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• How to Grab MAC Address of Active Ethernet Connection in Bash Script?

  - by Huy Tran

  Simple Question: How do I grab the MAC address of the active Ethernet connection in a bash script? I currently have: set - `/sbin/ifconfig eth0 | head -1` MAC=$5 Which outputs the MAC address of the eth0, but if it's eth1 that's active, I want that instead. Could I beforehand execute ifconfig | grep inet but that wouldn't tell me which interface is active, just that one is active. I need to grab the line above it to tell me which one is the active connection. Any help would be much appreciated. Thank you!

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• Bash: any command to replace strings in text files?

  - by mikez302

  I have a hierarchy of directories containing many text files. I would like to search for a particular text string every time it comes up in one of the files, and replace it with another string. For example, I may want to replace every occurrence of the string "Coke" with "Pepsi". Does anyone know how to do this? I am wondering if there is some sort of Bash command that can do this without having to load all these files in an editor, or come up with a more complex script to do it. I found this page explaining a trick using sed, but it doesn't seem to work in files in subdirectories.

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• Save user names on .txt file witch username is listed in /etc/passwd file. Bash

  - by user1448637

  well my goal is to make bash script to check if the username exist in /etc/passwd, if true i want to add it to the users.txt file. i am not really good at UNIX programming so i hope somebody help me. while(get to the end of /etc/passwd){ name=$(cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1); num1=$(cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f3); num2=$(cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f4); if(num1==num2) /*i compare argv[0] with $name */ /* if true i=1 */ } if(i==1) save folowing string "argv[0]=agrv[1]" else "error message"

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• Any tips on switching from bash to zsh if often using shell inside of emacs?

  - by justingordon

  Related to this question: Advantages and disadvantages between zsh and emacs' (e)shell, I've read some great things about zsh, when using M-x shell, my familiar emacs shell seemed like it would need some customizations. I also use evil-mode in shell mode, so that means I use vi keystrokes for shell editing. Took a little while to get accustomed to this, but I really like it. Any advice or tips on going from bash to zsh if one uses emacs? Or better off adding the file completion mentioned in this question: Worth switching to zsh for casual use?.

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• What is the best, python or bash for selectively concatenating lots of files?

  - by Werner

  Hi, I have around 20000 files coming from the output of some program, and their names follow the format: data1.txt data2.txt ... data99.txt data100.txt ... data999.txt data1000.txt ... data20000.txt I would like to write a script that gets as input argument the number N. Then it makes blocks of N concatenated files, so if N=5, it would make the following new files: data_new_1.txt: it would contain (concatenated) data1.txt to data5.txt (like cat data1.txt data2.txt ... data_new_1.txt ) data_new_2.txt: it would contain (concatenated) data6.txt to data10.txt ..... I wonder what do you think would be the best approach to do this, whether bash, python or another one like awk, perl, etc. The best approach I mean in terms of simplest code. Thanks

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• Upon USB insert, record unique identifer sting, format drive to FAT32 and copy a file. Bash or Pytho

  - by samsixty

  Hello, This is what I want to do, insert USB flash drive. mount it. record uniquie identifer string to a file. format the drive to FAT32. copy a text file to the drive. unmount it. remove the drive. 30 times The situation is this, I have bought 30 usb drives. I need to format each one to ensure they are clean, I need the unique string from each device. I need to put the same txt file on each one. I am not great at writing scripts but can read and follow bash and python. Any pointers would be appreciated.

