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• How do I tackle top down RPG movement?

  - by WarmWaffles

  I have a game that I am writing in Java. It is a top down RPG and I am trying to handle movement in the world. The world is largely procedural and I am having a difficult time tackling how to handle character movement around the world and render the changes to the screen. I have the world loaded in blocks which contains all the tiles. How do I tackle the character movement? I am stumped and can't figure out where I should go with it. EDIT: Well I was abstract with the issue at hand. Right now I can only think of rigidly sticking everything into a 2D array and saving the block ID and the player offset in the Block or I could just "float" everything and move about between tiles so to speak.

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• OpenGL vs DirectX?

  - by Harold

  I saw the articles that were going on about OpenGL being better than DirectX and that Microsoft are really just trying to get everyone to use DirectX even though it's inferior so that gaming is almost exclusively for Windows and XBox, but since the article was written in 2006 is it still relevant today? Also I know plenty of games are written in DirectX but does anyone have any examples of popular games written in OpenGL? Thanks

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• Negamax implementation doesn't appear to work with tic-tac-toe

  - by George Jiglau

  I've implemented Negamax as it can be found on wikipedia, which includes alpha/beta pruning. However, it seems to favor a losing move, which should be an invalid result. The game is Tic-Tac-Toe, I've abstracted most of the game play so it should be rather easy to spot an error within the algorithm. Here is the code, nextMove, negamax or evaluate are probably the functions that contain the fault: #include <list> #include <climits> #include <iostream> //#define DEBUG 1 using namespace std; struct Move { int row, col; Move(int row, int col) : row(row), col(col) { } Move(const Move& m) { row = m.row; col = m.col; } }; struct Board { char player; char opponent; char board[3][3]; Board() { } void read(istream& stream) { stream >> player; opponent = player == 'X' ? 'O' : 'X'; for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++) { for(int col = 0; col < 3; col++) { char playa; stream >> playa; board[row][col] = playa == '_' ? 0 : playa == player ? 1 : -1; } } } void print(ostream& stream) { for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++) { for(int col = 0; col < 3; col++) { switch(board[row][col]) { case -1: stream << opponent; break; case 0: stream << '_'; break; case 1: stream << player; break; } } stream << endl; } } void do_move(const Move& move, int player) { board[move.row][move.col] = player; } void undo_move(const Move& move) { board[move.row][move.col] = 0; } bool isWon() { if (board[0][0] != 0) { if (board[0][0] == board[0][1] && board[0][1] == board[0][2]) return true; if (board[0][0] == board[1][0] && board[1][0] == board[2][0]) return true; } if (board[2][2] != 0) { if (board[2][0] == board[2][1] && board[2][1] == board[2][2]) return true; if (board[0][2] == board[1][2] && board[1][2] == board[2][2]) return true; } if (board[1][1] != 0) { if (board[0][1] == board[1][1] && board[1][1] == board[2][1]) return true; if (board[1][0] == board[1][1] && board[1][1] == board[1][2]) return true; if (board[0][0] == board[1][1] && board[1][1] == board[2][2]) return true; if (board[0][2] == board [1][1] && board[1][1] == board[2][0]) return true; } return false; } list<Move> getMoves() { list<Move> moveList; for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++) for(int col = 0; col < 3; col++) if (board[row][col] == 0) moveList.push_back(Move(row, col)); return moveList; } }; ostream& operator<< (ostream& stream, Board& board) { board.print(stream); return stream; } istream& operator>> (istream& stream, Board& board) { board.read(stream); return stream; } int evaluate(Board& board) { int score = board.isWon() ? 100 : 0; for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++) for(int col = 0; col < 3; col++) if (board.board[row][col] == 0) score += 1; return score; } int negamax(Board& board, int depth, int player, int alpha, int beta) { if (board.isWon() || depth <= 0) { #if DEBUG > 1 cout << "Found winner board at depth " << depth << endl; cout << board << endl; #endif return player * evaluate(board); } list<Move> allMoves = board.getMoves(); if (allMoves.size() == 0) return player * evaluate(board); for(list<Move>::iterator it = allMoves.begin(); it != allMoves.end(); it++) { board.do_move(*it, -player); int val = -negamax(board, depth - 1, -player, -beta, -alpha); board.undo_move(*it); if (val >= beta) return val; if (val > alpha) alpha = val; } return alpha; } void nextMove(Board& board) { list<Move> allMoves = board.getMoves(); Move* bestMove = NULL; int bestScore = INT_MIN; for(list<Move>::iterator it = allMoves.begin(); it != allMoves.end(); it++) { board.do_move(*it, 1); int score = -negamax(board, 100, 1, INT_MIN + 1, INT_MAX); board.undo_move(*it); #if DEBUG cout << it->row << ' ' << it->col << " = " << score << endl; #endif if (score > bestScore) { bestMove = &*it; bestScore = score; } } if (!bestMove) return; cout << bestMove->row << ' ' << bestMove->col << endl; #if DEBUG board.do_move(*bestMove, 1); cout << board; #endif } int main() { Board board; cin >> board; #if DEBUG cout << "Starting board:" << endl; cout << board; #endif nextMove(board); return 0; } Giving this input: O X__ ___ ___ The algorithm chooses to place a piece at 0, 1, causing a guaranteed loss, do to this trap(nothing can be done to win or end in a draw): XO_ X__ ___ Perhaps it has something to do with the evaluation function? If so, how could I fix it?

