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  • Deuxième Défi Web Developpez.com : illustrez trois types d'algorithmes dans une page web

    Bonjour à tous! Bienvenue pour cette nouvelle édition du Défi de création Développement Web. Rappelez-vous, dans la première édition, nous avions joué avec le temps sur de belles créations représentant une horloge. Aujourd'hui nous allons du côté des mathématiques ! Vous les utilisez, vous les aimer pour leurs utilités, ou les détester pour leurs complexités parfois ; je parle des algorithmes, un mot banalisé au fil du temps mais derrière ce mot se cachent de grands penseurs ou mathématiciens :

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  • Best scripting language for project [on hold]

    - by Dave
    This is a subjective question, but I don't know where else to ask it. I'd appreciate it if someone could direct me to an appropriate scripting language for my project. I'm a little new at this so I'd appreciate any help. The project is a website that will display a list of photo subject groups (such as "nature" "people" "sports" etc) on the home page. The photos will all be in subdirectories of the main photo directory (photos) and each subject group will represent a subdirectory in photos. For example in directory photos there might be 3 subdirectories, "nature" "people" "sports" and in each of those subdirectories there will be the actual photos. The idea is that when the website owner wants to update/add/delete a subject group all he has to do is add, delete or update a subdirectory of the photos directory. This means, I think, that I need a scripting language that can read the directories and files in the website and then send a web page with the information in it. What is the simplest and easiest scripting language to do this in? Any ideas? Thanks

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  • Applying to a company while personally working on a comparable project

    - by Developer Art
    That's going to be an unusual question but here it goes. I'm entertaining the thought to send my docs to a place which develops a large web project of a social type. Social meaning people, communities, interaction and all that usual stuff. The issue is that I myself am working on something that falls into the category of social in my private time. Now the question. Is it wise to apply there under these circumstances? I think there may be issues of intellectual ownership if I develop something similar that exists or will exist in that company's work. On the other hand, the web of full of social places (even this site is one of them), many of them utilize the same ideas and move in the same direction and it seems to work for everyone. It's hard to come up with something which hasn't been tried yet by somebody else so it's all basically reuse of the commonly available ideas and experience. What I'm working on is not a functional equivalent, it's rather largely off. There may be some intersections, but on a large scale this is not an equivalent. And whatever features might coincide, they already exist everywhere on the web anyway. Also technology stacks are entirely different so the issue with directly copying out parts of the code is probably not applicable. I plan to say it up front that I'm engaged in a personal project of mine and let them see if it represents a problem for them. What do you think? Am I making things up or is there really an issue?

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  • Combobox binding with different types

    - by George Evjen
    Binding to comboboxes in Silverlight has been an adventure the past couple of days. In our framework at ArchitectNow we use LookupGroups and LookupValues. In our database we would have a LookupGroup of NBA Teams for example. The group would be called NBATeams, we get the LookupGroupID and then get the values from the LookupValues table. So we would end up with a list of all 30+ teams. Our lookup values entity has a display text(string), value(string), IsActive and some other fields. With our applications we load all this information into the system when the user is logging in or right after they login. So in cache we have a list of groups and values that we can get at whenever we want to. We get this information in our framework simply by creating an observable collection of type LookupValue. To get a list of these values into our property all we have to do is. var NBATeams = AppContext.Current.LookupSerivce.GetLookupValues(“NBATeams”); Our combobox then is bound like this. (We use telerik components in most if not all our projects) <telerik:RadComboBox ItemsSource="{Binding NBATeams}”></telerik:RadComboBox> This should give you a list in your combobox. We also set up another property in our ViewModel that is a just single object of NBATeams  - “SelectedNBATeam” Our selectedItem in our combobox would look like, we would set this to a two way binding since we are sending data back. SelectedItem={Binding SelectedNBATeam, mode=TwoWay}” This is all pretty straight forward and we use this pattern throughout all our applications. What do you do though when you have a combobox in a ItemsControl or ListBox? Here we have a list of NBA Teams that are a string that are being brought back from the database. We cant have the selected item be our LookupValue because the data is a string and its being bound in an ItemsControl. In the example above we would just have the combobox in a form. Here though we have it in a ItemsControl, where there is no selected item from the initial ItemsSource. In order to get the selected item to be displayed in the combobox you have to convert the LookupValue to a string. Then instead of using SelectedItem in the combobox use SelectedValue. To convert the LookupValue we do this. Create an observable collection of strings public ObservableCollection<string> NBATeams { get; set;} Then convert your lookups to strings var NBATeams = new ObservableCollection<string>(AppContext.Current.LookupService.GetLookupValues(“NBATeams”).Select(x => x.DisplayText)); This will give us a list of strings and our selected value should be bound to the NBATeams property in our ItemsSource in our ItemsControl. SelectedValue={Binding NBATeam, mode=TwoWay}”

