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  • When a server gets rooted, should I disconnect network or power?

    - by Aleksandr Levchuk
    When a server gets rooted (e.g. a situation like this), one of the first things that should be done is containment. Quoting from Robert Moir's Answer: "disconnect the victim from its muggers" A server can be contained by pulling the network cable or the power cable. Taking into consideration the need for: Protecting victims from further damage Executing successful forensics (Possibly) Protecting valuable data on the server Which method is better?

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  • How to link processing power of old computers together?

    - by redIago
    Hey all, I'm sitting on 8 old computers of varied sorts that are more or less useless at this point for any other purpose really. Is there a way I could link their hardware or processing power or whatever together over wifi and use one as like a central computer? Like it would be cool to distribute the processing of some video game or encryption generating program over the collective computers. Any way to do all this? Thanks.

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  • My acer aspire laptop suddenly stopped working, just a blank screen

    - by mazda
    My acer aspire laptop suddenly stopped working while it was connected to my nokia mobile modem through usb. It stopped with power swich staying on and no response to clicking off, no irregular sound, nothing but just a blank screen. I disconnected the power and battery quickly but power switch did not respond at all and even the power indicator didn't turn on again. the display was also gone after disconecting the power and removing battery. It has no response or any sign of power while both battery and power supply are working. What do you think? A completely dead mainboard? Does the MB has any safty board or fuse that could be replaced? Any suggestion will be appreciated, Thank you.

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  • How to prevent computer from automatically sleeping and/or hibernating?

    - by mehaase
    I'm running Ubuntu 12.04, and my laptop* won't wake from sleep/suspend/hibernate. (Is sleep the same thing as suspend?) I'm not even sure which of these things it's doing. When I am done working for the day, I lock my screen (Control-Alt-L). When I come back the next day, the screen is in power saving mode, and no amount of typing or clicking (on the usb keyboard/mouse or the builtin keyboard/trackpad) nor tapping the power button will bring it back to life. The only way I can get my machine to work is to hold down the power button until it shuts off, then press the power button again to turn it back on. Obviously, anything I had open from the previous day is pretty much gone -- in particular, my VMs all get rudely shut down without any warning. This is driving me INSANE. I spend the first hour of every work day trying to figure out how to get my computer to stop locking up over night. What I've tried: Editing the org.freedesktop.upower.policy to disable suspend and hibernate. Setting power management options in "Power" section of "System Settings". Looking at all power management options in the BIOS (none appear to be relevant to sleep/suspend/hibernate). Reading every forum post/askubuntu post that I can find that's even tangentially related to the subject. My question: how to disable the automatic sleep and/or hibernate (and/or anything similar) in Ubuntu 12.04. I don't care if it's still possible to sleep/suspend/hibernate/whatever by pushing buttons or running some command or reciting led zeppelin lyrics backwards. I just want my laptop to be ready for work in the morning. *The laptop is a Dell Latitude something or other. I don't want to get too specific because I've seen a lot of similar questions get closed for being too specific. I think my question is generic enough to stand -- it's a question about the latest, stable version of Ubuntu.

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  • In 10.10, USB 3.0 PCI Express card recognized by lspci but not lsusb or dmesg. How to fix?