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• improve Collision detection memory usage (blocks with bullets)

  - by Eddy

  i am making a action platform 2D game, something like Megaman. I am using XNA to make it. already made player phisics,collisions, bullets, enemies and AIs, map editor, scorolling X Y camera (about 75% of game is finished ). as i progressed i noticed that my game would be more interesting to play if bullets would be destroyed on collision with regular(stationary ) map blocks, only problem is that if i use my collision detection (each bullet with each block) sometimes it begins to lag(btw if my bullet exits the screen player can see it is removed from bullet list) So how to improve my collision detection so that memory usage would be so high? :) ( on a map 300x300 blocks for example don't think that bigger map should be made); int block = 0; int bulet= 0; bool destroy_bullet = false; while (bulet < bullets.Count) { while (block < blocks.Count) { if (bullets[bulet].P_Bul_rec.Intersects( blocks[block].rect)) {//bullets and block are Lists that holds objects of bullet and block classes //P_Bul_rec just bullet rectangle destroy_bullet = true; } block++; } if (destroy_bullet) { bullets.RemoveAt(bulet); destroy_bullet = false; } else { bulet++; } block = 0; }

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• Running multiple box2D world objects on a server

  - by CharbelAbdo

  I'm creating a multiplayer game using LibGdx (with Box2d) and Kryonet. Since this is the first time I work on multiplayer games, I read a bit about server - client implementations, and it turns out that the server should handle important tasks like collision detection, hits, characters dying etc... Based on some articles (like the excellent Gabriel Gambetta Fast paced multiplayer series), I also know that the client should work in parallel to avoid the lag while the server responds to commands. Physics wise, each game will have 2 players, and any projectiles fired. What I'm thinking of doing is the following: Create a physics world on the client When the game is signaled to start, I create the same physics world on the server (without any rendering obviously). Whenever the player issues a command (move or fire), I send the command to the server and immediately start processing it on the client. When the server receives the command, it applies it on the server's world (set velocity etc...) Each 100ms, the server sends the new state to the client which corrects what was calculated locally. Any critical action (hit, death, level up) is calculated only on the server and sent to the client. Essentially, I would have a Box2d World object running on the server for each game in progress, in sync with the worlds running on the clients. The alternative would be to do my own calculations on the server instead of relying on Box2D to do them for me, but I'm trying to avoid that. My question is: Is it wise to have, for example, 1000 instances of the World object running and executing steps on the server? Tomcat used around 750 MBytes of memory when trying it without any object added to the world. Anybody tried that before? If not, is there any alternative? Google did not help me, are there any guidelines to use when you want to have physics on both the client and the server? Thanks for any help.

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• Correct order of tasks in each frame for a Physics simulation

  - by Johny

  I'm playing a bit around with 2D physics. I created now some physic blocks which should collide with each other. This works fine "mostly" but sometimes one of the blocks does not react to a collision and i think that's because of my order of tasks done in each frame. At the moment it looks something like this: function GameFrame(){ foreach physicObject do AddVelocityToPosition(); DoCollisionStuff(); // Only for this object not to forget! AddGravitationToVelocity(); end RedrawScene(); } Is this the correct order of tasks in each frame?

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• Good 3D Game Engine for the Horror Genre [on hold]

  - by James Wassall

  I am starting to think about and design (pencil drawings) a simple, horror game. I'm in need of a good engine which supports features like Dynamic Lighting (for a characters flashlight) and dynamic shadows. My first choice was obviously Unity3D, as its free and is (supposedly) the easiest to use. However, I believe that a lot of features are locked for the Pro version (a $1500 investment). Is there any good, free engines that support dynamic events? I have read a lot of posts recommending the Source engine but I don't want to make a mod, I would like to make a fully featured standalone game. I'm not looking for opinions on "Which engine you prefer" or "Which engine do you use", all I would like is to be presented with the facts. -James

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• getting bone base and tip positions from a transform matrix?

  - by ddos

  I need this for a Blender3d script, but you don't really need to know Blender to answer this. I need to get bone head and tip positions from a transform matrix read from a file. The position of base is the location part of the matrix, length of the bone (distance from base to tip) is the scale, position of the tip is calculated from the scale (distance from bone base) and rotation part of the matrix. So how to calculate these? bone.base([x,y,z]) # x,y,z - floats bone.tip([x,y,z])

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• 3D terrain map with Hexagon Grids (XNA)