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  • Supporting and testing multiple versions of a software library in a Maven project

    - by Duncan Jones
    My company has several versions of its software in use by our customers at any one time. My job is to write bespoke Java software for the customers based on the version of software they happen to be running. I've created a Java library that performs many of the tasks I regularly require in a normal project. This is a Maven project that I deploy to our local Artifactory and pull down into other Maven projects when required. I can't decide the best way to support the range of software versions used by our customers. Typically, we have about three versions in use at any one time. They are normally backwards compatible with one another, but that cannot be guaranteed. I have considered the following options for managing this issue: Separate editions for each library version I make a separate release of my library for each version of my company software. Using some Maven cunningness I could automatically produce a tested version linked to each of the then-current company software versions. This is feasible, but not without its technical challenges. The advantage is that this would be fairly automatic and my unit tests have definitely executed against the correct software version. However, I would have to keep updating the versions supported and may end up maintaining a large collection of libraries. One supported version, but others tested I support the oldest software version and make a release against that. I then perform tests with the newer software versions to ensure it still works. I could try and make this testing automatic by having some non-deployed Maven projects that import the software library, the associated test JAR and override the company software version used. If those projects build, then the library is compatible. I could ensure these meta-projects are included in our CI server builds. I welcome comments on which approach is better or a suggestion for a different approach entirely. I'm leaning towards the second option.

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  • Add Multiple Types of Items to the Desktop Context Menu in Windows 7 or 8

    - by Lori Kaufman
    The context menu in Windows provides a convenient place to start programs, access websites, and open folders. There are several ways to add programs to the menu including a registry method and a free tool. We’ve found another free tool, called Right Click Context Menu Adder, that allows you to add more than just programs to the desktop context menu and the folders context menu. It allows you to add folders, web addresses, and files to the menus, as well as programs. Right Click Context Menu Adder is portable and doesn’t need to be installed. To run it, simply extract the .zip file you downloaded (see the link at the end of this article) and double-click on the .exe file. How to Banish Duplicate Photos with VisiPic How to Make Your Laptop Choose a Wired Connection Instead of Wireless HTG Explains: What Is Two-Factor Authentication and Should I Be Using It?

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  • Existing laravel 4 project gives 404 in browser

    - by Richard A
    I'm trying to set up a development environment on a virtual machine running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS using Nginx and HHVM. To do this, I followed the tutorial here. This goes well with a new installation of Laravel. But when I import an existing Laravel 4 project and try to open that on my actual machine (which will serve as the client running Windows 7), I'm getting a 404 File Not Found error on the screen while connecting to http://sav.savrichard.dev. I did add this to the hosts file with the correct IP Address. The virtual machine is receiving the request and responds with a 404 error. How do I solve this error? I'm pretty new to Ubuntu so I'm not exactly sure what's wrong. The project is located at /var/www/sav.savrichard.net The server configuration is as follow: server { listen 80 default_server; root /var/www/sav.savrichard.net/public; index index.html index.htm index.php; server_name sav.savrichard.dev; access_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.sav.savrichard.dev-access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.sav.savrichard.dev-error.log error; charset utf-8; location / { try_files \$uri \$uri/ /index.php?\$query_string; } location = /favicon.ico { log_not_found off; access_log off; } location = /robots.txt { log_not_found off; access_log off; } error_page 404 /index.php; include hhvm.conf; # Deny .htaccess file access location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } And the hhvm.conf file is: location ~ \.(hh|php)$ { fastcgi_keep_conn on; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; }

