea of passing it in a URL, something like: return HttpResponseRedirect('/someurl/?error=1') and then having some map from error code to message. Is it good practice to have a global map-like structure which hard codes in these error messages or is there a better way? Or should I just use a session EDIT: I got it working using a session. Is that a good practice to put things like this in the session?

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• How to Not Force Login After Users Close Their Browser on gae

  - by zjm1126

  ...Like Django's session or cookies Does anyone have a simple way of allowing this?

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• Why do all module run together?

  - by gunbuster363

  I just made a fresh copy of eclipse and installed pydev. In my first trial to use pydev with eclipse, I created 2 module under the src package(the default one) FirstModule.py: ''' Created on 18.06.2009 @author: Lars Vogel ''' def add(a,b): return a+b def addFixedValue(a): y = 5 return y +a print "123" run.py: ''' Created on Jun 20, 2011 @author: Raymond.Yeung ''' from FirstModule import add print add(1,2) print "Helloword" When I pull out the pull down menu of the run button, and click "ProjectName run.py", here is the result: 123 3 Helloword Apparantly both module ran, why? Is this the default setting?

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• Why doesn't this list comprehension do what I expect it to do?

  - by Az

  The original list project_keys = sorted(projects.keys()) is [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110] where the following projects were deemed invalid this year: 108, 109, 110. Thus: for project in projects.itervalues(): # The projects dictionary is mapped to the Project class if project.invalid: # Where invalid is a Bool parameter in the Project class project_keys.remove(project.proj_id) print project_keys This will return a list of integers (which are project id's) as such: [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107] Sweet. Now, I wanted it try the same thing using a list comprehension. project_keys = [project_keys.remove(project.proj_id) for project in projects.itervalues() if project.invalid print project_keys This returns: [None, None, None] So I'm populating a list with the same number as the removed elements but they're Nones? Can someone point out what I'm doing wrong? Additionally, why would I use a list comprehension over the for-if block at the top? Conciseness? Looks nicer?

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• PyGTK: Trouble with size of ScrolledWindow

  - by canavanin

  Hi everyone! I am using PyGTK and the gtk.Assistant. On one page I have placed a treeview (one column, just strings) in a gtk.ScrolledWindow (I wanted the vertical scrollbar, since the list contains about 35 items). Everything is working fine; the only thing that bugs me is that I have not been able to figure out from the documentation how to set the size of the scrolled window. Currently only three items are displayed at a time; I would like to set this number to 10 or so. Below is the code. As you can see I have tried using a gtk.Adjustment to influence the scrolled window's size, but as - once more - I have been incompetent at retrieving the required info from the documentation, I don't actually know what values should be put into there. self.page7 = gtk.VBox() # The gtk.Adjustment: page_size = gtk.Adjustment(lower=10, page_size=100) # just used some arbitrary numbers here >_< scrolled_win = gtk.ScrolledWindow(page_size) scrolled_win.set_policy(gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC, gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC) # only display scroll bars when required self.character_traits_treeview = gtk.TreeView() self.character_traits_treestore = gtk.TreeStore(str) self.character_traits_treeview.set_model(self.character_traits_treestore) tc = gtk.TreeViewColumn("Character traits") self.character_traits_treeview.append_column(tc) cr = gtk.CellRendererText() tc.pack_start(cr, True) tc.add_attribute(cr, "text", 0) self.character_trait_selection = self.character_traits_treeview.get_selection() self.character_trait_selection.connect('changed', self.check_number_of_character_trait_selections) self.character_trait_selection.set_mode(gtk.SELECTION_MULTIPLE) self.make_character_traits_treestore() # adding the treeview to the scrolled window: scrolled_win.add(self.character_traits_treeview) self.page7.pack_start(scrolled_win, False, False, 0) self.assistant.append_page(self.page7) self.assistant.set_page_title(self.page7, "Step 7: Select 2-3 character traits") self.assistant.set_page_type(self.page7, gtk.ASSISTANT_PAGE_CONTENT) self.assistant.set_page_complete(self.page7, False) def check_number_of_character_trait_selections(self, blah): # ... def make_character_traits_treestore(self): # ... I know I should RTFM, but as I can't make head or tail of it, and as further searching, too, has been to no avail, I'm just hoping that someone on here can give me a hint. Thanks a lot in advance! PS: Here are the links to: the gtk.ScrolledWindow documentation the gtk.Adjustment documentation

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• How read method signature?