    - by Paul
    Asus N PC, runs 10.10 x86_64 The Asus N comes with 4 usb 2.0 ports, each labelled 2.0 on the case. Attempting to add two usb 3.0 ports to be provided by a generic usb 3.0 pci express card installed in the pci expres slot. The new card says usb 3.0 and has the blue ports. The card is installed into the laptop unpowered, then the laptop is powered on and boots normally. Nothing happens when a USB 3.0 flash drive is inserted into the usb 3.0 port. uname -a Linux drpaulbrewer-N90SV 2.6.35.8 #1 SMP Fri Jan 14 15:54:11 EST 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 671MX Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64 Kernel modules: sis-agp 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff Memory behind bridge: fa000000-fdefffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000d0000000-00000000dfffffff Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [a0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [70] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:02.0 ISA bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS968 [MuTIOL Media IO] (rev 01) Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 00:02.5 IDE interface: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 5513 [IDE] (rev 01) (prog-if 80 [Master]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 128 I/O ports at 01f0 [size=8] I/O ports at 03f4 [size=1] I/O ports at 0170 [size=8] I/O ports at 0374 [size=1] I/O ports at ffe0 [size=16] Capabilities: [58] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pata_sis 00:03.0 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.1 Controller (rev 0f) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 20 Memory at f9fff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci_hcd 00:03.1 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.1 Controller (rev 0f) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 21 Memory at f9ffe000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Kernel driver in use: ohci_hcd 00:03.3 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 2.0 Controller (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 22 Memory at f9ffd000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: ehci_hcd 00:04.0 Ethernet controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 191 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 02) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 11f5 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19 Memory at f9ffcc00 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128] I/O ports at cc00 [size=128] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: sis190 Kernel modules: sis190 00:05.0 IDE interface: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SATA Controller / IDE mode (rev 03) (prog-if 8f [Master SecP SecO PriP PriO]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 1b27 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 17 I/O ports at c800 [size=8] I/O ports at c400 [size=4] I/O ports at c000 [size=8] I/O ports at bc00 [size=4] I/O ports at b800 [size=16] I/O ports at b400 [size=128] Capabilities: [58] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: sata_sis Kernel modules: sata_sis 00:06.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0 Memory behind bridge: fdf00000-fdffffff Capabilities: [b0] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Device 0004 Capabilities: [c0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:07.0 PCI bridge: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] PCI-to-PCI bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=06, sec-latency=0 I/O behind bridge: 0000e000-0000efff Memory behind bridge: fe000000-febfffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000f6000000-00000000f8ffffff Capabilities: [b0] Subsystem: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Device 0004 Capabilities: [c0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [d0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00 Capabilities: [f4] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: pcieport 00:0f.0 Audio device: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] Azalia Audio Controller Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 17b3 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 Memory at f9ff4000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Kernel driver in use: HDA Intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G96 [GeForce GT 130M] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 2021 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fc000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fa000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32M] I/O ports at dc00 [size=128] [virtual] Expansion ROM at fde80000 [disabled] [size=512K] Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [b4] Vendor Specific Information: Len=14 <?> Kernel driver in use: nvidia Kernel modules: nvidia-current, nouveau, nvidiafb 02:00.0 Network controller: Atheros Communications Inc. AR928X Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) (rev 01) Subsystem: Device 1a3b:1067 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fdff0000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit- Capabilities: [60] Express Legacy Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [90] MSI-X: Enable- Count=1 Masked- Kernel driver in use: ath9k Kernel modules: ath9k 03:00.0 USB Controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 03) (prog-if 30) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10 Memory at febfe000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3 Capabilities: [70] MSI: Enable- Count=1/8 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [90] MSI-X: Enable- Count=8 Masked- Capabilities: [a0] Express Endpoint, MSI 00 lsusb Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0b05:1751 ASUSTek Computer, Inc. BT-253 Bluetooth Adapter Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0bda:0158 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. USB 2.0 multicard reader Bus 001 Device 002: ID 04f2:b071 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 2.0M UVC Webcam / CNF7129 Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub dmesg trying to post dmesg exceeded the stackexchange posting limit of 30K... but nothing there is usb 3.0

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  • A Question About the Expressive Power of Higher-Order Logical Reasoning Formalisms.

    - by Bubba88
    Hi! I do not really know if this is scientifically proven, but I've read in a book (It was a relatively modern AI book by Peter Norvig) that secon-order logical programming could be more expressive than existing first-order languages. The question is: Is it statistically/symbolically proven that higher-order predicate logics exceed first-order predicates in their expressive power? Or they just bring the modularity/convenience/maintainability to your knowledge bases? Additionally: If there is some kind of firm direction in which I could go seeking more expressive power than I have (I mean exactly the descriptive potential of the symbols I write in given semantics/syntax) - then I would be glad to hear just almost everything :) Thank you.

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  • How to restore data on Power Failure using C++ programming on windows.

    - by Tarun
    Hi, In my program I am writing a file of my programs states. I am writing the file many times to the file during the program run, because the program changes some variables that that i need to store very frequently. Now, if , for some reasons my power fails. Then most of the time I loose data in that file. Please, tell me any mechanism which can protect data even if the power fails. (I have written C++ program on windows). Thank you

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  • Why does Process Explorer cause highly targeted failure of some applications / basic UI functions in a high-power EC2 Windows instance?