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  • Strategies for managing use of types in Python

    - by dave
    I'm a long time programmer in C# but have been coding in Python for the past year. One of the big hurdles for me was the lack of type definitions for variables and parameters. Whereas I totally get the idea of duck typing, I do find it frustrating that I can't tell the type of a variable just by looking at it. This is an issue when you look at someone else's code where they've used ambiguous names for method parameters (see edit below). In a few cases, I've added asserts to ensure parameters comply with an expected type but this goes against the whole duck typing thing. On some methods, I'll document the expected type of parameters (eg: list of user objects), but even this seems to go against the idea of just using an object and let the runtime deal with exceptions. What strategies do you use to avoid typing problems in Python? Edit: Example of the parameter naming issues: If our code base we have a task object (ORM object) and a task_obj object (higher level object that embeds a task). Needless to say, many methods accept a parameter named 'task'. The method might expect a task or a task_obj or some other construct such as a dictionary of task properties - it is not clear. It is them up to be to look at how that parameter is used in order to work out what the method expects.

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  • I need help with specific types of movement.

    - by IronGiraffe
    I'm adding movable crates to my game and I need some help with my movement code. The way I've set up my movement code the crate's X and Y are moved according to a vector2 unless it hits a wall. Here's the movement code: if (frameCount % (delay / 2) == 0) { for (int i = 0; i < Math.Abs(cSpeed.X); i++) { if (!Level.PlayerHit(new Rectangle(crateBounds.X + (Math.Sign(cSpeed.X) * 32), crateBounds.Y, crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height))) { if (!Level.CollideTiles(crateBounds.X + (Math.Sign(cSpeed.X) * 32), crateBounds.Y, crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height)) { if (cSpeed.X != 0) { crateBounds.X += Math.Sign(cSpeed.X); } else { Equalize(2); } } else { cSpeed.X = 0f; } } else { if (!Level.CollideTiles(crateBounds.X - (Math.Sign(cSpeed.X) * 32), crateBounds.Y, crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height)) { if (cSpeed.X != 0) { crateBounds.X -= Math.Sign(cSpeed.X); } else { Equalize(2); } } else { cSpeed.X = 0f; } } } for (int i = 0; i < Math.Abs(cSpeed.Y); i++) { if (!Level.PlayerHit(new Rectangle(crateBounds.X, crateBounds.Y + Math.Sign(cSpeed.Y), crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height))) { if (!Level.CollideTiles(crateBounds.X, crateBounds.Y + Math.Sign(cSpeed.Y), crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height)) { crateBounds.Y += Math.Sign(cSpeed.Y); } else { cSpeed.Y = 0f; } } else { if (!Level.CollideTiles(crateBounds.X, crateBounds.Y - Math.Sign(cSpeed.Y), crateBounds.Width, crateBounds.Height)) { crateBounds.Y -= Math.Sign(cSpeed.Y); } else { cSpeed.Y = 0f; } } } } The frameCount and delay variables just slow down the movement somewhat. Anyway, I've added a tool to my game that acts as a gravity well (drawing objects into it's center; the closer they get to the center the faster they go) and what I'm trying to do is make it so that the crate will bounce off the player (and vice versa) when they collide. Thus far, my code only keeps the crate and player from getting stuck inside each other (the player can still get stuck under the crate, but I'll fix that later.) So what I'd like to know is how I can best make the crate bounce off the player. The other movement problem I'm having is related to another tool which allows the player to pick up crates and move around with them. The problem is that the crate's movement while being carried isn't tied to the movement script (it moves the crate itself, instead of adding to speed), which makes the crate go through walls and such. I know what I have to do: make the crate's speed match the player's speed while the player is holding it, but I need the crate to snap to a certain position (just in front of the player) when the player grabs it and it needs to switch to another position (just in front of the player on the other side) when they player faces the other direction while holding it. What would be the best way to make it switch places while keeping all the movement tied to the speed vector?