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• June 23, 1983: First Successful Test of the Domain Name System [Geek History]

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  Nearly 30 years ago the first Domain Name System (DNS) was tested and it changed the way we interacted with the internet. Nearly impossible to remember number addresses became easy to remember names. Without DNS you’d be browsing a web where numbered addresses pointed to numbered addresses. Google, for example, would look like http://209.85.148.105/ in your browser window. That’s assuming, of course, that a numbers-based web every gained enough traction to be popular enough to spawn a search giant like Google. How did this shift occur and what did we have before DNS? From Wikipedia: The practice of using a name as a simpler, more memorable abstraction of a host’s numerical address on a network dates back to the ARPANET era. Before the DNS was invented in 1983, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from a computer at SRI. The HOSTS.TXT file mapped names to numerical addresses. A hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems by default and generally contains a mapping of the IP address 127.0.0.1 to “localhost”. Many operating systems use name resolution logic that allows the administrator to configure selection priorities for available name resolution methods. The rapid growth of the network made a centrally maintained, hand-crafted HOSTS.TXT file unsustainable; it became necessary to implement a more scalable system capable of automatically disseminating the requisite information. At the request of Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris invented the Domain Name System in 1983 and wrote the first implementation. The original specifications were published by the Internet Engineering Task Force in RFC 882 and RFC 883, which were superseded in November 1987 by RFC 1034 and RFC 1035.Several additional Request for Comments have proposed various extensions to the core DNS protocols. Over the years it has been refined but the core of the system is essentially the same. When you type “google.com” into your web browser a DNS server is used to resolve that host name to the IP address of 209.85.148.105–making the web human-friendly in the process. Domain Name System History [Wikipedia via Wired] What is a Histogram, and How Can I Use it to Improve My Photos?How To Easily Access Your Home Network From Anywhere With DDNSHow To Recover After Your Email Password Is Compromised

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• What is the best way to include other scripts?

  - by Aaron H.

  The way you would normally include a script in bash is source. For example: main #!/bin/bash source incl.bash echo "The main script" incl.bash echo "The included script" The output of executing ./main: The included script The main script Now, if you attempt to execute that shell script from another location, it can't find the include unless it's in your PATH. What's a good way to ensure that your script can find the included script, especially if for instance, the script needs to be portable?

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• Help with a simple incremental backup script

  - by Evan

  I'd like to run the following incomplete script weekly in as a cron job to backup my home directory to an external drive mounted as /mnt/backups #!/bin/bash # TIMEDATE=$(date +%b-%d-%Y-%k:%M) LASTBACKUP=pathToDirWithLastBackup rsync -avr --numeric-ids --link-dest=$LASTBACKUP /home/myfiles /mnt/backups/myfiles$TIMEDATE My first question is how do I correctly set LASTBACKUP to the the the directory in /backs most recently created? Secondly, I'm under the impression that using --link-desk will mean that files in previous backups will not will not copied in later backups if they still exist but will rather symbolically link back to the originally copied files? However, I don't want to retain old files forever. What would be the best way to remove all the backups before a certain date without losing files that may think linked in those backups by currents backups? Basically I'm looking to merge all the files before a certain date to a certain date if that makes more sense than the way I initially framed the question :). Can --link-dest create hard links, and if so, just deleting previous directories wouldn't actually remove linked file? Finally I'd like to add a line to my script that compresses each newly created backup folder (/mnt/backups/myfiles$TIMEDATE). Based on reading this question, I was wondering if I could just use this line gzip --rsyncable /backups/myfiles$TIMEDATE after I run rsync so that sequential rsync --link-dest executions would find already copied and compressed files? I know that's a lot, so many thanks in advance for your help!!

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• Difference between sh file.sh and file.sh

  - by RAS

  I have two questions : What is the difference between executing sh filename.sh and filename.sh? How can I make both of them giving me the same output ? I'm asking this question as right now I'm facing a problem. I'm trying to run a Java + SWT application from terminal. When I do filename.sh, it gives me the desired output. But when I do sh filename.sh or bash filename.sh, it throws me an error : Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: MainForm/java Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: MainForm.java at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:202) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:190) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:306) at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:301) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:247) Could not find the main class: MainForm.java. Program will exit. I know this question is already asked here but I'm still not clear about it. I have gone through the following links : What is the difference between ./ and sh to run a script? Can scripts run even when they are not set as executable? Can anyone help me with this?

