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• Explanation of command to uppercase the first letter of a file

  - by hazielquake

  Hi I'm trying to learn to rename files with the command line, and after browsing around a lot of pages I finally found a command that uppercases the first letter of a file, but the problem is that I want to understand the meaning of each command. The command is: for i in *; do new=echo "$i" | sed -e 's/^./\U&/'; mv "$i" "$new";done I understand the 'for' kinda... but not the 'echo' or '`' and especially the sed command. if someone has a little patience to explain the meaning of each thing that'd be awesome! Thanks!

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• Input traffic shaping

  - by whitequark

  I know that I can shape output traffic with tc or a similar tool. However, I want to shape the input traffic now—actually, I want to prioritize downloading of files of certain type through a slow lossy connection. I know the reason tc can only shape output traffic: the host itself has no direct control over the amount of input traffic. On the other hand, TCP has some measures built in it which prevent the TCP traffic from overflowing a slow connection. So, can I mangle something in TCP header so that the remote host will think my connection is slower than it thinks? Suppose that I am able to set the corresponding mark on both types of connections with iptables. Is there any way to reduce the input bandwidth of connections of first type, but only if connections of second type are present?

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• mpstat on slackware 13.0 shows no utilization

  - by conartist6

  As the title says, the mpstat command, executed on Slack 13.0 continuously shows almost no processor utilization of any sort. In fact none of the output ever seems to change at all. The system is dual processor board with two hyperthreaded P4 Xeons. Any ideas? 08:50:06 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s 08:50:06 PM all 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.56 1510.46 08:50:06 PM 0 0.50 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 99.33 11.90 08:50:06 PM 1 0.32 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.64 0.00 08:50:06 PM 2 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.58 0.00 08:50:06 PM 3 0.29 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.68 0.00 This is, literally, the only output I can get from the program. No values change ever.

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• should i install LVM in ubuntu server?

  - by ajsie

  should i install LVM in ubuntu server? i have only one primary partition. what happens if i dont install it?

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• iptables rule on INPUT between 2 ethernet cards on the same host

  - by user1495181

  I have 2 eth cards on the same host. Both connected directly with LAN cable. I set eth0 with ip - 192.168.1.2 I set eth1 with ip - 192.168.1.1 I set this rule: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 0 There are no other rules. (I ran iptables -X,-F) I send TCP syn packet ( with c++ program by using raw socket) from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.1 In wireshark i see that the packet received on eth0, but the iptables rule (above) dosnt apply for this packet. when i sent the packet to remote host and apply this rule on the remote host than it work correct. So, i guess that this is due to the fact that both eth cards exists the same host. . I need to create iptables INPUT rule for local eth card (dest and src on the same machine ). I need it for simplify test. Did i guess the problem correct? is there a way to bypass this? Ps - connected them via switch didn't help. the rule wasn't applied. Run on Ubuntu. TCDUMP show the packet: 10:48:42.365002 IP 192.168.1.2.38550 > 192.168.1.1.34298: Flags [S], seq 0, win 5840, length 0 but logging of iptables like this, has nothing: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-prefix '*****************' iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-prefix '#################'

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• moving files and directories between two machine, via a third, preserving permissions and usernames

  - by Jarmund

  The situation is as follows: Machine A has a file repository accessible via rsync Machine B needs the above mentioned files with all permissions and ownerships intact (including groups etc) Machine C has access to both A and B, but has a completely different set of users. Normally, i would just rsync everything over, directly between A and B, but due to severely limited bandwidth at the moment, i need something different, as rsync times out after building the list of the 430 files (49Mb uncompressed... can be compressed down to ~7Mb). What i've tried so far: rsync everything over from A to C, tar it, copy the tarball over, and then untar it, however, this messes up the ownership and/or the permissions. To rsync it from A to C, i run this command: rsync --numeric-ids --password-file=/root/rsync_pwd_file -oaPvu rsync://[email protected]/portal_2/ ./portal_2/ ...and from the looks of things, they do end up on C with the correct ownerships/permissions/flags/everything (not 100% sure, though.. are there any more switches i can throw in there? did i miss something?) copying the tarball over is simple enough (slow as a one-legged turtle due to the bandwidth, but it checksums out alright) What i'm unsure of is the flags and switches for creating and extracting the tarball, so could someone please provide the full commands for creating a tarball from /root/portal_2 on machine C (with everything intact) and extracting the tarball into /var/ex/portal_2 on machine B? ? Also, are there any other approaches worth mentioning that could allow me to perform this? I have root access to A and C, whereas i only have rsync access to B. PS: I'm running rsync v2.6.9 on machine B, and unfortunately i do not have the oportunity to upgrade to v3