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  • Is it appropriate to run a complex enterprise-system configuration and migration project in a similar way to a Scrum development project?

    - by AndyM
    I'm just starting out on the implementation of a large enterprise-wide system, which has complex requirements and many stakeholders. The company has been through high-level evaluation and tender process and determined to purchase a highly configurable "off-the-shelf" product rather than building an entirely bespoke system. The system will replace several existing systems and will require a significant amount of data migration. I'm thinking that the implementation of this system (which is expected to take over 2 years) could be run in a similar way to a Scrum software development project. With the first sprints targeted at building the minimal possible functionality needed (across all functional areas), and then iteratively deepening the level of functionality according the stakeholder feedback. I think this will de-risk the project and help ensure a balance of stakeholder needs within the available time. The user stories are still the same, it's just that to implement them we have work within the constraints of the pre-purchased system. When it comes to 'building stuff', instead of writing custom code the team will be configuring the off-the-shelf package, writing data conversion scripts and the like (and it should be a lot quicker!). Does this sound like a sensible approach? Does the Agile approach makes sense here?

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  • What made you contribute to that open source project? [closed]

    - by Ermin
    I'm interested in real experience and personal answers not just those standard worn out "benefits of contributing to open source" that we all memorized by heart by now. I've met many people who contribute to open source project and almost never did this topic come up: why did they contribute to this open source project. So, if you've contributed to an open source project before in any way, can you please pause for a second and try to remember what really made you decide to contribute to that particular project. Was it a random decision, was it because you were bored, was it because the company you worked for was already using it and you contributed as part of your job, was it because the project was too big you wanted to get contracts, or the project was too small you wanted to build it, or because your prof or co-worker asked you to help with his open source project, or..... To substantiate your reasons, please mention the project name and rate your involvement (heavy, occasional, light, once).

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  • How to deal with bad developers who hold back the project

    - by ILovePaperTowels
    We're at the end of a project, but we continue to run into issues because of a single piece of the project. This piece is handled by a specific developer. Finally, we grabbed latest and started reviewing it. It's just horrendous code! Trying to step through it was difficult and it's a relatively simple workflow. The point of this question is, how to deal with this situation. The developer has a hard time accepting criticism (constructive or otherwise) and feels he is more knowledgeable than others on the team who are, well, highly decorated, experienced and accomplished developers. It's difficult to even get into a topic about development because it turns into "I know what I'm talking about and you're just wrong!" type of conversation. A request has already been put in to replace this developer but it is a hard sell since devs are in short supply where we are and this is a corporation with a LOT of political bs. Management has been notified a few times but nothing is happening.

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  • Game engine for all types of games [closed]

    - by Chorche
    I need a collection of libraries for game development. I don't know if it's called game engine. It should include everything i need to develope a game, so i could consentrate on the game development, without wasting my time choosing, and instaling libraries for everything. I don't need game engines that requires more than 100MB of diskspace. The engine, librarie collection or whatever it's called should only include tools for programing. So i need you help finding such an engine :)

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  • Learning project Custom c# Cms [closed]

    - by user313378
    I want to start new project customCms, cause I think it's a good starting point to implement my collected knowledge from c#, ddd, nhibernate, mvc3, js. It will be great if I hear some guidlines from expirienced users here. I will use C# ASP.NET MVC3 razor view engine. Also I was thinking of NHibernate ORM, I dont know if using Nhibernate will cause performanse down. Initially MSSQL 2008 will be used, but using ORM layer cause that I can switch to some other db with no pain. I was thinking to create News entity which will have properties Id Name Created Updated IntroText Content Title Author ListPhotos Every input will be validated with untroub. java script on the view, and it will be validated on db level as well. Maybe it is best approach to create some interface which will be implemented by my cmsClient entity like NewsEntity. In this interface will be included everything it should be requested from my client in future. At least some stuff which are not included in entity right now, consumed data by rss feed, wcf, etc. So basically everything you think its good idea from documentating project, to coding. Everyone is welcomed to brainstorm for custom cms.