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• Crontab -e gives me error messages

  - by DNA

  I get a bunch of error messages when I run crontab -e Here are the error messages. And here is my crontab file under `/usr/bin/': # /etc/crontab: system-wide crontab # Unlike any other crontab you don't have to run the `crontab' # command to install the new version when you edit this file # and files in /etc/cron.d. These files also have username fields, # that none of the other crontabs do. SHELL=/bin/sh PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin # m h dom mon dow user command 17 * * * * root cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly 25 6 * * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily ) 47 6 * * 7 root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly ) 52 6 1 * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly ) 30 * * * * root rsync /home/dnaneet/Downloads/*.pdf /home/dnaneet/Downloads/pdfs/ # I notice that the last task ('rsync') NEVER RUNS! Why is this happening? What did I do wrong? Running Ubuntu 11.10/Bash. I have read this... Am I missing a shebang? And I don't know if my anacron jobs run. Edit 1 In light of Masi's comment, I commented out lines 17 thru 25 of my crontab file with #. Now when I run sudo crontab -e, all I get is: /usr/bin/crontab: 11: 17: not found /usr/bin/crontab: 12: 25: not found (gedit:4301): Gtk-WARNING **: Attempting to store changes into `/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel', but failed: Failed to create file '/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel.GOHVBW': No such file or directory (gedit:4301): Gtk-WARNING **: Attempting to set the permissions of `/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel', but failed: No such file or directory What in the world?

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• Removing specific part of filename (what's after the second dash) for all files in a folder

  - by Bodo

  I use the command line utility youtube-dl to download videos from YouTube and make mp3s from them with avconv. I'm doing this under Ubuntu 14.04 and very happy with it. The utility downloads the files and saves them with the following name scheme: TITLE(artist-track)-ID.mp3 So an actual filename looks like: EPIC RAP BATTLE of MANLINESS-_EzDRpkfaO4.mp3 Some other file names in the folder look like: EPIC RAP BATTLE of MANLINESS-_EzDRpkfaO4.mp3 Martin Garrix - Animals (Official Video)-gCYcHz2k5x0.mp3 Stromae - Papaoutai-oiKj0Z_Xnjc.mp3 At first, this was no problem. It didn't bother me while listening to my music in Rhytmbox. But when moving to phone or other devices it is pretty confusing to see a so long name, and some players, like the Samsung ones, treat that last part (id after second dash) of the name as Album or something. I'd like to create a bash script that removes what's after the second dash in the name for all files, so it'll make them like this: From: Martin Garrix - Animals (Official Video)-gCYcHz2k5x0.mp3 To: Martin Garrix - Animals (Official Video).mp3 Is it also possible to instruct youtube-dl to exclude the ID from now on? I am currently downloading with the command: youtube-dl --extract-audio --audio-quality 0 --audio-format mp3 URL

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• Help with "advanced" shell scripting | how to create an image preview of a pdf

  - by lucapozzobon

  First of all, sorry for my english: i'm not british/american. Here is my problem. I've got a folder named pdf with lots of files pdf inside it. I've got another folder named thumbnail, which is empty. I want to create jpg images preview of each pdf to use them in my HTML webpages as previews of the pdf. To do this I'm using a software called IMAGEMAGICK. I tried to put the code inside my PHP files to get the purpose, but it doesn't work. As you understood, I have created a small search engine with apache, mysql to search for pdf locally (offline). Now I want to add a "preview" of the first page of pdfs. Instead, it works by bash command line and the code is: convert pdf/name_of_the_file_pdf.pdf[0] name_of_the_imagefile.jpg (The zero stands for that the image is taken from the FIRST page of pdf) How can i make a script that takes each name of pdf files and put it into that code???? To list all the file, I did ls >pdf but with the little knowledge I have I can't go further.... Some pdf's names contain spaces....Is that a problem? PDF files are so many that i can't do the task typing every name,it wouldn't be a nice and clever work!!!! Thanks a lot in advance!!!

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• Transmission shutdown script for multiple torrents?