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• Weird nfs performance: 1 thread better than 8, 8 better than 2!

  - by Joe

  I'm trying to determine the cause of poor nfs performance between two Xen Virtual Machines (client & server) running on the same host. Specifically, the speed at which I can sequentially read a 1GB file on the client is much lower than what would be expected based on the measured network connection speed between the two VMs and the measured speed of reading the file directly on the server. The VMs are running Ubuntu 9.04 and the server is using the nfs-kernel-server package. According to various NFS tuning resources, changing the number of nfsd threads (in my case kernel threads) can affect performance. Usually this advice is framed in terms of increasing the number from the default of 8 on heavily-used servers. What I find in my current configuration: RPCNFSDCOUNT=8: (default): 13.5-30 seconds to cat a 1GB file on the client so 35-80MB/sec RPCNFSDCOUNT=16: 18s to cat the file 60MB/s RPCNFSDCOUNT=1: 8-9 seconds to cat the file (!!?!) 125MB/s RPCNFSDCOUNT=2: 87s to cat the file 12MB/s I should mention that the file I'm exporting is on a RevoDrive SSD mounted on the server using Xen's PCI-passthrough; on the server I can cat the file in under seconds ( 250MB/s). I am dropping caches on the client before each test. I don't really want to leave the server configured with just one thread as I'm guessing that won't work so well when there are multiple clients, but I might be misunderstanding how that works. I have repeated the tests a few times (changing the server config in between) and the results are fairly consistent. So my question is: why is the best performance with 1 thread? A few other things I have tried changing, to little or no effect: increasing the values of /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_low_thresh and /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_high_thresh to 512K, 1M from the default 192K,256K increasing the value of /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default and /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max to 1M from the default of 128K mounting with client options rsize=32768, wsize=32768 From the output of sar -d I understand that the actual read sizes going to the underlying device are rather small (<100 bytes) but this doesn't cause a problem when reading the file locally on the client. The RevoDrive actually exposes two "SATA" devices /dev/sda and /dev/sdb, then dmraid picks up a fakeRAID-0 striped across them which I have mounted to /mnt/ssd and then bind-mounted to /export/ssd. I've done local tests on my file using both locations and see the good performance mentioned above. If answers/comments ask for more details I will add them.

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• In Ubuntu I make changes to php.ini but nothing happens

  - by MrAn3

  Hi, Apache with php works well, but none of the changes I make in php.ini have effect, I've even delete all the contents of the file, then restart Apache, and run phpinfo() and surprisingly everything continues working well. The file I'm editing is the one that appears in the phpinfo() like "Loaded Configuration File". (/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini) P.S. I'm running Ubuntu 9.04 and PHP 5.2 Thanks in advance. More Details: I'm restarting with sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart, I've also tried sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop, and then start, at restarting I get: Restarting web server apache2 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName ... waiting apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName [ OK ] "which php" did not produce any results. My installation of PHP was done using Synaptic Package Manger, choosing "Mark Packages by task" and then LAMP server. I don't have any clue of what to do...

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• Problem with Ubuntu 10.04 and ATI

  - by Maximilinao

  I'm having a problem installing the drivers from the video card. Just finished installing the driver, reboot my OS, and my monitor is starting off in energy saving mode and does not boot Ubuntu. What I can do? Sorry for my English. I used the Google translator.