  - by Rob

  I'm working on a hobby project (I'm a web/backend developer by day) and I want to create a 3D Tile (terrain) engine. I'm using XNA, but I can use MonoGame, OpenGL, or straight DirectX, so the answer does not have to be XNA specific. I'm more looking for some high level advice on how to approach this problem. I know about creating height maps and such, there are thousands of references out there on the net for that, this is a bit more specific. I'm more concerned with is the approach to get a 3D hexagon tile grid out of my terrain (since the terrain, and all 3d objects, are basically triangles). The first approach I thought about is to basically draw the triangles on the screen in the following order (blue numbers) to give me the triangles for terrain (black triangles) and then make hexes out of the triangles (red hex). http://screencast.com/t/ebrH2g5V This approach seems complicated to me since i'm basically having to draw 4 different types of triangles. The next approach I thought of was to use the existing triangles like I did for a square grid and get my hexes from 6 triangles as follows http://screencast.com/t/w9b7qKzVJtb8 This seems like the easier approach to me since there are only 2 types of triangles (i would have to play with the heights and widths to get a "perfect" hexagon, but the idea is the same. So I'm looking for: 1) Any suggestions on which approach I should take, and why. 2) How would I translate mouse position to a hexagon grid position (especially when moving the camera around), for example in the second image if the mouse pointer were the green circle, how would I determine to highlight that hexagon and then translating that into grid coordinates (assuming it is 0,0)? 3) Any references, articles, books, etc - to get me going in the right direction. Note: I've done hex grid's and mouse-grid coordinate conversion before in 2d. looking for some pointers on how to do the same in 3d. The result I would like to achieve is something similar to the following: http :// www. youtube .com / watch?v=Ri92YkyC3fw (sorry about the youtube link, but it will only let me post 2 links in this post... same rep problem i mention below...) Thanks for any help! P.S. Sorry for not posting the images inline, I apparently don't have enough rep on this stack exchange site.

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• Breakout ball collision detection, bouncing against the walls

  - by Sri Harsha Chilakapati

  I'm currently trying to program a breakout game to distribute it as an example game for my own game engine. http://game-engine-for-java.googlecode.com/ But the problem here is that I can't get the bouncing condition working properly. Here's what I'm using. public void collision(GObject other){ if (other instanceof Bat || other instanceof Block){ bounce(); } else if (other instanceof Stone){ other.destroy(); bounce(); } //Breakout.HIT.play(); } And here's by bounce() method public void bounce(){ boolean left = false; boolean right = false; boolean up = false; boolean down = false; if (dx < 0) { left = true; } else if (dx > 0) { right = true; } if (dy < 0) { up = true; } else if (dy > 0) { down = true; } if (left && up) { dx = -dx; } if (left && down) { dy = -dy; } if (right && up) { dx = -dx; } if (right && down) { dy = -dy; } } The ball bounces the bat and blocks but when the block is on top of the ball, it won't bounce and moves upwards out of the game. What I'm missing? Is there anything to implement? Please help me.. Thanks

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• Impact of variable-length loops on GPU shaders

  - by Will

  Its popular to render procedural content inside the GPU e.g. in the demoscene (drawing a single quad to fill the screen and letting the GPU compute the pixels). Ray marching is popular: This means the GPU is executing some unknown number of loop iterations per pixel (although you can have an upper bound like maxIterations). How does having a variable-length loop affect shader performance? Imagine the simple ray-marching psuedocode: t = 0.f; while(t < maxDist) { p = rayStart + rayDir * t; d = DistanceFunc(p); t += d; if(d < epsilon) { ... emit p return; } } How are the various mainstream GPU families (Nvidia, ATI, PowerVR, Mali, Intel, etc) affected? Vertex shaders, but particularly fragment shaders? How can it be optimised?

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• Input Handling and Game loop

  - by Bob Coder

  So, I intercept the WM_KEYDOWN and other messages. Thing is, my game can't/shouldn't react to these messages just yet, since my game might be currently drawing to the screen or in the middle of updating my game entities. So the idea is to keep a keyboardstate and mousestate, which is updated by the part of my code that intercepts the windows messages. These states just keep track of which keys/buttons are currently pressed. Then, at the start of my game's update function, I access these keyboard and mouse states and my game reacts to the user input. Now, which is the best way to access these states? I assume that windows messages can be sent whenever, so the keyboard/mouse states are constantly being edited. Accessing say a list of currently pressed keys in the keyboard state the same time another part of the code is editing the list would cause problems. Should I make a deep copy of a state and act on that? How would I deal with the garbage generated though, this would take place every frame.

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• Which Open Source Licenses can address concerns for an Open Source Game Engine?

  - by Chris

  I am on a team that is looking to open source an engine we are building. It's intended as an engine for Online RPG style games. We're writing it to work on both desktops and android platforms. I've been over to the OSI http://opensource.org/licenses/category to check out the most common licenses. However, this will be my first time going into an open source project and I wanted to know if the community had some insight into which licenses might be best suited. Key licensing concerns: Removing or limiting our liability (most already seem to cover this, but stating for completeness). We want other developers to be able to take part or all of our project and use it in their own projects with proper accreditation to our project. Licensing should not hinder someone's ability to quickly use the engine. They should be able to download a release and start using it without needing to wait on licensing issues. Game content (gfx, sound, etc.) that is not part of the engine should be allowed to be licensed separately. If someone is using our engine, they can retain full copy right of their content, including engine generated data. Our primary goal is exposure, which is why we're going open source to start with. Both for the project and for the individuals developing it. Are there any licenses that can require accreditation visible to players? While I'd put our primary goal as exposure, for licensing the accreditation is less of a concern. From what I've read through (and have been able to understand) it doesn't seem like any of the licenses cover anything that is produced by the licensed software. Are there any that state this specifically, or does simply not mentioning it leave it open for other licensing? Are there any other concerns that we should consider? Has anyone had any issues using any of these licenses?