    - by Dan Nissenbaum
    Update: I have determined that Process Explorer itself - the program I am using to debug a performance issue - seems to be the cause of the issue. See note, with updated question, at end. I am running a high-power (cc2.8xlarge) Amazon AWS EC2 Windows instance off of a boot EBS volume, provisioned at 2500 PIOPS, which was created from a snapshot of a previous boot volume. My purpose with the instance is to use it as a development workstation with many developer tools installed, such as Visual Studio, a local XAMPP stack, etc. I have upwards of 40 programs installed on the machine. The usability of the instance as a development machine often works quite well. The RDP lag is adequately small. I have used it for hours on end without problems for some of my most intense development tasks. As a result, I have just purchased a reserved instance, and I opted to rebuild my development machine starting from scratch with a Windows Server 2012 AMI. After having installed all of my desired/required applications for development over this past week, again the machine seems to often work well and I have worked for up to an hour at a time without problems doing heavy development work. However, I continue to run into catastrophic OS usability issues that may prevent me from being able to rely on this machine as a development machine. I would like to track down the source of the problem, if there is an easily identifiable source. (Update: I have tracked down the source to be Process Explorer, the very program I was using to debug the problem. See update at end.) The issues are as follows. (These are some primary examples) Some applications, after a period of adequate responsiveness, suddenly begin to respond very, very slowly to basic user interface actions such as clicking on menus and pressing Ctrl-Tab to switch between open documents. Two examples are UltraEdit and PhpEd. It typically takes ~2 seconds for a menu to appear, and ~4 seconds to switch between open documents. Additionally, insertion point motion in the editor is lagged by upwards of ~2 seconds. Process Explorer, which I am using to help debug the problem, seems to run acceptably for a couple of minutes, but on multiple occasions Process Explorer itself hangs completely. It hangs at the same time as the problems noted above. When it hangs, it is 100% unresponsive. Clicking on its taskbar icon neither causes it to come to the top or go behind, and its viewable area is filled with nothing but a region partially containing pure white and partially containing incomplete windows widgets that are unreadable, and that never change. Waiting 10 minutes does not clear the problem. Attempting to force-quit Process Explorer by right-clicking on its taskbar icon and choosing "Close Window" takes about 5 full minutes to exit (Process Explorer itself can't be used to exit Process Explorer, and it is registered as a Task Manager substitute). Other programs work just fine during this time. For example, Chrome tabs flip very quickly back and forth, menus pop open instantly, web pages load quickly, and typing in forms/web applications inside the browser works promptly. Another example of an application that works crisply is Filemaker - its menus open instantly, and switching views in this application occurs promptly. Other applications also work without issue. Also, switching between applications occurs promptly as well. It is only a handful of applications that exhibit the problem, with some primary examples given above. At first I thought that EBS IOPS might be a problem. Therefore, I ran Performance Monitor, and watched the "Disk Transfers/sec" monitor in real time. At no point did this measure come anywhere close to hitting the 2500 PIOPS provisioned for the EBS volume. The RAM was also well under the limit (~10 GB used out of 60 GB). I did notice that one CPU core (out of 32 logical cores) was fully thrashing at 100% (i.e., ~3.1%) during the problematic periods. This seems to indicate that a single CPU core is handling the menus / flipping between open documents (for some applications only) / managing the Process Explorer user interface, and that this single core was hosed for some reason during the problematic periods. Also note that I have a desktop workstation (Windows 7) that I also use as a development machine, via a remote connection, with a nearly identical set of programs installed, and this desktop workstation does not exhibit any of the problems I've discussed above. I have been using it heavily for well over a year now. Any suggestions regarding either the source of the problem, or steps I might take to investigate the source of the problem, would be appreciated. Thanks. Note: After extensive testing & investigation, I have noticed that when I quit Process Explorer, the problem vanishes and the system performance returns to normal, and then reappears quickly when I run Process Explorer again (note: again, the performance problems only appear for a subset of applications - other applications work perfectly fine during the same period). My question is therefore (thankfully) more specific: Why does Process Explorer cause highly targeted failure of some applications (including itself) and basic UI functions, in a high-power EC2 Windows instance?

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  • Why does this monitor go to sleep but won't wake up, event though all related power options are turned off?