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• How to Remove the Last 2 Lines of a Very Large File

  - by Russ

  I have a very large file ~400G, and I need to remove the last 2 lines from it. I tried to use sed, but it ran for hours before I gave up. Is there a quick way of doing this, or am I stuck with sed?

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• Macvlan based interface pings from host but not from namespace

  - by jtlebi

  My setup: Private network vboxnet1 10.0.7.0/24 1 Host, ubuntu desktop 1 VM, ubuntu server (VirtualBox) Adressing layout: HOST: 10.0.7.1 VM: 10.0.7.101 VM MAC NAMESPACE: 10.0.7.102 On the VM, I ran the following commands: ip netns add mac # create a new nmespace ip link add link eth0 mac0 type macvlan # create a new macvlan interface ip link set mac0 netns mac On the mac namespace, inside the VM: ip link set lo up ip link set mac up ip addr add 10.0.7.102/24 dev mac0 So that we basically end up with: (Like Inception ?) +------------------------+ | Host: 10.0.7.1 | | | | +--------------------+ | | | VM: 10.0.7.101 | | | | | | | | +----------------+ | | | | | NS: 10.0.7.102 | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------+ | | | +--------------------+ | +------------------------+ What works: Ping between Host and VM Ping between NS and NS dhclient from NS What does not work: ping between NS and VM ping between NS and Host Where I started to go nuts: tcpdump on host (the real machine) actually shows ARP request AND replies tcpdump on NS shows ARP requests sent to the host tcpdump on VM makes the whole mess work (!) -- ping starts to get answers when tcpdump is started on the VM ?!? So, I bet you were eager for it, my question is: how to I make it work ? I suspect something's wrong with ARP on the macvlan inside the NS but can't figure out what exactly... Btw, I did the same expérimentations with the mac0 interface directly on the VM (no namespace) and it worked flawlessly.

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• How can a driver change the kernel page table?

  - by Naruto

  I am encountering an issue with kernel memory. When my driver finishes running, the other processes in kernel fail to run, for example, I run ls, the command crashes the kernel with error "Corrupted page table" at a specified address. I do not know whether the page table of my driver relates to the page table of other process. How can my driver changes the page table of the other processes? And how the driver of a process relates to the kernel page table? As I know when the driver runs, it will be switched to kernel context. Kernel has its own page table and the driver has it own one. What is the relation among the kernel page table, the page table of my driver and the page table of the other processes when it runs in kernel context?

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• What is the best way to handle the multitude of different logs created all around the place?

  - by Low Kian Seong

  I run a few applications which creates their own logs. Then I run cron scripts on the same server to do importing of data for my app. When these cron errors out, the default is it sends emails to the user that runs the cron job. There are just too many places that I need to check the logs and mails for stuff that might have potentially went wrong. My question is, what is the best way to do this or even better is like a log parser application which will go through all the system logs when something really goes wrong instead of me having to go through it daily?

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• Permission denied when trying to execute a binary burned to a CD-R

  - by user16654

  On an Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) machine, I burned a CD from the command prompt using: cdrecord -v speed=16 dev=0,1,0 /FPS.iso The CD now contains an executable and some files. I tested the CD by loading it onto another machine (Red Hat 5.3) and when I try to run the program I get the following message: bash: ./FPS1_1: Permission denied I can open other files like text documents (the executable also comes with shared libraries). I realized I had burned the CD as root so I burned another one as another user but I still have the same problem. How can I remove this permission or what is the problem? P.S. the image was in / if that helps

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• Creating ip alias on bonded interface ie. bond0:1

  - by bobothechimp

  System: HP Proliant DL360 G5 running CentOS 5.4 Bonded interface is working fine for a long time. I just went to add an alias the way I always have on a regular interface, and on first check it works (pinging on the local box) but it is not accessable from outside (iptables is turned off). In addition with this setup the normal network response started to decline, hanging for around a minute before I could get a prompt on login. Here are my config files: [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth1 DEVICE=eth1 BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0 DEVICE=bond0 BONDING_OPTS="mode=1 miimon=100" BOOTPROTO=none ONBOOT=yes NETWORK=10.2.1.0 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 IPADDR=10.2.1.11 USERCTL=no [root network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0:1 DEVICE=bond0:1 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes NETWORK=10.2.1.0 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 IPADDR=10.2.1.12 USERCTL=no any thoughts?

