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  • When modern computers boot, what initial setup of RAM do they execute, and how does it exactly work?

    - by user272840
    I know the title reeks of confusion, and some of you might assume I am just wondering about how the computer boots in general, but I'm not. But I'll sort this out for you people now: 1.Onboard firmware is how mostly all modern computer devices work, whether or not with EFI/UEFI(even without "onboard firmware", older computers still employed bank switching, or similar methods with snap-in firmware, cartridges, etc.) 2.On startup there is no "programs" running in the traditional sense yet, i.e. no kernel, OS, user-applications; all of the instructions, especially the very first instruction, is specified by the Instruction Pointer, I am guessing. How is the IP/PC/etc. set to first point to an address for a BIOS/firmware/etc. instruction, and how do the BIOS instructions map themself out in memory prior to startup? 3.Aside from MMIO, BIOS uses certain RAM addresses to have instructions. The big ? comes in when I ask this ... how does BIOS do this? Conclusion: I am assuming that with the very first instruction there is an initial hardware setup for BIOS prior to complete OS bootup. What I want to know is if it's hardware engineered to always work this way, if there's another step in this bootup method I am missing, a gap of information I am unaware of, or how this all works from the very first instruction, and the RAM data itself.

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  • How Would I Restrict a Linux Binary to a Limited Amount of RAM?

    - by Ken S.
    I would like to be able to limit an installed binary to only be able to use up to a certain amount of RAM. I don't want it to get killed if it exceeds it, only that that would be the max amount that it could use. The problem I am facing is that I am running an Apache 2.2 server with PHP and some custom code that a developer is writing for us. The problem is that somewhere in there code they launch a PHP exec call that launches ImageMagick's 'convert' to create a resized image file. I'm not privy to a lot of details to the project or the code, but need to find a solution to keep them from killing the server until they can find a way to optimize the code. I had thought that I could do this with /etc/security/limits.conf and setting a limit on the apache user, but it seems to have no effect. This is what I used: www-data hard as 500 If I understand it correctly, this should have limited any apache user process to a maximum to 500kb, however, when I ran a test script that would chew up a lot of RAM, this actually got up to 1.5GB before I killed it. Here is the output of 'ps auxf' after the setting change and a system reboot: USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 5268 0.0 0.0 401072 10264 ? Ss 15:28 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start www-data 5274 0.0 0.0 402468 9484 ? S 15:28 0:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start www-data 5285 102 9.4 1633500 1503452 ? Rl 15:29 0:58 | \_ /usr/bin/convert ../tours/28786/.…. www-data 5275 0.0 0.0 401072 5812 ? S 15:28 0:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start Next I thought I could do it with Apache's RlimitMEM setting, but get the same result of it not getting limited. Here is what I have in my apache.conf file: RLimitMEM 500000 512000 It wasn't until many hours later that I figured out that if the process actually reached that amount that it would die with an OOM error. Would love any ideas on how to set this limit so other things could function on the server, and all of them could play together nicely.

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  • Should I buy more RAM for my computer or a better CPU?

    - by Reijer The Coder
    I have recently bought a new laptop, an ASUS N56VJ-S4149H. I bought it to use it in all possible ways I could want, so that would be gaming downloading and streaming movies browsing the web and programming software. So far it has been running great but one thing annoys me a little bit. I frequently play Mount&Blade: Warband, it's a great game and you should check it out. Everything runs smoothly but only when I turn down the 'Texture Detail'. Otherwise it will lag a lot and I can't really play. Now my question is: Is this a problem of not enough RAM? At first I was really sure it was but after thinking about for a while I'm not anymore. My computer only has 4 Gigabytes of RAM and there is still a slot open. So will it improve when I buy another 8 Gigabytes? EDIT: It has an Nvidia GeForce GT 635M inside. and an Intel Core i5 3230M CPU with 2,6 GHz. Help and answers are really appreciated. Thanks to all.

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  • Can you plug DVD/Game system into an LCD?

    - by Xeoncross
    All the LCD's in our house have DVI and VGA inputs. None support S-Video or any analog formats. Our game systems (nes, snes, n64, ps, ps2, gamecube, etc..) and DVD and VHS players only have composite (the yellow/red/white cords..?) or S-Video (that PS2-input like cable..?). How can I convert the signal these analog systems output to work on VGA or DVI?

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  • What is the best method for ripping DVD to stream to Xbox 360?