    - by VoidKing
    We have a machine, Windows 7 (64-bit) with ASUS motherboard, in our building that only sometimes seems to go to sleep, but won't wake up. The machine is still running but shaking the mouse or hitting keys on the keyboard won't wake it up. I have tried for days to isolate the problem, but every time we get to a "let's try this" scenario, it happens again, later. All power options related to display being off are set to never, except the simple, "turn display off after..." setting. That is, the hard drive is set to never turn off, and the computer is set to never sleep nor hibernate. All drivers seem to be up to date, but I am afraid I will hose the machine if I do a BIOS update (plus I figured that will probably have nothing to do with the issue and only make something else break). Wasn't sure if there was something obvious I was missing?

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  • Power cut during Ubuntu upgrade to 10.04 - boots to command line, apt-get and dpkg do not work.

    - by Macha
    I was upgrading Ubuntu to 10.04, when a tripswitch tripped, cutting power to the computer. When it was restarted, it booted into a command line prompt. Google tells me to try: sudo dpkg --configure -a This gets me a lot of output that ends with a list of packages. I can't tell you what the output is, as piping the output to more/less does not work (still just all scrolls by and moves to next prompt), and redirecting it to a file just results in an empty file. Google also suggested: sudo apt-get install -f This also didn't work. Is a fresh install the only solution at this point?

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  • Windows 7 on 1st Gen Macbook Pro (Q4-2008), power management problems.

    - by typemismatch
    I have the first generation macbook pro, purchased Q4 2008. I've been trying to run Windows 7 and can get it all installed great with the BootCamp 3.1 64 bit drivers however ... power management isn't great. The screen and keyboard don't automatically dim - the laptop gets too hot. I noticed on some newer macbook pros that windows 7 works perfectly and the above doesn't happen. Does anyone know if there really is a hardware issue with this 1st gen or is there some firmware update I can use to fix this? Thanks!

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  • How do I leverage the power of my desktop from my laptop?

    - by TheDeeno
    I have a powerful desktop, and a decent laptop. My laptop is my primary machine. When I'm home, I'd like to "tap into" the power of my desktop while using my laptop. I'm not thinking a solution like "remoting in" and actually using my desktop from my laptop. I mean sending work to the desktop when my laptop is taxed in a seamless way. Is this possible at all? How would I do it? I'll do whatever is necessary to my desktop to enable this if it's feasible. My laptop has Vista installed.

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  • Windows 7 on 1st Gen MacbookPro Unibody (Q4-2008) - power problems.

    - by typemismatch
    I have the first generation macbook pro, purchased Q4 2008. I've been trying to run Windows 7 and can get it all installed great with the BootCamp 3.1 64 bit drivers however ... power management isn't great. The screen and keyboard don't automatically dim - the laptop gets too hot. I noticed on some newer macbook pros that windows 7 works perfectly and the above doesn't happen. Does anyone know if there really is a hardware issue with this 1st gen or is there some firmware update I can use to fix this? Thanks!

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  • Laptop GPU apparently blew up, motherboard doesn't even turn on its power LED. [But..]

    - by leladax
    If I take out the GPU, the motherboard LED turns on but then [if it attempts to power up and boot] it turns off after 2 seconds [fans turn on normally in that short period]. [Without the GPUs out there's not even an attempt to boot.] It's an SLI motherboard for a toshiba (model X200-219). If I take out one of the GPUs (they are on top of each other) it surprisingly lets the motherboard turn on too (as it is if both are out) but it still turns off after 2-3 seconds, same behavior. I wonder if it's the GPU that produces the 'turn off after being on' behavior and not something else. [Has anyone seen this behavior with blown up GPUs or could it be something else?]

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  • How to convert a power point pdf to a pdf that is easy to read on kindle?

    - by SpaceTrucker
    I have several power point presentations as pdfs. I would like to read them on the original kindle in landscape format. When I read the original on the kindle then a single slide won't fit on the kindles display. I thought the easiest way to convert the pdf was to repring it with a pdf printer. However I don't know the paper size to use. I already tried using Calibre as suggested by this question. However the output is not usable because of formatting issues. So what paper size should I use for the pdf printer to reprint them in landscape format or are there any other tools I could use for that task?

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  • Configure Linux server hardware buttons for soft reset or power cycle?