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• Wireless driver activation issue in Compaq c700 in Ubuntu 9.04

  - by Fazil

  I am using Ubuntu 9.04, I cant access my wireless driver, I activate the madwifi in administrationhardware drivers, but I could'nt activated the wireless too. when I type lspci I get the following message, ################################################## # 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Mobile PM965/GM965/GL960 Memory Controller Hub (rev 03) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03) 00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation Mobile GM965/GL960 Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 04) 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 04) 00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 04) 00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge (rev f4) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801HEM (ICH8M) LPC Interface Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801HBM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) IDE Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HBM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA AHCI Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Atheros Communications Inc. AR242x 802.11abg Wireless PCI Express Adapter (rev 01) 02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) ################################################## but when I tried in Windows I found that the driver for my laptop is ################################################ atheros AR5007 802.11b/g WiFi Adapter ################################################ so what can I do for solving this problem.

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• Why is 'grep -i' so slow? How to do it faster for ASCII?

  - by Vi.

  Consider: $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 '[Dd][eE][sS][cC][eE][nN][dD] ?[Ff][rR][oO][mM]' real 0m0.438s $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 'descend ?from' -i real 0m11.294s Both search case insensitively. Why is the -i version so slow? How do I make grep -i fast without entering things like [iI][nN] [tT][hH][iI][sS] [wW][aA][Yy]? For example, perl -ne 'print if /descend ?from/i' works fast, but '-B 5' is not as trivial to implement as in grep (as well as other options).

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• DNS caching server config problem

  - by Alex

  I have a Bind DNS caching-only server setup that is working. I am bringing up a new AD domain controller that will also be a DNS server for that AD but I don't want it responding to any DNS queries except those that are AD related. So, my goal is to leave this caching server as the primary DNS server for stations on the network and have it forward requests for the AD domain to the domain controller. My understanding is that I just need a forward zone for that domain pointing to the domain controller. However it does not seem to be working. So that leaves me to think that my caching server is not forwarding properly. For example, this AD is going to have a naming convention of hostname.mydomain.local. If I do an nslookup and specify the domain controller's IP address as the server, I can query addresses that exist in DNS on that server, such as dc1.mydomain.local. However, queries to my caching server times out (I get a response from the caching server if I query mydomain.local but none of the objects in that domain). Any suggestions? Here is my named.conf file: options { directory "/var/named"; listen-on { 192.168.0.14; 127.0.0.1; }; forwarders { ; ; }; forward first; }; zone "." in { type hint; file "db.cache"; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" in { type master; file "db.127.0.0"; }; //forward zone for mydomain.local zone "mydomain.local" { type forward; forwarders { 192.168.1.21; }; };

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• running a web server with encrypted file system (all or part of it)

  - by Carlos

  Hi, I need a webserver (lamp) running inside a virtual machine (#1) running as a service (#2) in headless mode (#3) with part or the whole filesystem encrypted (#4). The virtual machine will be started with no user intervention and provide access to a web application for users in the host machine. Points #1,#2 and #3 are checked and proved to be working fine with Sun VirtualBox, so my question is for #4: Can I encrypt the all filesystem and still access the webserver (using a browser) or will grub ask me for a password? If encrypting the all filesystem is not an option, can I encrypt only /home and /var/www ? will apache/php be able to use files in /home or /var/www without asking for a password or mounting these partitions manually? Thanks