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  • How to delete multiple files with msbuild/web deployment project?

    - by Alex
    I have an odd issue with how msbuild is behaving with a VS2008 Web Deployment Project and would like to know why it seems to randomly misbehave. I need to remove a number of files from a deployment folder that should only exist in my development environment. The files have been generated by the web application during dev/testing and are not included in my Visual Studio project/solution. The configuration I am using is as follows: <!-- Partial extract from Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Web Deployment Project --> <ItemGroup> <DeleteAfterBuild Include="$(OutputPath)data\errors\*.xml" /> <!-- Folder 1: 36 files --> <DeleteAfterBuild Include="$(OutputPath)data\logos\*.*" /> <!-- Folder 2: 2 files --> <DeleteAfterBuild Include="$(OutputPath)banners\*.*" /> <!-- Folder 3: 1 file --> </ItemGroup> <Target Name="AfterBuild"> <Message Text="------ AfterBuild process starting ------" Importance="high" /> <Delete Files="@(DeleteAfterBuild)"> <Output TaskParameter="DeletedFiles" PropertyName="deleted" /> </Delete> <Message Text="DELETED FILES: $(deleted)" Importance="high" /> <Message Text="------ AfterBuild process complete ------" Importance="high" /> </Target> The problem I have is that when I do a build/rebuild of the Web Deployment Project it "sometimes" removes all the files but other times it will not remove anything! Or it will remove only one or two of the three folders in the DeleteAfterBuild item group. There seems to be no consistency in when the build process decides to remove the files or not. When I've edited the configuration to include only Folder 1 (for example), it removes all the files correctly. Then adding Folder 2 and 3, it starts removing all the files as I want. Then, seeming at random times, I'll rebuild the project and it won't remove any of the files! I have tried moving these items to the ExcludeFromBuild item group (which is probably where it should be) but it gives me the same unpredictable result. Has anyone experienced this? Am I doing something wrong? Why does this happen?

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  • Managing Your First SharePoint Project or Team