    - by Dan9298
    What is the best method to rip/encode a standard definition DVD, to be streamed to a Xbox360 from a Vista Media Center pc (preferably using free software). I’ve found tons of tutorials on the web explaining how to create wmv’s from vob files using FFMpeg, but every combination of settings that I have tried has resulted in very poor video quality. I’ve also tried various video conmversion tools, but everything seems to result in poor video quality, or audio that is out of sync with the picture. Please help!

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  • Where to find CD/DVD driver inside Device manager?

    - by Shawn Mclean
    For some reason, I upgraded my windows vista to 7 on my acer aspire 5520. The CD/DVD device was missing from my computer. Articles told me to go in device manager and uninstall the device and restart so windows can reinstall it for me. Where in device manager is this driver? Under what category will I find it?

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  • How to install Arabic language on Windows 7 using Windows 7 DVD (not Windows Update)?

    - by drake035
    In Control Panel Region & Language Install/Uninstall languages Install display languages, I have the choice between launching Windows Update and selecting "display language files" from computer. I want to use the second option but have no idea what language files look like or where they are. I suppose I can find them on my Windows 7 DVD (I need to install Arabic specifically), but where exactly ?

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  • Debian: What are these files in /sys/devices/pci0000:00/ for?

    - by muhuk
    I am running Debian Squeeze on an MSI M670 laptop. I have these following files on my root drive, each 256MB: file:///sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/resource1 file:///sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/resource1_wc Here is my lspci output: muhuk@debian:~$ lspci 00:00.0 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Host Bridge (rev a2) 00:00.2 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Memory Controller 1 (rev a2) 00:00.3 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Memory Controller 5 (rev a2) 00:00.4 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Memory Controller 4 (rev a2) 00:00.5 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Host Bridge (rev a2) 00:00.6 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Memory Controller 3 (rev a2) 00:00.7 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation C51 Memory Controller 2 (rev a2) 00:03.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation C51 PCI Express Bridge (rev a1) 00:05.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation C51 [GeForce Go 6100] (rev a2) 00:09.0 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation MCP51 Host Bridge (rev a2) 00:0a.0 ISA bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP51 LPC Bridge (rev a3) 00:0a.1 SMBus: nVidia Corporation MCP51 SMBus (rev a3) 00:0a.3 Co-processor: nVidia Corporation MCP51 PMU (rev a3) 00:0b.0 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP51 USB Controller (rev a3) 00:0b.1 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP51 USB Controller (rev a3) 00:0d.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP51 IDE (rev a1) 00:0e.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP51 Serial ATA Controller (rev a1) 00:0f.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP51 Serial ATA Controller (rev a1) 00:10.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP51 PCI Bridge (rev a2) 00:10.1 Audio device: nVidia Corporation MCP51 High Definition Audio (rev a2) 00:14.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP51 Ethernet Controller (rev a3) 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control 04:04.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): O2 Micro, Inc. Firewire (IEEE 1394) (rev 02) 04:04.2 SD Host controller: O2 Micro, Inc. Integrated MMC/SD Controller (rev 01) 04:04.3 Mass storage controller: O2 Micro, Inc. Integrated MS/xD Controller (rev 01) 04:09.0 Network controller: RaLink RT2561/RT61 rev B 802.11g I am speculating these have something to do with the shared RAM my GPU is using. But why a file on disk? And why two of them?

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  • Programme d'étude sur le C++ bas niveau n° 3 : la Pile, un article d'Alex Darby traduit par ram-0000

    L'objectif de cette série d'articles d'Alex Darby sur la programmation « bas-niveau » est de permettre aux développeurs ayant déjà des connaissances de la programmation C++ de mieux comprendre comment ses programmes sont exécutés en pratique. Ce troisième article explique le rôle et le fonctionnement de la Pile, son usage lors de l'appel d'une fonction, la gestion des variables locales ainsi que la gestion de la valeur de retour d'une fonction. Programme d'étude sur le C++ bas niveau n° 3 : la Pile Connaissiez-vous bien le fonctionnement de la Pile et des appels de fonctions ?