    - by Jakobud
    I have a small modest CentOS server at home. I run it headless because anytime I access it, it's always via SSH. Anyways, tonight it became unresponsive to the network. I could not connect to it to investigate. In this case, I have to hook up a keyboard and monitor to see the problem. I ended up just rebooting it. But after this experience, I was wondering if it's possible to configure the hardware buttons on the CPU case to perform a graceful reboot or graceful power cycle in Linux. Even though the server becomes unresponsive once in a blue moon, it would be nice to simply press a button and have it shutdown all services and gracefully reboot. Anyone know how this could be accomplished?

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  • Is it possible to power off a PCIe video card/slot? (eg. hot-plug)

    - by CR.
    I'm looking at building a system that supports VT-d so I can pass through a high powered loud video card to a Xen/KVM/whatever VM (host will be Linux based). However, when I'm not using the VM I want to turn the video card off so its fan does not run. The card will not be used when the VM isn't running. Anyone know if this is possible? The PCI-Express hot-plug specification allows cutting power to specific slots but I have never heard of anyone doing it with a video card and my searches for information have turned up nothing.

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  • In terms of load handling, which is better: one server or two of equivalent power?

    - by seldary
    My goal is to figure out if i'm better off with one strong server, or multiple weaker servers with a load balancer. Does the fact of splitting the load between servers have an effect on the total load my website could take? It's hard to single that out, because there are of course a lot of parameters that affect the results, so some assumptions: Putting failover considerations aside - I know it matters, but for the sake of the question's simplicity, lets assume nothing fails. The servers in the multiple servers option have an accumulated "power" equivalent to the one server option (about the same amount of cores and RAM space). If that is too theoretical, here is a concrete question that could help: Suppose I have several instances of exactly the same server - lets call it S. Suppose that server S can serve a load of up to X calls per time unit. Will two S servers with a load balancer serve 2X calls per time unit? significantly more? significantly less?

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  • Please help me give this principle a name

    - by Brent Arias
    As a designer, I like providing interfaces that cater to a power/simplicity balance. For example, I think the LINQ designers followed that principle because they offered both dot-notation and query-notation. The first is more powerful, but the second is easier to read and follow. If you disagree with my assessment of LINQ, please try to see my point anyway; LINQ was just an example, my post is not about LINQ. I call this principle "dial-able power". But I'd like to know what other people call it. Certainly some will say "KISS" is the common term. But I see KISS as a superset, or a "consumerism" practice. Using LINQ as my example again, in my view, a team of programmers who always try to use query notation over dot-notation are practicing KISS. Thus the LINQ designers practiced "dial-able power", whereas the LINQ consumers practice KISS. The two make beautiful music together. I'll give another example. Imagine a C# logging tool that has two signatures allowing two uses: void Write(string message); void Write(Func<string> messageCallback); The purpose of the two signatures is to fulfill these needs: //Every-day "simple" usage, nothing special. myLogger.Write("Something Happened" + error.ToString() ); //This is performance critical, do not call ToString() if logging is //disabled. myLogger.Write( () => { "Something Happened" + error.ToString() }); Having these overloads represents "dial-able power," because the consumer has the choice of a simple interface or a powerful interface. A KISS-loving consumer will use the simpler signature most of the time, and will allow the "busy" looking signature when the power is needed. This also helps self-documentation, because usage of the powerful signature tells the reader that the code is performance critical. If the logger had only the powerful signature, then there would be no "dial-able power." So this comes full-circle. I'm happy to keep my own "dial-able power" coinage if none yet exists, but I can't help think I'm missing an obvious designation for this practice. p.s. Another example that is related, but is not the same as "dial-able power", is Scott Meyer's principle "make interfaces easy to use correctly, and hard to use incorrectly."

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  • Is post-sudden-power-loss filesystem corruption on an SSD drive's ext3 partition "expected behavior"?