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• Game Object Factory: Fixing Memory Leaks

  - by Bunkai.Satori

  Dear all, this is going to be tough: I have created a game object factory that generates objects of my wish. However, I get memory leaks which I can not fix. Memory leaks are generated by return new Object(); in the bottom part of the code sample. static BaseObject * CreateObjectFunc() { return new Object(); } How and where to delete the pointers? I wrote bool ReleaseClassType(). Despite the factory works well, ReleaseClassType() does not fix memory leaks. bool ReleaseClassTypes() { unsigned int nRecordCount = vFactories.size(); for (unsigned int nLoop = 0; nLoop < nRecordCount; nLoop++ ) { // if the object exists in the container and is valid, then render it if( vFactories[nLoop] != NULL) delete vFactories[nLoop](); } return true; } Before taking a look at the code below, let me help you in that my CGameObjectFactory creates pointers to functions creating particular object type. The pointers are stored within vFactories vector container. I have chosen this way because I parse an object map file. I have object type IDs (integer values) which I need to translate them into real objects. Because I have over 100 different object data types, I wished to avoid continuously traversing very long Switch() statement. Therefore, to create an object, I call vFactoriesnEnumObjectTypeID via CGameObjectFactory::create() to call stored function that generates desired object. The position of the appropriate function in the vFactories is identical to the nObjectTypeID, so I can use indexing to access the function. So the question remains, how to proceed with garbage collection and avoid reported memory leaks? #ifndef GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS #define GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS //#include "MemoryManager.h" #include <vector> template <typename BaseObject> class CGameObjectFactory { public: // cleanup and release registered object data types bool ReleaseClassTypes() { unsigned int nRecordCount = vFactories.size(); for (unsigned int nLoop = 0; nLoop < nRecordCount; nLoop++ ) { // if the object exists in the container and is valid, then render it if( vFactories[nLoop] != NULL) delete vFactories[nLoop](); } return true; } // register new object data type template <typename Object> bool RegisterClassType(unsigned int nObjectIDParam ) { if(vFactories.size() < nObjectIDParam) vFactories.resize(nObjectIDParam); vFactories[nObjectIDParam] = &CreateObjectFunc<Object>; return true; } // create new object by calling the pointer to the appropriate type function BaseObject* create(unsigned int nObjectIDParam) const { return vFactories[nObjectIDParam](); } // resize the vector array containing pointers to function calls bool resize(unsigned int nSizeParam) { vFactories.resize(nSizeParam); return true; } private: //DECLARE_HEAP; template <typename Object> static BaseObject * CreateObjectFunc() { return new Object(); } typedef BaseObject*(*factory)(); std::vector<factory> vFactories; }; //DEFINE_HEAP_T(CGameObjectFactory, "Game Object Factory"); #endif // GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS

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• OpenGL profiling with AMD PerfStudio 2

  - by Aurus

  I'm rendering just a really small amount of polygons for my UI but however I still tried to increase the FPS. In the end I removed redundant calls which increased the FPS. I really don't want to lose FPS for nothing so I keep looking for more improvements. The first thing I noticed is the "huge" time where no calls are made before SwapBuffer (the black one). Well I know that OpenGL works asynchronous so SwapBuffer has to wait until everything is done. But shouldn't PerfStudio mark this time also as black ? Correct me If I am wrong. The second thing I noticed is that some glUniform2f calls just take longer (the brown ones). I mean they should all upload 2floats to the GPU how can the time be so different from call to call. The program isn't even changed or something like that. I also tried to look at other programs like gDebugger or CodeXL but they often crashed and they show less statistics (only # of calls or redundant calls etc.) EDIT: I also realized that the draw calls also have different durations, which was obvious for me but sometimes drawing more vertices is faster than drawing less vertices.

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• My frustum culling is culling from the wrong point