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  • ISO Files to USB &ndash; The Cheap and Easy Way

    - by RonGarlit
    (DISCLAIMER: Yes there are lots of more elegant ISO software beside the free Microsoft one I’m about to show. But free is free and it has been tested and works for me for making advance bootable USB drives. That is another story. Look up Windows 8 Developer Preview for that one on BING.) For those of use that work with new technology all the time we accumulate a lot of ISO files and have to burn them to CD/DVD’s quite often. But we now have machines without burner in the corporate environment. We have personally Netbooks and light wait highly mobile laptops that do not have DVD burner. USB ports are all the rage and now we have USB 3.0 which is way faster than the 2.0 we are used to. Just looking at the technology, space saving and the cost issues alone is a reason to buy these answer to the DVD’s. So what is special about USB 2.0 and USB 3.0? USB 2 has a maximum speed of 480 Mbps... (That is Megabits per SECOND!!) Now look at the storage that we have with USB thumb drives that are now up to 64 GB in size, cell phone and PDAs that have a lots of internal storage built in well above the 16 Gig range. At the MAX USB 2.0 speed of 480 Mbps a full transfer of data in between devices can take a long time. Time is money right. Every back up a iPhone? Don’t get me started. So at least the engineers have been planning ahead with USB 3.0 which offers a maximum transfer speed of 4.8 Gbps... (That is Giga bits per SECOND!!) That speed is almost 10 times faster than USB 2.0 …. We don’t need to do the math on that one do we? But for now I'm thrilled with USB 2.0 and the fact I can get these little 4 Gig USB drives for $4.00 each at Staples on sale. Well that is a no brainer don’t you think. But what can you do with them to replace that DVD. Simply and cheaply put………. THIS! First let’s get an ISO file like the Visual Studio 2010 Ultimate DVD ISO from MSDN to demonstrate with. I develop on several computers so this is a good choice for me. So we downloaded the ISO file and put it in a folder somewhere like this. Next we go download to the Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool site and read about the tool. http://www.microsoftstore.com/store/msstore/html/pbPage.Help_Win7_usbdvd_dwnTool And click this like to get the tool and install it. Once it is installed you go to the Start, Programs menu, Windows 7 USB DVD Download Tool folder. And then click the tool to open it up. As you will see it is a sweet, simple tool that was originally designed to put the ISO for Windows 7 which is designed to be bootable on a USB or DVD for us geeks to play with. It is now being used for the Windows 8 Developer Preview by many developers for that for the same purpose it was built for in the past. But for now we will use it to put a NON Bootable ISO on a USB. Hey it does the job and I’m reusing a left over program. Why buy the fancy one or a free trial and clutter up my machine. We will click the BROWSE button and navigate to where we put our ISO file we want to put on the USB drive. Obviously we are going to click NEXT and continue to select a USB Device (you can guess what the DVD button is for). Next we select the USB that we have plugged into one of our laptops USB ports. Then we click the BEGIN COPYING button and the first thing the program does is format our USB drive. Then it starts copying out files out of the ISO and constructing the USB as if it was a DVD. So now that the files are copying to the drive I’m going to warn you. We will error out here. This program was design for bootable ISO’s of which this one is NOT. No problem because what fails it the writing of the bootable data to the drive that isn’t there. No biggie…. Forget the STARTOVER button is even there and click the dialog’s CLOSE button and exit the program. Now go to Windows Explorer and navigate to the USB Device. You can now access everything and even add stuff to the drive. But for me I want to keep this drive for one purpose and that is to install VS2010 on various machines. So the only stuff I’ll add to this is a folder of notes on things on visual studio that I might want to put on other machines I’m installing VS2010 on to. So that is it. Have a nice day! The Ron

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  • How do remove the CD / DVD install as a source for apt-get packages when installing new features?

    - by Andrew
    I'm running a Ubuntu server (9.0.4 'Jaunty') as a VMware image. It's a real pain on the odd occasion I need to install a new package to have to fish out the install CD-ROM, and make it available to the VMware image so I can continue the package install. Is there any way to take the original installation media out of the list of source packages - I'm assuming all packages will be available on the internet. Thanks.

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  • e-verbe : un logiciel de conjugaison des verbes de la langue française en C++, par ram-0000

    e-verbe, un logiciel de conjugaison des verbes de la langue française. La langue française est une langue très riche mais aussi très difficile à maîtriser. Cet article s'intéresse plus à la conjugaison française et présente le programme "e-verbe", fonctionnant sous environnement Microsoft, qui permet de conjuguer un grand nombre de verbes sans fautes. Vos commentaires et remarques sont les bienvenus....

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  • The resulting .iso doesn't work - MultiCD

    - by Ravi
    Burning a separate CD for each distribution (Ubuntu, Kubuntu etc.) is cumbersome. I found MultiCD which promises me to have a single DVD which can hold several distributions. It is very great tool. Main Problem : The resulting .iso created from multicd doesn't work in a USB pen drive through I haven't tested it in a DVD. Running the .iso through pen drive (I mean booting from pen drive) doesn't work. I cannot even run it in live mode or can install it. Concern : I think if I burn the .iso to a DVD then might it will work. But considering it doesn't work in the pen drive, Will it work on the DVD? So how to fix it? If you know other method to make a multi CD/DVD then please tell me.