    - by Jeremy Friesner
    My company makes an embedded Debian Linux device that boots from an ext3 partition on an internal SSD drive. Because the device is an embedded "black box", it is usually shut down the rude way, by simply cutting power to the device via an external switch. This is normally okay, as ext3's journalling keeps things in order, so other than the occasional loss of part of a log file, things keep chugging along fine. However, we've recently seen a number of units where after a number of hard-power-cycles the ext3 partition starts to develop structural issues -- in particular, we run e2fsck on the ext3 partition and it finds a number of issues like those shown in the output listing at the bottom of this Question. Running e2fsck until it stops reporting errors (or reformatting the partition) clears the issues. My question is... what are the implications of seeing problems like this on an ext3/SSD system that has been subjected to lots of sudden/unexpected shutdowns? My feeling is that this might be a sign of a software or hardware problem in our system, since my understanding is that (barring a bug or hardware problem) ext3's journalling feature is supposed to prevent these sorts of filesystem-integrity errors. (Note: I understand that user-data is not journalled and so munged/missing/truncated user-files can happen; I'm specifically talking here about filesystem-metadata errors like those shown below) My co-worker, on the other hand, says that this is known/expected behavior because SSD controllers sometimes re-order write commands and that can cause the ext3 journal to get confused. In particular, he believes that even given normally functioning hardware and bug-free software, the ext3 journal only makes filesystem corruption less likely, not impossible, so we should not be surprised to see problems like this from time to time. Which of us is right? Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# ls Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# umount /mnt/unionfs Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# e2fsck /dev/sda3 e2fsck 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008) embeddedrootwrite contains a file system with errors, check forced. Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Invalid inode number for '.' in directory inode 46948. Fix<y>? yes Directory inode 46948, block 0, offset 12: directory corrupted Salvage<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_14h13m41.csv' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47075. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_10h42m58.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47076. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_11h29m41.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47080. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_11h42m13.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47081. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_12h07m17.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47083. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_12h14m53.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47085. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_15h06m49.csv' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47088. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-20_14h50m09.csv' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47073. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-20_14h55m32.csv' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47074. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_11h04m36.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47078. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_11h54m45.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47082. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_12h12m20.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47084. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_12h33m52.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47086. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_10h51m59.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47077. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_11h17m09.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47079. Clear<y>? yes Entry 'status_2012-11-26_12h54m11.csv.gz' in /var/log/status_logs (46956) has deleted/unused inode 47087. Clear<y>? yes Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity '..' in /etc/network/run (46948) is <The NULL inode> (0), should be /etc/network (46953). Fix<y>? yes Couldn't fix parent of inode 46948: Couldn't find parent directory entry Pass 4: Checking reference counts Unattached inode 46945 Connect to /lost+found<y>? yes Inode 46945 ref count is 2, should be 1. Fix<y>? yes Inode 46953 ref count is 5, should be 4. Fix<y>? yes Pass 5: Checking group summary information Block bitmap differences: -(208264--208266) -(210062--210068) -(211343--211491) -(213241--213250) -(213344--213393) -213397 -(213457--213463) -(213516--213521) -(213628--213655) -(213683--213688) -(213709--213728) -(215265--215300) -(215346--215365) -(221541--221551) -(221696--221704) -227517 Fix<y>? yes Free blocks count wrong for group #6 (17247, counted=17611). Fix<y>? yes Free blocks count wrong (161691, counted=162055). Fix<y>? yes Inode bitmap differences: +(47089--47090) +47093 +47095 +(47097--47099) +(47101--47104) -(47219--47220) -47222 -47224 -47228 -47231 -(47347--47348) -47350 -47352 -47356 -47359 -(47457--47488) -47985 -47996 -(47999--48000) -48017 -(48027--48028) -(48030--48032) -48049 -(48059--48060) -(48062--48064) -48081 -(48091--48092) -(48094--48096) Fix<y>? yes Free inodes count wrong for group #6 (7608, counted=7624). Fix<y>? yes Free inodes count wrong (61919, counted=61935). Fix<y>? yes embeddedrootwrite: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** embeddedrootwrite: ********** WARNING: Filesystem still has errors ********** embeddedrootwrite: 657/62592 files (24.4% non-contiguous), 87882/249937 blocks Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# e2fsck /dev/sda3 e2fsck 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008) embeddedrootwrite contains a file system with errors, check forced. Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Directory entry for '.' in ... (46948) is big. Split<y>? yes Missing '..' in directory inode 46948. Fix<y>? yes Setting filetype for entry '..' in ... (46948) to 2. Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity '..' in /etc/network/run (46948) is <The NULL inode> (0), should be /etc/network (46953). Fix<y>? yes Pass 4: Checking reference counts Inode 2 ref count is 12, should be 13. Fix<y>? yes Pass 5: Checking group summary information embeddedrootwrite: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** embeddedrootwrite: 657/62592 files (24.4% non-contiguous), 87882/249937 blocks Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# Embedded-PC-failsafe:~# e2fsck /dev/sda3 e2fsck 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008) embeddedrootwrite: clean, 657/62592 files, 87882/249937 blocks

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