    - by Mark Rackley
    (*editor’s note* If you have proper SharePoint Training, know the difference between a site and a site collection, and have the utmost respect for the knowledge of your SharePoint team skip this blog and go directly to meetdux.com, do not pass go, do not collect $200… otherwise, please proceed) Dear Mr. or Mrs. I-know-nothing-about-SharePoint-but-hey,-I-have-manager-in-my-title-so-I’ll-tell-you-how-to-your-job, Thank you so much for joining the Acme corporation. We appreciate your eagerness and willingness to jump in and help us accomplish all of our goals here at acme (these roadrunner rockets don’t make themselves). You may have noticed that we have this thing called SharePoint lying around and we have invested some time in money to make it not a complete piece of garbage. So, I thought I’d give you some pointers to help make your stay here enjoyable and productive. Yeah… you don’t really know SharePoint Just because you had a mysite at your last organization or had a SharePoint 2003 team site does NOT mean you comprehend the vastness that is SharePoint. You don’t know what’s going on behind the scenes. You don’t know what should and should not be done. No, we CAN’T just query the SQL database directly. Yes, it really does take that long. No, we can’t do that out-of-the-box. Your experience doesn’t mean as much as you think it means… Yes, I’m aware that you co-created the internet with Al Gore and have been managing projects since I was blowing up GI Joe figures with firecrackers, however SharePoint is not like anything you have worked with before from a management perspective. Please don’t tell us the proper way to do our job or tell us how “you” would do it, and PLEASE don’t utter the words “I used to do some .NET development so let me know if you get stuck and need some guidance.” It MAY be possible for a incredible project manager to manage a SharePoint project and not understand the technology, but if you force your ideas on us or treat us like we don’t really know what we’re doing then you will prove yourself to NOT be one of those types. Oh no you didn’t… Please don’t tell us how you can bring in a group of guys of Kazakhstan to do the project for $20/hr. There are many companies out there who can do some really crappy SharePoint work and we don’t want to be stuck maintaining their junk. Do you know what it means to deploy a solution? Neither do some of those companies out there. However, there are are few AWESOME consulting firms out there but $150/hr is cheap for these guys. Believe me, it’s worth it though. You get what you pay for! Show us some respect We truly do appreciate and value your opinion and experience, but when we tell you something is different in SharePoint don’t be condescending and dismiss OUR experience and opinions. We have spent a lot of time and energy learning a very complicated technology that can open up a world of possibilities when used properly. We just want to make sure it is used properly. It’s not the same as .NET development. It’s not like a regular web application. There’s more going on behind the scenes than you can possibly fathom. Have a little faith in us please and listen when we talk. You may actually learn a thing or two. Take some time to learn the technology There is hope… you don’t have to be totally worthless. Take some time to learn SharePoint. Learn what it is and what it can do. Invest some time in learning our SharePoint environment. What’s our logical architecture and taxonomy? What governance do we have in place? If you just thought “huh?” then yes, I’m talking to you. Sincerely, Your SharePoint Team (This rant is not pointed at any particular organization or person. If you think it’s about you, you are wrong. This is just a general rant based upon things people have told me and things I’ve seen. If you don’t think it applies to you, please move on. If you think you might be guilty of handling your SharePoint team the wrong way, then just please listen, learn, and have a little faith in your team. You all have the same goal in mind. Also, take the time to learn something about SharePoint, you will all be less frustrated with each other.)

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  • How do you make a Factory that can return derived types?

    - by Seth Spearman
    I have created a factory class called AlarmFactory as such... 1 class AlarmFactory 2 { 3 public static Alarm GetAlarm(AlarmTypes alarmType) //factory ensures that correct alarm is returned and right func pointer for trigger creator. 4 { 5 switch (alarmType) 6 { 7 case AlarmTypes.Heartbeat: 8 HeartbeatAlarm alarm = HeartbeatAlarm.GetAlarm(); 9 alarm.CreateTriggerFunction = QuartzAlarmScheduler.CreateMinutelyTrigger; 10 return alarm; 11 12 break; 13 default: 14 15 break; 16 } 17 } 18 } Heartbeat alarm is derived from Alarm. I am getting a compile error "cannot implicitly convert type...An explicit conversion exists (are you missing a cast?)". How do I set this up to return a derived type? Seth

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  • How can you write a function that accepts multiple types?

    - by matthy
    I have a function that should work on int[] and on String[] now i have made the same function with a int parameter and an String parameter however if it has to go this way its a bit copy paste work and doesn't look very organized is there a way to solve this and put these 4 functions in 2? static public void print(String s) { System.out.println(s); } static public void print(int s) { System.out.println(s); } static public void printArray(String[] s) { for (int i=0; i<s.length; i++) print(s[i]); } static public void printArray(int[] s) { for (int i=0; i<s.length; i++) print(s[i]); } Thanks Matthy

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  • Is there a way to trace through only project source in Delphi?

    - by Justin
    I'm using Delphi 2010 and I'm wondering if there's a way to trace through code which is in the project without tracing through calls to included VCLs. For example - you put in a breakpoint and then use Shift+F7 to trace through line-by-line. Now you run into a call to some lengthy procedure in a VCL - in my case it's often a Measurement Studio or other component that draws the doodads for a bunch of I/O, OPC, or other bits. At any rate, what happens is that the debugger hops out of the active source file, opens the component source, and traces through that line by line. Often this is hundreds or thousands of lines of code I don't care about - I just want to have it execute and return to the next source line in MY project. Obviously you can do this by setting breakpoints around every instance of an external call, but often there are too many to make this practical - I'd be spending an hour setting a hundred breakpoints every time I wanted to step through a section of code. Is there a setting or a tool somewhere that can do this? Allow one to trace through code within the project while silently executing code which is external to the project? Thanks in advance, Stack Overflow!