  - by Xbetas

  I'm having problems with my frustum being in the wrong origin. It follows the rotation of my camera but not the position. In my camera class I'm generating a view-matrix: void Camera::Update() { UpdateViewMatrix(); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //glLoadIdentity(); glLoadMatrixf(GetViewMatrix().m); } Then extracting the planes using the projection matrix and modelview matrix: void UpdateFrustum() { Matrix4x4 projection, model, clip; glGetFloatv(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, projection.m); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, model.m); clip = model * projection; m_Planes[RIGHT][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[RIGHT][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[RIGHT][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[RIGHT][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(RIGHT); m_Planes[LEFT][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[LEFT][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[LEFT][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[LEFT][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(LEFT); m_Planes[BOTTOM][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(BOTTOM); m_Planes[TOP][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[TOP][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[TOP][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[TOP][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(TOP); m_Planes[NEAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[NEAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[NEAR][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[10]; m_Planes[NEAR][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(NEAR); m_Planes[FAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[FAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[FAR][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[10]; m_Planes[FAR][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(FAR); } void NormalizePlane(int side) { float length = 1.0/(float)sqrt(m_Planes[side][0] * m_Planes[side][0] + m_Planes[side][1] * m_Planes[side][1] + m_Planes[side][2] * m_Planes[side][2]); m_Planes[side][0] /= length; m_Planes[side][1] /= length; m_Planes[side][2] /= length; m_Planes[side][3] /= length; } And check against it with: bool PointInFrustum(float x, float y, float z) { for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { if( m_Planes[i][0] * x + m_Planes[i][1] * y + m_Planes[i][2] * z + m_Planes[i][3] <= 0 ) return false; } return true; } Then i render using: camera->Update(); UpdateFrustum(); int numCulled = 0; for(int i = 0; i < (int)meshes.size(); i++) { if(!PointInFrustum(meshCenter.x, meshCenter.y, meshCenter.z)) { meshes[i]->SetDraw(false); numCulled++; } else meshes[i]->SetDraw(true); } What am i doing wrong?

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• Unrealscript splitting a string

  - by burntsugar

  Note, this is repost from stackoverflow - I have only just discovered this site :) I need to split a string in Unrealscript, in the same way that Java's split function works. For instance - return the string "foo" as an array of char. I have tried to use the SplitString function: array SplitString( string Source, optional string Delimiter=",", optional bool bCullEmpty ) Wrapper for splitting a string into an array of strings using a single expression. as found at http://udn.epicgames.com/Three/UnrealScriptFunctions.html but it returns the entire String. simulated function wordDraw() { local String inputString; inputString = "trolls"; local string whatwillitbe; local int b; local int x; local array<String> letterArray; letterArray = SplitString(inputString,, false); for (x = 0; x < letterArray.Length; x++) { whatwillitbe = letterArray[x]; `log('it will be '@whatwillitbe); b = letterarray.Length; `log('letterarray length is '@b); `log('letter number '@x); } } Output is: b returns: 1 whatwillitbe returns: trolls However I would like b to return 6 and whatwillitbe to return each character individually. I have had a few answers proposed, however, I would still like to properly understand how the SplitString function works. For instance, if the Delimiter parameter is optional, what does the function use as a delimiter by default?

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• Detecting collision between ball (circle) and brick(rectangle)?

  - by James Harrison

  Ok so this is for a small uni project. My lecturer provided me with a framework for a simple brickbreaker game. I am currently trying to overcome to problem of detecting a collision between the two game objects. One object is always the ball and the other objects can either be the bricks or the bat. public Collision hitBy( GameObject obj ) { //obj is the bat or the bricks //the current object is the ball // if ball hits top of object if(topX + width >= obj.topX && topX <= obj.topX + obj.width && topY + height >= obj.topY - 2 && topY + height <= obj.topY){ return Collision.HITY; } //if ball hits left hand side else if(topY + height >= obj.topY && topY <= obj.topY + obj.height && topX + width >= obj.topX -2 && topX + width <= obj.topX){ return Collision.HITX; } else return Collision.NO_HIT; } So far I have a method that is used to detect this collision. The the current obj is a ball and the obj passed into the method is the the bricks. At the moment I have only added statement to check for left and top collisions but do not want to continue as I have a few problems. The ball reacts perfectly if it hits the top of the bricks or bat but when it hits the ball often does not change directing. It seems that it is happening toward the top of the left hand edge but I cannot figure out why. I would like to know if there is another way of approaching this or if people know where I'm going wrong. Lastly the collision.HITX calls another method later on the changes the x direction likewise with y.

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• Why doesn't my cube hold a position?

  - by Christian Frantz

  I gave up a previous method of creating cubes so I went with a list to hold my cube objects. The list is being populated from an array like so: #region MAP float[,] map = { {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0} }; #endregion MAP for (int x = 0; x < mapWidth; x++) { for (int z = 0; z < mapHeight; z++) { cubes.Add(new Cube(device, new Vector3(x, map[x,z], z), Color.Green)); } } The cube follows all the parameters of what I had before. This is just easier to deal with. But when I debug, every cube has a position of (0, 0, 0) and there's just one black cube in the middle of my screen. What could I be doing wrong here? public Vector3 cubePosition { get; set; } public Cube(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, Vector3 Position, Color color) { device = graphicsDevice; color = Color.Green; Position = cubePosition; SetUpIndices(); SetUpVerticesArray(); } That's the cube constructor. All variables are being passed correctly I think

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• How can I determine if a cube is adjacent to another cube, and optimize its buffers if so?

  - by Christian Frantz

  I'm trying to optimize the rendering of a collection of cubes, (based on an answer I was given to another question I asked). I understand the logic behind occlusion culling, but I'm having trouble with the code. When I create a cube, I want to determine if that cube is touching another existing cube, and if so I don't want to generate the redundant data in my vertex or index buffers. I'm planning on making a method that I call from my cube constructor so that everytime I create a cube, these checks are made, and neither occluded face is ever drawn. How would I go about this?