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  • How to show Windows System Reserved partition using Ubuntu live dvd?

    - by Veeggon
    All questions in this site ask how to "hide"! I want to fix my boot (fix mrb wont work, I have GPT Disk) by changing some files at Windows System Reserved. GParted shows the following partitions (but Nautilus doesn't): **/dev/sda1 - file system: Unknown - 128Mb - flags: msftres** (this one shows *"Warning: Unable to detect file system! Possible reasons: -file system is damaged -file system is unknown to GParted -there is no file system available (unformated -the device entry /dev/sda1 is missing)"*) **/dev/sda2 - file system: fat32 -100Mb - flags: boot** **/dev/sda3 - file system: ntfs - 500Gb**

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  • Kaspersky decouvre un virus "fileless" qui s'installe dans la RAM et désactive le contrôle des accès utilisateurs de Windows

    Suite aux indications d'un chercheur indépendant qui « souhaite garder l'anonymat », le laboratoire Kaspersky a découvert un nouveau virus. Celui-ci se propageait via les annonces du réseau publicitaire Russe AdFox.ru, présentes sur des sites d'informations populaires. Ce qui rend ce virus particulier est son mode opératoire. Si l'inclusion d'une iFrame renvoyant vers un site contenant du code malicieux (hébergé sur un site .eu) est classique, la stratégie d'exploitation utilisée est par contre rarissime. Le virus utilise une vulnérabilité critique de la machine virtuelle Java (CVE-2011-3544, pour laquelle il existe un patch depuis six mois) ; mais contrairement aux a...

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  • How to restore/change Alt+Tab behaviour/ram usage and a few other things after Ubuntu upgrade from 11.04 to 11.10?

    - by fiktor
    I use Ubuntu for programming. I recently updated it from 11.04 to 11.10. There are some things I don't like in the new version of Unity desktop interface. I don't actually know if it is hard to restore previous behavior or not, and if it is not, where should I look to do that. I know a bit of programming, but I really don't know much about Linux settings. I used to have 3-6 terminal windows and switch between them with Alt+Tab and Shift+Alt+Tab. I liked half-transparent terminal windows, since with them I could open web-page with some instruction in Firefox, press Alt+Tab and type commands in a console window, being able to recognize text on a web-page under it. Now I have problems with my usual work-style because of the following. List of "negative" changes Alt+Tab shows just one icon for all console windows. When I wait some time, it, however, shows all windows, but I don't like to wait. I prefer to remember order of windows and press Alt+Tab as many times as I need to switch to the right window. Alt+Shift+Tab to switch in reverse order doesn't work now. Console windows are not transparent any more. When I don't wait, and switch to this icon, it shows all console windows altogether. So even if they were transparent, I wouldn't be able to see anything below them (I can read something only from the window, which is directly under current one, not a few levels under). When I run a few console windows in Unity I had 740Mb used on Ubuntu 11.04, but I have 1050Mb now. The question is how to make it back to 750-. I really need my memory, since I use my computer to work with 1512Mb of data and I try to save every 10Mb possible (if it doesn't take too much of machine and, more importantly, my time). When I press "The Super key" I have a field to type the name of the program I want to run. But now it sometimes shows this field, but when I'm trying to type nothing happens. Probably, focus is not on the right field. I don't really mean to restore exactly the same behavior, but I want to make my work in Ubuntu 11.10 efficient (at least as efficient as in Ubuntu 11.04). I would be happy if there are some ways to accomplish that. What have I tried I have installed CompizConfig Settings Manager. I have read this question. However enabling "Static Application Switcher" makes Alt+Tab crazy: after enabling it It says about key-binding conflicts with "Ubuntu Unity Plugin"; "Alt+Tab" switching doesn't change, but "Shift+Alt+Tab" now works and shows all windows; Memory usage increases. I have tried turning off Ubuntu Unity Plugin, but this doesn't seem right thing to do, since it seems to turn off all menus, a lot of keystrokes and app-launcher, which usually activates with "The Super key". I have found, that window transparency can be enabled by "Opacity, Brightness and Saturation" plugin from Accessibility. However I don't know if enabling it is the right thing to do (at least it increases memory usage). Update: everything solved but #3: see my own answer below. I have made a separate question about issue #3 (transparency).

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  • Should I run Ubuntu 64bit on a laptop with 2GB of RAM?