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  • Can I add custom methods/attributes to built-in Python types?

    - by sfjedi
    For example—say I want to add a helloWorld() method to Python's dict type. Can I do this? JavaScript has a prototype object that behaves this way. Maybe it's bad design and I should subclass the dict object, but then it only works on the subclasses and I want it to work on any and all future dictionaries. Here's how it would go down in JavaScript: String.prototype.hello = function() { alert("Hello, " + this + "!"); } "Jed".hello() //alerts "Hello, Jed!" Here's a useful link with more examples— http://www.javascriptkit.com/javatutors/proto3.shtml

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  • What is the best way to create related types at runtime?

    - by SniperSmiley
    How do I determine the type of a class that is related to another class at runtime? I have figured out a solution, the only problem is that I ended up having to use a define that has to be used in all of the derived classes. Is there a simpler way to do this that doesn't need the define or a copy paste? Things to note: both the class and the related class will always have their respective base class, the different classes can share a related class, and as in the example I would like the control class to own the view. #include <iostream> #include <string> class model; class view { public: view( model *m ) {} virtual std::string display() { return "view"; } }; #define RELATED_CLASS(RELATED)\ typedef RELATED relatedType;\ virtual relatedType*createRelated(){\ return new relatedType(this);} class model { public: RELATED_CLASS(view) model() {} }; class otherView : public view { public: otherView( model *m ) : view(m) {} std::string display() { return "otherView"; } }; class otherModel : public model { public: RELATED_CLASS(otherView) otherModel() {} }; class control { public: control( model *m ) : m_(m), v_( m->createRelated() ) {} ~control() { delete v_; } std::string display() { return v_->display(); } model *m_; view *v_; }; int main( void ) { model m; otherModel om; model *pm = &om; control c1( &m ); control c2( &om ); control c3( pm ); std::cout << c1.display() << std::endl; std::cout << c2.display() << std::endl; std::cout << c3.display() << std::endl; }

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  • Why are static classes considered “classes” and “reference types”?

    - by Timwi
    I’ve been pondering about the C# and CIL type system today and I’ve started to wonder why static classes are considered classes. There are many ways in which they are not really classes: A “normal” class can contain non-static members, a static class can’t. In this respect, a class is more similar to a struct than it is to a static class, and yet structs have a separate name. You can have a reference to an instance of a “normal” class, but not a static class (despite it being considered a “reference type”). In this respect, a class is more similar to an interface than it is to a static class, and yet interfaces have a separate name. The name of a static class can never be used in any place where a type name would normally fit: you can’t declare a variable of this type, you can’t use it as a base type, and you can’t use it as a generic type parameter. In this respect, static classes are somewhat more like namespaces. A “normal” class can implement interfaces. Once again, that makes classes more similar to structs than to static classes. A “normal” class can inherit from another class. It is also bizarre that static classes are considered to derive from System.Object. Although this allows them to “inherit” the static methods Equals and ReferenceEquals, the purpose of that inheritance is questionable as you would call those methods on object anyway. C# even allows you to specify that useless inheritance explicitly on static classes, but not on interfaces or structs, where the implicit derivation from object and System.ValueType, respectively, actually has a purpose. Regarding the subset-of-features argument: Static classes have a subset of the features of classes, but they also have a subset of the features of structs. All of the things that make a class distinct from the other kinds of type, do not seem to apply to static classes. Regarding the typeof argument: Making a static class into a new and different kind of type does not preclude it from being used in typeof. Given the sheer oddity of static classes, and the scarcity of similarities between them and “normal” classes, shouldn’t they have been made into a separate kind of type instead of a special kind of class?

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