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• How do I increase moving speed of body?

  - by Siddharth

  How to move ball speedily on the screen using box2d in libGDX? package com.badlogic.box2ddemo; import com.badlogic.gdx.ApplicationListener; import com.badlogic.gdx.Gdx; import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.GL10; import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Texture; import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.Sprite; import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.SpriteBatch; import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.TextureRegion; import com.badlogic.gdx.math.Matrix4; import com.badlogic.gdx.math.Vector2; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.Body; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.BodyDef; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.BodyDef.BodyType; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.Box2DDebugRenderer; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.CircleShape; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.Fixture; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.FixtureDef; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.PolygonShape; import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.World; public class Box2DDemo implements ApplicationListener { private SpriteBatch batch; private TextureRegion texture; private World world; private Body groundDownBody, groundUpBody, groundLeftBody, groundRightBody, ballBody; private BodyDef groundBodyDef1, groundBodyDef2, groundBodyDef3, groundBodyDef4, ballBodyDef; private PolygonShape groundDownPoly, groundUpPoly, groundLeftPoly, groundRightPoly; private CircleShape ballPoly; private Sprite sprite; private FixtureDef fixtureDef; private Vector2 ballPosition; private Box2DDebugRenderer renderer; Vector2 vector2; @Override public void create() { texture = new TextureRegion(new Texture( Gdx.files.internal("img/red_ring.png"))); sprite = new Sprite(texture); sprite.setOrigin(sprite.getWidth() / 2, sprite.getHeight() / 2); batch = new SpriteBatch(); world = new World(new Vector2(0.0f, 0.0f), false); groundBodyDef1 = new BodyDef(); groundBodyDef1.type = BodyType.StaticBody; groundBodyDef1.position.x = 0.0f; groundBodyDef1.position.y = 0.0f; groundDownBody = world.createBody(groundBodyDef1); groundBodyDef2 = new BodyDef(); groundBodyDef2.type = BodyType.StaticBody; groundBodyDef2.position.x = 0f; groundBodyDef2.position.y = Gdx.graphics.getHeight(); groundUpBody = world.createBody(groundBodyDef2); groundBodyDef3 = new BodyDef(); groundBodyDef3.type = BodyType.StaticBody; groundBodyDef3.position.x = 0f; groundBodyDef3.position.y = 0f; groundLeftBody = world.createBody(groundBodyDef3); groundBodyDef4 = new BodyDef(); groundBodyDef4.type = BodyType.StaticBody; groundBodyDef4.position.x = Gdx.graphics.getWidth(); groundBodyDef4.position.y = 0f; groundRightBody = world.createBody(groundBodyDef4); groundDownPoly = new PolygonShape(); groundDownPoly.setAsBox(480.0f, 10f); fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.density = 0f; fixtureDef.restitution = 1f; fixtureDef.friction = 0f; fixtureDef.shape = groundDownPoly; fixtureDef.filter.groupIndex = 0; groundDownBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); groundUpPoly = new PolygonShape(); groundUpPoly.setAsBox(480.0f, 10f); fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.friction = 0f; fixtureDef.restitution = 0f; fixtureDef.density = 0f; fixtureDef.shape = groundUpPoly; fixtureDef.filter.groupIndex = 0; groundUpBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); groundLeftPoly = new PolygonShape(); groundLeftPoly.setAsBox(10f, 320f); fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.friction = 0f; fixtureDef.restitution = 0f; fixtureDef.density = 0f; fixtureDef.shape = groundLeftPoly; fixtureDef.filter.groupIndex = 0; groundLeftBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); groundRightPoly = new PolygonShape(); groundRightPoly.setAsBox(10f, 320f); fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.friction = 0f; fixtureDef.restitution = 0f; fixtureDef.density = 0f; fixtureDef.shape = groundRightPoly; fixtureDef.filter.groupIndex = 0; groundRightBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); ballPoly = new CircleShape(); ballPoly.setRadius(16f); fixtureDef = new FixtureDef(); fixtureDef.shape = ballPoly; fixtureDef.density = 1f; fixtureDef.friction = 1f; fixtureDef.restitution = 1f; ballBodyDef = new BodyDef(); ballBodyDef.type = BodyType.DynamicBody; ballBodyDef.position.x = (int) 200; ballBodyDef.position.y = (int) 200; ballBody = world.createBody(ballBodyDef); ballBody.setLinearVelocity(200f, 200f); // ballBody.applyLinearImpulse(new Vector2(250f, 250f), // ballBody.getLocalCenter()); ballBody.createFixture(fixtureDef); renderer = new Box2DDebugRenderer(true, false, false); } @Override public void dispose() { ballPoly.dispose(); groundLeftPoly.dispose(); groundUpPoly.dispose(); groundDownPoly.dispose(); groundRightPoly.dispose(); world.destroyBody(ballBody); world.dispose(); } @Override public void pause() { } @Override public void render() { world.step(1f/30f, 3, 3); Gdx.gl.glClearColor(1f, 1f, 1f, 1f); Gdx.gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); batch.begin(); vector2 = ballBody.getLinearVelocity(); System.out.println("X=" + vector2.x + " Y=" + vector2.y); ballPosition = ballBody.getPosition(); renderer.render(world,batch.getProjectionMatrix()); // int preX = (int) (vector2.x / Math.abs(vector2.x)); // int preY = (int) (vector2.y / Math.abs(vector2.y)); // // if (Math.abs(vector2.x) == 0.0f) // ballBody1.setLinearVelocity(1.4142137f, vector2.y); // else if (Math.abs(vector2.x) < 1.4142137f) // ballBody1.setLinearVelocity(preX * 5, vector2.y); // // if (Math.abs(vector2.y) == 0.0f) // ballBody1.setLinearVelocity(vector2.x, 1.4142137f); // else if (Math.abs(vector2.y) < 1.4142137f) // ballBody1.setLinearVelocity(vector2.x, preY * 5); batch.draw(sprite, (ballPosition.x - (texture.getRegionWidth() / 2)), (ballPosition.y - (texture.getRegionHeight() / 2))); batch.end(); } @Override public void resize(int arg0, int arg1) { } @Override public void resume() { } } I implement above code but I can not achieve higher moving speed of the ball