  - by Khurshid Alam

  I have written a shutdown script for transmission. Transmission calls the script after a torrent download finishes. The script runs perfectly on my machine (Ubuntu 11.04 & 12.04). #!/bin/bash sleep 300s # default display on current host DISPLAY=:0.0 # find out if monitor is on. Default timeout can be configured from screensaver/Power configuration. STATUS=`xset -display $DISPLAY -q | grep 'Monitor'` echo $STATUS if [ "$STATUS" == " Monitor is On" ] ### Then check if its still downloading a torrent. Couldn't figure out how.(May be) by monitoring network downstream activity? then notify-send "Downloads Complete" "Exiting transmisssion now" pkill transmission else notify-send "Downloads Complete" "Shutting Down Computer" dbus-send --session --type=method_call --print-reply --dest=org.gnome.SessionManager /org/gnome/SessionManager org.gnome.SessionManager.RequestShutdown fi exit 0 The problem is that when I'm downloading more than one file, when the first one finishes, transmission executes the script. I would like to do that but after all downloads are completed. I want to put a 2nd check ( right after monitor check) if it is still downloading another torrent. Is there any way to do this?

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• Why does printf report an error on all but three (ASCII-range) Unicode Codepoints, yet is fine with all others?

  - by fred.bear

  The 'printf' I refer to is the standard-issue "program" (not the built-in): /usr/bin/printf I was testing printf out as a viable method of convert a Unicode Codepoint Hex-literal into its Unicoder character representation, I was looking good, and seemed flawless..(btw. the built-in printf can't do this at all (I think)... I then thought to test it at the lower extreme end of the code-spectrum, and it failed with an avalanche of errors.. All in the ASCII range (= 7 bits) The strangest thing was that 3 value printed normally; they are: $ \u0024 @ \u0040 ` \u0060 I'd like to know what is going on here. The ASCII character-set is most definitely part of the Unicode Code-point sequence.... I am puzzled, and still without a good way to bash script this particular converion.. Suggestions are welcome. To be entertained by that same avalanche of errors, paste the following code into a terminal... # Here is one of the error messages # /usr/bin/printf: invalid universal character name \u0041 # ...for them all, run the following script ( for nib1 in {0..9} {A..F}; do for nib0 in {0..9} {A..F}; do [[ $nib1 < A ]] && nl="\n" || nl=" " $(type -P printf) "\u00$nib1$nib0$nl" done done echo )

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• How can I activate a Panel-icon via a script (or get its screen co-ordinates; to click it)?

  - by fred.bear

  This question is in the context of Lucid 10.04 desktop (ie. no Unity). I do most screen navigation via the keyboard (not the mouse), so I'm looking for a script solution to re-activating an app which has been "minimized" to the Panel's Notification Area. I'll use Skype as an example. wmctrl allows me enough access to normally-minimized windows, but when Skype is "minimized" to the Notification Area, it simply goes "off the radar" as far as wmctrl is concerned. Bearing in mind that icon positions in the Notification Area can vary, is there some way to determine the screen co-ordinates of Skype's Panel icon, so I can "click" it using xdotool (or a similar utility)? ...or maybe there is a more direct way to activate the "dormant" Skype? ... (and I don't mean the mouse ;) Here is the script, so far. Hopefully it will make clear what I'm trying to do: #!/bin/bash procname="skype-wrapper" windmask="Skype™" if [[ $(pgrep -x -n -c "$procname") == 1 ]] ; then wintitle="$(wmctrl -l |grep "$windmask" |head -n 1 |sed -n "s/^.\+${HOSTNAME} \(.*\)/\1/p")" if [ "$wintitle" = "" ] ; then echo "Click on Skype's Panel-icon to show the main window" ############################################################### # How can I find the screen co-ordinates of Skype's Panel Icon ############################################################### else # Skype is running, and has (at least) one visible window which matches $windmask. Activate it. wmctrl -a "$wintitle" fi else # The process is not currently running. Start it. ("$procname" &) fi

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• How to sort the file names in bash in this circumstance?