    - by nhanb
    I'm using an Asus K43E laptop with: - Intel Core i3 Sandy Bridge 2.1GHz - 2GB DDR3 - Onboard graphics On the Ubuntu download page, the 32bit version is marked as "recommended", but the community documentation page suggests otherwise: Unless you have specific reasons to choose 32-bit, we recommend 64-bit to utilise the full capacity of your hardware. I use my laptop mostly for Eclipse, apart from regular office applications, then does it make any difference when choosing between 32bit and 64bit?

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  • 1k of Program Space, 64 bytes of RAM. Is assembly an absolute must?

    - by Earlz
    (If your lazy see bottom for TL;DR) Hello, I am planning to build a new (prototype) project dealing with physical computing. Basically, I have wires. These wires all need to have their voltage read at the same time. More than a few hundred microseconds difference between the readings of each wire will completely screw it up. The Arduino takes about 114 microseconds. So the most I could read is 2 or 3 wires before the latency would skew the accuracy of the readings. So my plan is to have an Arduino as the "master" of an array of ATTinys. The arduino is pretty cramped for space, but it's a massive playground compared to the tinys. An ATTiny13A has 1k of flash ROM(program space), 64 bytes of RAM, and 64 bytes of (not-durable and slow) EEPROM. (I'm choosing this for price as well as size) The ATTinys in my system will not do much. Basically, all they will do is wait for a signal from the Master, and then read the voltage of 1 or 2 wires and store it in RAM(or possibly EEPROM if it's that cramped). And then send it to the Master using only 1 wire for data.(no room for more than that!). So far then, all I should have to do is implement trivial voltage reading code (using built in ADC). But this communication bit I'm worried about. Do you think a communication protocol(using just 1 wire!) could even be implemented in such constraints? TL;DR: In less than 1k of program space and 64 bytes of RAM(and 64 bytes of EEPROM) do you think it is possible to implement a 1 wire communication protocol? Would I need to drop to assembly to make it fit? I know that currently my Arduino programs linking to the Wiring library are over 8k, so I'm a bit concerned.

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  • 1k of Program Space, 64 bytes of RAM. Is 1 wire communication possible?

    - by Earlz
    (If your lazy see bottom for TL;DR) Hello, I am planning to build a new (prototype) project dealing with physical computing. Basically, I have wires. These wires all need to have their voltage read at the same time. More than a few hundred microseconds difference between the readings of each wire will completely screw it up. The Arduino takes about 114 microseconds. So the most I could read is 2 or 3 wires before the latency would skew the accuracy of the readings. So my plan is to have an Arduino as the "master" of an array of ATTinys. The arduino is pretty cramped for space, but it's a massive playground compared to the tinys. An ATTiny13A has 1k of flash ROM(program space), 64 bytes of RAM, and 64 bytes of (not-durable and slow) EEPROM. (I'm choosing this for price as well as size) The ATTinys in my system will not do much. Basically, all they will do is wait for a signal from the Master, and then read the voltage of 1 or 2 wires and store it in RAM(or possibly EEPROM if it's that cramped). And then send it to the Master using only 1 wire for data.(no room for more than that!). So far then, all I should have to do is implement trivial voltage reading code (using built in ADC). But this communication bit I'm worried about. Do you think a communication protocol(using just 1 wire!) could even be implemented in such constraints? TL;DR: In less than 1k of program space and 64 bytes of RAM(and 64 bytes of EEPROM) do you think it is possible to implement a 1 wire communication protocol? Would I need to drop to assembly to make it fit? I know that currently my Arduino programs linking to the Wiring library are over 8k, so I'm a bit concerned.

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  • Why are there hard faults when my RAM is not 100% used?

    - by Vilx-
    I've got 2GB of RAM and the resource monitor shows that it's only used about 75%. However there are some apps (NetBeans, Visual Studio) that every once in a while start making a lot of hard faults (up to and over 2000/min), thus predictably slowing down to a crawl. How is this so? The memory usage during these "fits" doesn't change. Perhaps it also includes memory mapped files or something?

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  • Outlook uses > 700mb of RAM. How do I fix this?!

    - by Ben Baril
    I've been using outlook for years now, and I've never run into this problem before. Using Microsoft Outlook 2007, with only 1 email account, and no more than 100 emails in my inbox (though I have many many folders, with emails in them), Outlook can sit around and eventually get up to 700mb of ram usage. I've tried different types I've read, like compacting my folders, or not using Internet Calendars / RSS features, and right now I've even disabled Xobni...but still no effect. Any ideas?! Thanks! Ben

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