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• Logic that can traverse all possible layouts, but not checking every combination of identical pieces?

  - by George Bailey

  Suppose we have a grid of arbitrary size, which is filled by blocks of various widths and heights. There are many 2x2 blocks (meaning they take a total of 4 cells in the grid) and many 3x3 blocks, as well as some 5x4, 4x5, 2x3, etc. I was hoping I could set up a program that would look at all possible layouts, and rank them, and find the best one. Simply it would look at all possible positions of these blocks, and see what setup is the best rank. (the rank based on how many of these can be connected by a roadway system of 1x1 road blocks, and how many squares can be left empty after this is done. - wanting to fit the most blocks as possible with the least roads.) My question, is how should I traverse all the possibilities? I could take all the blocks and try them one at a time, but since all 2x2 blocks are equal, and there are a couple dozen of them, there is no point in trying every combination there, as in the following AA BBB AA BBB CCBBB CCEEE DD EEE DD EEE is exactly the same as CC EEE CC EEE AAEEE AABBB DD BBB DD BBB You notice that there are 2 3x3 blocks and 3 2x2 blocks in my two examples. Based on the model I have now, the computer would try both of these combinations, as well as many others. The problem is that it is going to try every single possible variation of my couple dozen 2x2 blocks. And that is sorely inefficient. Is there a reasonable way to take out this duplicated work, somehow getting the computer program to treat all 2x2 blocks as equal/identical, instead of one requiring rearranging/swapping of these identical blocks? Can this be done?

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• Is there a way to export all the images of my tweening effect in Flash?

  - by Paul

  i'm using Flash to create the animation of my character in 2D (i'm just beginning). Is it possible to make a tween effect of a character, and then automatically export all the images/frames? So far, it's a bit fastidious : i create my tweening effect, then i put a keyframe for each frame i want to copy and paste, then i select the movieclips and shapes and copy and paste them into another flash document, i position those clips at the exact same location as the previous image, then i erase the previous image and export the image... For 30 frames! Is there any faster way? Thanks

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• Collision Error

  - by Manji

  I am having trouble with collision detection part of the game. I am using touch events to fire the gun as you will see in the video. Note, the android icon is a temporary graphic for the bullets When ever the user touches (represented by clicks in the video)the bullet appears and kills random sprites. As you can see it never touches the sprites it kills or kill the sprites it does touch. My Question is How do I fix it, so that the sprite dies when the bullet hits it? Collision Code snippet: //Handles Collision private void CheckCollisions(){ synchronized(mSurfaceHolder){ for (int i = sprites.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--){ Sprite sprite = sprites.get(i); if(sprite.isCollision(bullet)){ sprites.remove(sprite); mScore++; if(sprites.size() == 0){ mLevel = mLevel +1; currentLevel++; initLevel(); } break; } } } } Sprite Class Code Snippet: //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public boolean isCollision(Beam other) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if(this.left>other.right || other.left<other.right)return false; if(this.bottom>other.top || other.bottom<other.top)return false; return true; } EDIT 1: Sprite Class: public class Sprite { // direction = 0 up, 1 left, 2 down, 3 right, // animation = 3 back, 1 left, 0 front, 2 right int[] DIRECTION_TO_ANIMATION_MAP = { 3, 1, 0, 2 }; private static final int BMP_ROWS = 4; private static final int BMP_COLUMNS = 3; private static final int MAX_SPEED = 5; private HitmanView gameView; private Bitmap bmp; private int x; private int y; private int xSpeed; private int ySpeed; private int currentFrame = 0; private int width; private int height; //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public Sprite(HitmanView gameView, Bitmap bmp) { this.width = bmp.getWidth() / BMP_COLUMNS; this.height = bmp.getHeight() / BMP_ROWS; this.gameView = gameView; this.bmp = bmp; Random rnd = new Random(); x = rnd.nextInt(gameView.getWidth() - width); y = rnd.nextInt(gameView.getHeight() - height); xSpeed = rnd.nextInt(MAX_SPEED * 2) - MAX_SPEED; ySpeed = rnd.nextInt(MAX_SPEED * 2) - MAX_SPEED; } private void update() { if (x >= gameView.getWidth() - width - xSpeed || x + xSpeed <= 0) { xSpeed = -xSpeed; } x = x + xSpeed; if (y >= gameView.getHeight() - height - ySpeed || y + ySpeed <= 0) { ySpeed = -ySpeed; } y = y + ySpeed; currentFrame = ++currentFrame % BMP_COLUMNS; } public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) { update(); int srcX = currentFrame * width; int srcY = getAnimationRow() * height; Rect src = new Rect(srcX, srcY, srcX + width, srcY + height); Rect dst = new Rect(x, y, x + width, y + height); canvas.drawBitmap(bmp, src, dst, null); } private int getAnimationRow() { double dirDouble = (Math.atan2(xSpeed, ySpeed) / (Math.PI / 2) + 2); int direction = (int) Math.round(dirDouble) % BMP_ROWS; return DIRECTION_TO_ANIMATION_MAP[direction]; } public boolean isCollision(float x2, float y2){ return x2 > x && x2 < x + width && y2 > y && y2 < y + height; } public boolean isCollision(Beam other) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if(this.left>other.right || other.left<other.right)return false; if(this.bottom>other.top || other.bottom<other.top)return false; return true; } } Bullet Class: public class Bullet { int mX; int mY; private Bitmap mBitmap; //bounding box left<right and top>bottom int left ; int right ; int top ; int bottom ; public Bullet (Bitmap mBitmap){ this.mBitmap = mBitmap; } public void draw(Canvas canvas, int mX, int mY) { this.mX = mX; this.mY = mY; canvas.drawBitmap(mBitmap, mX, mY, null); } }