  - by Nicolas

  I have run a program to generate some results with the different parameters(i.e. the R, C and RP). These results are saved in files named results.txt. Then, I should parse these experimental results to make an analysis. In the params_R_7_C_16_RP_0, the 7 is the value of the parameter R, the 16 is the value of the parameter C and the 0 is the value of the parameter RP. Now, I want to get these results.txt files in the current directory to parse, and sort the path with the parameter values of R,C and RP. I first use the following command to get the results.txt files that I want to parse: find ./ -name "results.txt" and the output is: ./params_R_11_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_11_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_11_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_15_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_9_RP_0/results.txt and I change the command as follows: find ./ -name "results.txt" | sort and the output is: ./params_R_11_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_11_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_11_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_11_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_9_RP_0/results.txt But I want it output as following: ./params_R_5_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_5_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_7_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_4_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_9_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_16_RP_0/results.txt ./params_R_9_C_25_RP_0/results.txt ... I should let it params_R_005_C_004_RP_0 when generating the results. But it would take much time to rerun the program to get the results. So I wonder if there is any way to use the bash command to achieve this objective.

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• bash and flock (file lock) - Doesn't seem to be locking....

  - by Rory

  I am playing with using flock, a bash command for file locks to prevent 2 different instances of the code from running more than once. I am using this testing code: ( ( flock -x 200 ; sleep 10 ; echo "original finished" ; ) 200>./test.lock ) & ( sleep 2 ; ( flock -x -w 2 200 ; echo "a finished" ) 200>./test.lock ) & I am running 2 subshells (backgrounded). The (flock NUM; ...) NUM>FILE syntax is from flock's man page. I expect that the first subshell will get an exclusive lock on test.lock, then wait 10 seconds, then print "original finished", all the time holding the lock. The second subshell will start at more or less the same time, wait 2 seconds, then try to get a lock on test.lock, but timeout after 2 seconds. If it gets a lock, then it'll print "a finished". If it doesn't get the lock, that subshell should stop, and nothing should be printed. Since the first subshell is waiting longer, it will keep the lock for 10 seconds, so the second subshell should not get the lock, and shouldn't finish. i.e. one should see "original finished" printed and not both. What actually happens is that "a finished" is printed, then "original finished" is printed. This implies that that the second subshell is either (a) not using the same lock as the first subhsell or (b) that it fails to get the lock, but continues to execute or (c) something else. Why don't those locks work?

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• [Ubuntu] Can't change permission for bash.bashrc file

  - by user20285

  I tried following the example from here (http://catcode.com/teachmod/chmod_cmd2.html): Open up publicity.html for reading and writing by anyone. Before: -rw-r--r-- publicity.html Command: chmod og=rw publicity.html After: -rw-rw-rw- publicity.html Here's my terminal session: username@ubuntu:/etc$ -rw-r--r-- bash.bashrc -rw-r--r--: command not found username@ubuntu:/etc$ chmod og=rw bash.bashrc chmod: changing permissions of `bash.bashrc': Operation not permitted username@ubuntu:/etc$ -rw-rw-rw- bash.bashrc -rw-rw-rw-: command not found

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• ZSH - output whole history?

  - by GorillaSandwich

  I recently switched from bash to zsh. In bash one way (besides recursive search) that I used to find previously-run commands was history | grep whatever, where whatever is the bit of command I remember. In zsh, this isn't working. history returns only a few items, even though my .zsh_history file contains many entries, which I have configured it to do. How can I output my whole history, suitable for searching with grep? (Note: I started out using ryanb's dotfiles, so perhaps it's a problem with his default settings?)

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• Contacts and chat history of skype was lost.

  - by oommu

  First, my skype didn't have sound effects so I uninstalled it then I reinstall the skype. The sound effect still not working so I downloaded the new version of skype ( beta one), I installed it then the sound effect still not working so I download the old version of skype then install it. The sound effect works but I lost all of my contacts and lost all of chat history. The chat history is really important for me. May you please help me to restore my chat history? Thank you.

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• How to use a common library of environment variables among different languages?