  - by Spì

  From method name I would like know its signature

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• Trying and expand the contrib.auth.user model and add a "relatipnships" manage

  - by dotty

  I have the following model setup. from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User class SomeManager(models.Manager): def friends(self): # return friends bla bla bla class Relationship(models.Model): """(Relationship description)""" from_user = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='from_user') to_user = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='to_user') has_requested_friendship = models.BooleanField(default=True) is_friend = models.BooleanField(default=False) objects = SomeManager() relationships = models.ManyToManyField(User, through=Relationship, symmetrical=False) relationships.contribute_to_class(User, 'relationships') Here i take the User object and use contribute_to_class to add 'relationships' to the User object. The relationship show up, but if call User.relationships.friends it should run the friends() method, but its failing. Any ideas how i would do this? Thanks

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• Optimization of Function with Dictionary and Zip()

  - by eWizardII

  Hello, I have the following function: def filetxt(): word_freq = {} lvl1 = [] lvl2 = [] total_t = 0 users = 0 text = [] for l in range(0,500): # Open File if os.path.exists("C:/Twitter/json/user_" + str(l) + ".json") == True: with open("C:/Twitter/json/user_" + str(l) + ".json", "r") as f: text_f = json.load(f) users = users + 1 for i in range(len(text_f)): text.append(text_f[str(i)]['text']) total_t = total_t + 1 else: pass # Filter occ = 0 import string for i in range(len(text)): s = text[i] # Sample string a = re.findall(r'(RT)',s) b = re.findall(r'(@)',s) occ = len(a) + len(b) + occ s = s.encode('utf-8') out = s.translate(string.maketrans("",""), string.punctuation) # Create Wordlist/Dictionary word_list = text[i].lower().split(None) for word in word_list: word_freq[word] = word_freq.get(word, 0) + 1 keys = word_freq.keys() numbo = range(1,len(keys)+1) WList = ', '.join(keys) NList = str(numbo).strip('[]') WList = WList.split(", ") NList = NList.split(", ") W2N = dict(zip(WList, NList)) for k in range (0,len(word_list)): word_list[k] = W2N[word_list[k]] for i in range (0,len(word_list)-1): lvl1.append(word_list[i]) lvl2.append(word_list[i+1]) I have used the profiler to find that it seems the greatest CPU time is spent on the zip() function and the join and split parts of the code, I'm looking to see if there is any way I have overlooked that I could potentially clean up the code to make it more optimized, since the greatest lag seems to be in how I am working with the dictionaries and the zip() function. Any help would be appreciated thanks!

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• Problem with Django styling

  - by Brob

  Hi new to django but I'm having issues with the styling of pages. my settings.py contains MEDIA_ROOT = '' MEDIA_URL = '' TEMPLATE_DIRS = ( os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates'), ) please can someone help me shed some light on what I need to do to get the styles working in my templates Thanks

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• Good looking programs that use wxPython for their UI

  - by ChrisC

  I need inspiration and motivation so I'm trying to find examples of different programs that have interesting and attractive UI's created free using wxPython. My searches have been slow to find results. I'm hoping you guys know of some of the best ones out there. btw, I've seen these: http://www.wxpython.org/screenshots.php and the list under "Applications Developed with wxPython" on the wxPython Wikipedia page. Update: only need Windows examples

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• Check if something is a list

  - by 8EM

  What is the easiest way to check if something is a list? A method doSomething has the parameters a and b. In the method, it will loop through the list a and do something. I'd like a way to make sure a is a list, before looping through - thus avoiding an error or the unfortunate circumstance of passing in a string then getting back each letter. This question must have been asked before - however my googles failed me. Cheers.

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• Get wrong PATH_INFO after rewriting in lighttpd

  - by Satoru.Logic

  In my lighttpd config file, I have a rewrite rule like this: $HTTP["host"] == "sub.example.com" { url.rewrite = ( "^/(.*)" => "/sub/$1" ) } So when a user visits http://sub.example.com, she's actually visiting http://example.com/sub. The problem is that the PATH_INFO seems wrong, URL: http://sub.example.com/extra PATH_INFO: expected: /extra what I get: /sub/extra Now whenever I call request.get_path(), it returns something like http://sub.example.com/sub/extra, which is not what I want. Of course, I can just override the get_path method of the request class, but I wonder if there is a simpler way like changing the lighttpd config?

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• Django - Passing arguments to models through ForeignKey attributes

  - by marshall

  I've got a class like this: class Image (models.Model): ... sizes = ((90,90), (300,250)) def resize_image(self): for size in sizes: ... and another class like this: class SomeClassWithAnImage (models.Model): ... an_image = models.ForeignKey(Image) what i'd like to do with that class is this: class SomeClassWithAnImage (models.Model): ... an_image = models.ForeignKey(Image, sizes=((90,90), (150, 120))) where i'm can specify the sizes that i want the Image class to use to resize itself as a argument rather than being hard coded on the class. I realise I could pass these in when calling resize_image if that was called directly but the idea is that the resize_image method is called automatically when the object is persisted to the db. if I try to pass arguments through the foreign key declaration like this i get an error straight away. is there an easy / better way to do this before I begin hacking down into django?

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• Django complex queries

  - by Josh K

  I need to craft a filter for an object that checks date ranges. Right now I'm performing a very inefficient loop which checks all the objects. I would like to simplify this to a database call. The logic is you have a start and an end date objects. I need to check if the start OR the end is within the range of an appointment. if (start >= appointment.start && start < appointment.end) || (end > appointment.start && end <= appointment.end) I could do this in SQL, but I'm not as familiar with the Django model structure for more complex queries.