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• glGetActiveAttrib on Android NDK

  - by user408952

  In my code-base I need to link the vertex declarations from a mesh to the attributes of a shader. To do this I retrieve all the attribute names after linking the shader. I use the following code (with some added debug info since it's not really working): int shaders[] = { m_ps, m_vs }; if(linkProgram(shaders, 2)) { ASSERT(glIsProgram(m_program) == GL_TRUE, "program is invalid"); int attrCount = 0; GL_CHECKED(glGetProgramiv(m_program, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, &attrCount)); int maxAttrLength = 0; GL_CHECKED(glGetProgramiv(m_program, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH, &maxAttrLength)); LOG_INFO("shader", "got %d attributes for '%s' (%d) (maxlen: %d)", attrCount, name, m_program, maxAttrLength); m_attrs.reserve(attrCount); GLsizei attrLength = -1; GLint attrSize = -1; GLenum attrType = 0; char tmp[256]; for(int i = 0; i < attrCount; i++) { tmp[0] = 0; GL_CHECKED(glGetActiveAttrib(m_program, GLuint(i), sizeof(tmp), &attrLength, &attrSize, &attrType, tmp)); LOG_INFO("shader", "%d: %d %d '%s'", i, attrLength, attrSize, tmp); m_attrs.append(String(tmp, attrLength)); } } GL_CHECKED is a macro that calls the function and calls glGetError() to see if something went wrong. This code works perfectly on Windows 7 using ANGLE and gives this this output: info:shader: got 2 attributes for 'static/simplecolor.glsl' (3) (maxlen: 11) info:shader: 0: 7 1 'a_Color' info:shader: 1: 10 1 'a_Position' But on my Nexus 7 (1st gen) I get the following (the errors are the output from the GL_CHECKED macro): I/testgame:shader(30865): got 2 attributes for 'static/simplecolor.glsl' (3) (maxlen: 11) E/testgame:gl(30865): 'glGetActiveAttrib(m_program, GLuint(i), sizeof(tmp), &attrLength, &attrSize, &attrType, tmp)' failed: INVALID_VALUE [jni/src/../../../../src/Game/Asset/ShaderAsset.cpp:50] I/testgame:shader(30865): 0: -1 -1 '' E/testgame:gl(30865): 'glGetActiveAttrib(m_program, GLuint(i), sizeof(tmp), &attrLength, &attrSize, &attrType, tmp)' failed: INVALID_VALUE [jni/src/../../../../src/Game/Asset/ShaderAsset.cpp:50] I/testgame:shader(30865): 1: -1 -1 '' I.e. the call to glGetActiveAttrib gives me an INVALID_VALUE. The opengl docs says this about the possible errors: GL_INVALID_VALUE is generated if program is not a value generated by OpenGL. This is not the case, I added an ASSERT to make sure glIsProgram(m_program) == GL_TRUE, and it doesn't trigger. GL_INVALID_OPERATION is generated if program is not a program object. Different error. GL_INVALID_VALUE is generated if index is greater than or equal to the number of active attribute variables in program. i is 0 and 1, and the number of active attribute variables are 2, so this isn't the case. GL_INVALID_VALUE is generated if bufSize is less than 0. Well, it's not zero, it's 256. Does anyone have an idea what's causing this? Am I just lucky that it works in ANGLE, or is the nvidia tegra driver wrong?

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