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• slow software raid

  - by Jure1873

  I've got software raid 1 for / and /home and it seems I'm not getting the right speed out of it. Reading from md0 I get around 100 MB/sec Reading from sda or sdb I get around 95-105 MB/sec I thought I would get more speed (while reading data) from two drives. I don't know what is the problem. I'm using kernel 2.6.31-18 hdparm -tT /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Timing cached reads: 2078 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1039.72 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 304 MB in 3.01 seconds = 100.96 MB/sec hdparm -tT /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 2084 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1041.93 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 316 MB in 3.02 seconds = 104.77 MB/sec hdparm -tT /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing cached reads: 2150 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1075.94 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 302 MB in 3.01 seconds = 100.47 MB/sec Edit: Raid 1

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• Migrating to ssh key authentication; implications of adding sbin's to users $PATH

  - by ancillary

  I'm in the process of migrating to key's for authentication on my CentOS boxes. I have it all set up and working, but was a bit taken aback when I noticed service (and other things) didn't work the way I was accustomed to. Even after su'ing to root, still had to call the full path for it to work (which I assume to be expected/normal behavior). I also assume this is because there are different $PATH's for root (what I was using and am used to) and the newly created, key-using user. Specifically, I noticed the sbin's of the world missing from the user path. If I were to add those paths (/sbin/,/usr/sbin/,/usr/local/sbin) to a profile.d .sh script for this new key-loving user, would: I be opening up the system in ways I shouldn't be? I be doing something I needn't do save for reasons of laziness? I create other potential problems? Thanks.

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• Upgrading phpmyadmin (and other packages) on Debian Squeeze

  - by westexasman

  I just setup a new VM with Debian Squeeze (latest stable release, 6.0.4). I am going for a webserver, so I installed the usual... apache, php5, mysql, phpmyadmin, etc. Everything went well, everything is working. My question is about upgrading packages. I noticed the phpmyadmin version is 3.3.7... the latest is 3.4.10.1. Doing apt-get update/upgrade does not upgrade the package. How does one go about upgrading packages on a Debian Squeeze server if apt-get update/upgrade does not work? Thanks!

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• How to automatically take daily HDD backup?

  - by user13107

  I think my HDD might have crashed. I don't want to lose data if this happens again. I have dual boot Windows/Ubuntu system. What is the best way to backup data and other software settings in Ubuntu? I don't care much about Windows partition, important stuff is in Ubuntu. I have 1 Tb external HDD (laptop HDD is of 500 gb total). One way would be to run rsync every day (or via cronjob) to backup everything to external HDD. What might be better ways of achieving this (backup)? Also are instant backup software recommended? Are there any disadvantages of instant backup as opposed to daily rsync?

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• Timeout ssh sessions after inactivity?

  - by Insyte

  PCI requirement 8.5.15 states: "If a session has been idle for more than 15 minutes, require the user to re-enter the password to re-activate the terminal." The first, and most obvious, way to deal with ssh sessions that are idling at the bash prompt is by enforcing a read-only, global $TMOUT of 900. Unfortunately, that only covers sessions sitting at the bash prompt. The spirit of the PCI spec would also require killing sessions running top/vim/etc. I've considered writing a */1 cron job that parses the output of "/usr/bin/w" and kills the associated shell, but that seems like a blunt instrument. Any ideas for something that would actually do what the spec requires and just lock the terminal? I've looked at away and vlock; they both seem great for voluntarily locking your terminal, but I need a cron/daemon task that will enforce locking.

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• APF, IPTABLES, Fedora 15 - Not blocking correctly

  - by RichardW11

  I just got a new remote server which came with Fedora 15. I first tried to run APF but it gave me this error "apf(18031): {glob} unable to load iptables module (ip_tables), aborting.". Which I then set SET_MONOKERN="0" to SET_MONOKERN="1" to resolve the problem. However, with my config file showing BLK_P2P_PORTS="1214,2323,4660_4678,6257,6699,6346,6347,6881_6889,6346,7778" The ports show up as closed, instead of being filtered. Any idea why this would be happening? 22/tcp open ssh 80/tcp open http 443/tcp open https 2323/tcp closed 3d-nfsd 4662/tcp closed edonkey 6346/tcp closed gnutella 6699/tcp closed napster 6881/tcp closed bittorrent-tracker 7778/tcp closed interwise

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