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• Django dictionary in templates: Grab key from another objects attribute

  - by Jordan Messina

  I have a dictionary called number_devices I'm passing to a template, the dictionary keys are the ids of a list of objects I'm also passing to the template (called implementations). I'm iterating over the list of objects and then trying to use the object.id to get a value out of the dict like so: {% for implementation in implementations %} {{ number_devices.implementation.id }} {% endfor %} Unfortunately number_devices.implementation is evaluated first, then the result.id is evaluated obviously returning and displaying nothing. I can't use parentheses like: {{ number_devices.(implementation.id) }} because I get a parse error. How do I get around this annoyance in Django templates? Thanks for any help!

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• How can I merge two lists and sort them working in 'linear' time?

  - by Sergio Tapia

  I have this, and it works: # E. Given two lists sorted in increasing order, create and return a merged # list of all the elements in sorted order. You may modify the passed in lists. # Ideally, the solution should work in "linear" time, making a single # pass of both lists. def linear_merge(list1, list2): finalList = [] for item in list1: finalList.append(item) for item in list2: finalList.append(item) finalList.sort() return finalList # +++your code here+++ return But, I'd really like to learn this stuff well. :) What does 'linear' time mean?

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• Capturing stdout from an imported module in wxpython and sending it to a textctrl, without blocking the GUI

  - by splafe

  There are alot of very similar questions to this but I can't find one that applies specifically to what I'm trying to do. I have a simulation (written in SimPy) that I'm writing a GUI for, the main output of the simulation is text - to the console from 'print' statements. Now, I thought the simplest way would be to create a seperate module GUI.py, and import my simulation program into it: import osi_model I want all the print statements to be captured by the GUI and appear inside a Textctrl, which there's countless examples of on here, along these lines: class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kwds): <general frame initialisation stuff..> redir=RedirectText(self.txtCtrl_1) sys.stdout=redir class RedirectText: def __init__(self,aWxTextCtrl): self.out=aWxTextCtrl def write(self,string): self.out.WriteText(string) I am also starting my simulation from a 'Go' button: def go_btn_click(self, event): print 'GO' self.RT = threading.Thread(target=osi_model.RunThis()) self.RT.start() This all works fine, and the output from the simulation module is captured by the TextCtrl, except the GUI locks up and becomes unresponsive - I still need it to be accessible (at the very minimum to have a 'Stop' button). I'm not sure if this is a botched attempt at creating a new thread that I've done here, but I assume a new thread will be needed at some stage in this process. People suggest using wx.CallAfter, but I'm not sure how to go about this considering the imported module doesn't know about wx, and also I can't realistically go through the entire simulation architecture and change all the print statements to wx.CallAfter, and any attempt to capture the shell from inside the imported simulation program leads to the program crashing. Does anybody have any ideas about how I can best achieve this? So all I really need is for all console text to be captured by a TextCtrl while the GUI remains responsive, and all text is solely coming from an imported module. (Also, secondary question regarding a Stop button - is it bad form to just kill the simulation thread?). Thanks, Duncan

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• Getting the dimensions of a remote image file without having to save it to the hard drive

  - by kaloyan

  I am looking for a way to get the dimensions of a remote image file without having to save it to the hard drive -- I am trying to skimp on the I/O requests. Basically something like PHP's getimagesize() function. I did try something like this: print Image.open(urllib2.urlopen(src)).size but PIL wants a file handle that has a seek() method. Any ideas?

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• Writing csv header removes data from numpy array written below

  - by user338095

  I'm trying to export data to a csv file. It should contain a header (from datastack) and restacked arrays with my data (from datastack). One line in datastack has the same length as dataset. The code below works but it removes parts of the first line from datastack. Any ideas why that could be? s = ','.join(itertools.chain(dataset)) + '\n' newfile = 'export.csv' f = open(newfile,'w') f.write(s) numpy.savetxt(newfile, (numpy.transpose(datastack)), delimiter=', ') f.close()

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• How to get a template tag to auto-check a checkbox in Django

  - by Daniel Quinn

  I'm using a ModelForm class to generate a bunch of checkboxes for a ManyToManyField but I've run into one problem: while the default behaviour automatically checks the appropriate boxes (when I'm editing an object), I can't figure out how to get that information in my own custom templatetag. Here's what I've got in my model: ... from django.forms import CheckboxSelectMultiple, ModelMultipleChoiceField interests = ModelMultipleChoiceField(widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple(), queryset=Interest.objects.all(), required=False) ... And here's my templatetag: @register.filter def alignboxes(boxes, cls): """ Details on how this works can be found here: http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.1/howto/custom-template-tags/ """ r = "" i = 0 for box in boxes.field.choices.queryset: r += "<label for=\"id_%s_%d\" class=\"%s\"><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"%s\" value=\"%s\" id=\"id_%s_%d\" /> %s</label>\n" % ( boxes.name, i, cls, boxes.name, box.id, boxes.name, i, box.name ) i = i + 1 return mark_safe(r) The thing is, I'm only doing this so I can wrap some simpler markup around these boxes, so if someone knows how to make that happen in an easier way, I'm all ears. I'd be happy with knowing a way to access whether or not a box should be checked though.

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