  - by JDS

  We have three main languages with which we perform system tasks: Bash, Ruby, and PHP, and Perl. Four, four main languages. We use managed environment variables to provide authorization info that automated scripts need. For example, a mysql user account and password. We'd like to use one single managed file to maintain these variables. In some instances, for example, in cron, these environment variables are not available. They are made available in CLI scripts because we source the env file in everyone's profile. But something like cron doesn't do that. On the CLI, when the env file is sourced, any given script can access those variables. Bash has them directly, PHP in $_ENV, ruby in ENV, etc. We can't source the file into non-Bash scripts, because most languages implement shell commands by running them in a subshell. We considered parsing the Bash, converting to the script's lang, and running the equivalent of "exec(parsed_output)" on the resulting strings. What is a good solution to providing managed environment vars to scripts running in cron, or similar?

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• Explain why .bash_logout won't run commands?

  - by Droogans

  So I've been wondering how to run these two lines of code everytime I close an open instance of Terminal: history -c cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history I export HISTFILE=5 on startup, but still want to flush that out when I'm done. I've tried looking around a bit in a couple of places, and haven't had much luck. I run Linux Mint, and would also note here that I ran into a similar issue with .bash_profile; eventually, I discovered I needed to place all start up code in .bashrc, so maybe that has something to do with it. Here's my .bash_logout file: #!/bin/bash # ~/.bash_logout: executed by bash(1) when login shell exits. # when leaving the console clear the screen to increase privacy if [ "$SHLVL" = 1 ]; then history -c cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history [ -x /usr/bin/clear_console ] && /usr/bin/clear_console -q fi #this does nothing on exit... echo 'logout'; sleep 2s I've tried re-arranging this script many ways, I'm not sure if I don't understand how bash works, and if any of this is running in the first place. Does the fact that I run Xserver make bash consider Terminal something that isn't a log-out on exit?

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• What are the worst examples of moral failure in the history of software engineering?

  - by Amanda S

  Many computer science curricula include a class or at least a lecture on disasters caused by software bugs, such as the Therac-25 incidents or Ariane 5 Flight 501. Indeed, Wikipedia has a list of software bugs with serious consequences, and a question on StackOverflow addresses some of them too. We study the failures of the past so that we don't repeat them, and I believe that rather than ignoring them or excusing them, it's important to look at these failures squarely and remind ourselves exactly how the mistakes made by people in our profession cost real money and real lives. By studying failures caused by uncaught bugs and bad process, we learn certain lessons about rigorous testing and accountability, and we make sure that our innocent mistakes are caught before they cause major problems. There are kinds of less innocent failure in software engineering, however, and I think it's just as important to study the serious consequences caused by programmers motivated by malice, greed, or just plain amorality. Thus we can learn about the ethical questions that arise in our profession, and how to respond when we are faced with them ourselves. Unfortunately, it's much harder to find lists of these failures--the only one I can come up with is that apocryphal "DOS ain't done 'til Lotus won't run" story. What are the worst examples of moral failure in the history of software engineering?

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• How can I rewrite the history of a published git branch in multiple steps?

  - by Frerich Raabe

  I've got a git repository with two branches, master and amazing_new_feature. The latter branch contains the work on, well, an amazing new feature. A colleague and me are both working on the same repository, and the two of us commit to both branches. Now the work on the amazing new feature finished, and a bit more than 100 commits were accumulated in the amazing_new_feature branch. I'd like to clean those commits up a bit (using git rebase -i) before merging the work into master. The issue we're facing is that it's quite a pain to rewrite/reorder all 100 commits in one go. Instead, what I'd like to do is: Rewrite/merge/reorder the first few commits in the amazing_new_feature branch and put the result into a dedicated branch which contains the 'cleaned up' history (say, a amazing_new_feature_ready_for_merge branch). Rebase the remaining amazing_new_feature branch on the amazing_new_feature_ready_for_merge branch. Repeat at 1. My idea is that at some point, all the work from amazing_new_feature should be in amazing_new_feature_ready_for_merge and then I can merge the latter into master. Is this a sensible approach, or are there better/easier/more fool-proff solutions to this problem? I'm especially scared about the second step of the above algorithm since it means rebasing a published branch. IIRC it's a dangerous thing to do.

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