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• Server overloaded with log messages: tty_release_dev: pts0: read/write wait queue active!

  - by Raph

  In the logs, I have this (extract from the full kernel messages logges at 06:01:14): Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.863038] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000015 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861081] Process telnet (pid: 20247, threadinfo ffff8800f8598000, task ffff8800024d4500) And then the server logs flooded by this message: Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861547] tty_release_dev: pts0: read/write wait queue active! In the end, 2 hours later, I had to reboot because it had become inaccessible: the load hat grown to 160%. The last command does not show anyone logged on pts0 at that time. I also don't know where this telnet process could come from.... This is an AWS instance running UBUNTU 10.04 LTS And here are the complete logs: Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.863038] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000015 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861007] IP: [<ffffffff81363dde>] n_tty_read+0x2ce/0x970 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861019] PGD ee13d067 PUD f8698067 PMD 0 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861025] Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861028] last sysfs file: /sys/devices/xen/vbd-2208/block/sdk/removable Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861032] CPU 0 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861034] Modules linked in: ipv6 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861040] Pid: 20247, comm: telnet Not tainted 2.6.32-312-ec2 #24-Ubuntu Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861042] RIP: e030:[<ffffffff81363dde>] [<ffffffff81363dde>] n_tty_read+0x2ce/0x970 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861047] RSP: e02b:ffff8800f8599d88 EFLAGS: 00010246 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861049] RAX: 0000000000000015 RBX: ffff8800f8598000 RCX: 0000000001aed069 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861052] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffff8800f8599e67 RDI: ffff8801dd833d1c Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861054] RBP: ffff8800f8599e98 R08: ffffffff8135eb10 R09: 7fffffffffffffff Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861057] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: ffff8801dd833800 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861059] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff8801dd833a68 R15: ffff8801dd833d1c Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861065] FS: 00007f90121f6720(0000) GS:ffff880002c40000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861068] CS: e033 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861070] CR2: 0000000000000015 CR3: 0000000032a59000 CR4: 0000000000002660 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861073] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861076] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861081] Process telnet (pid: 20247, threadinfo ffff8800f8598000, task ffff8800024d4500) Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861083] Stack: Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861085] 0000000000000000 0000000001aed069 ffff8801dd8339c8 ffff8800024d4500 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861089] <0> ffff8801dd8339c0 ffff8801dd833c90 0000000001aed027 ffff8800024d4500 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861094] <0> ffff8801dd8338d8 0000000000000000 ffff8800024d4500 0000000000000000 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861099] Call Trace: Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861107] [<ffffffff81034bc0>] ? default_wake_function+0x0/0x10 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861113] [<ffffffff8135ebb6>] tty_read+0xa6/0xf0 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861118] [<ffffffff810ee7e5>] vfs_read+0xb5/0x1a0 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861122] [<ffffffff810ee91c>] sys_read+0x4c/0x80 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861127] [<ffffffff81009ba8>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861131] [<ffffffff81009b40>] ? system_call+0x0/0x52 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861133] Code: 85 d2 0f 84 92 00 00 00 45 8b ac 24 5c 02 00 00 f0 45 0f b3 2e 45 19 ed 49 63 84 24 5c 02 00 00 49 8b 94 24 50 02 00 00 4c 89 ff <0f> be 1c 02 e8 a9 d3 14 00 41 8b 94 24 5c 02 00 00 41 83 ac 24 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861171] RIP [<ffffffff81363dde>] n_tty_read+0x2ce/0x970 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861175] RSP <ffff8800f8599d88> Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861171] RIP [<ffffffff81363dde>] n_tty_read+0x2ce/0x970 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861175] RSP <ffff8800f8599d88> Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861177] CR2: 0000000000000015 Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861205] ---[ end trace f10eee2057ff4f6b ]--- Apr 21 06:01:14 ip-10-49-109-107 kernel: [233185.861547] tty_release_dev: pts0: read/write wait queue active!

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• APC fragmention woes on Apache AWS EC2 Small instance with WordPress and W3TC

  - by two7s_clash

  AWS EC2 Small instance, Apache 2 running WordPress and W3TC. Within an hour, my APC fragmentation hits 100%. My APC settings are: apc.enabled = 1 apc.shm_segments = 1 apc.shm_size = 100M apc.optimization = 0 apc.num_files_hint = 512 apc.user_entries_hint = 1024 apc.ttl = 7200 apc.user_ttl = 7200 apc.gc_ttl = 3600 apc.cache_by_default = 1 apc.use_request_time = 1 apc.filters = "apc\.php$" apc.mmap_file_mask = "/tmp/apc.XXXXXX" apc.slam_defense = 0 apc.file_update_protection = 2 apc.enable_cli = 0 apc.max_file_size = 2M apc.stat = 1 apc.write_lock = 1 apc.report_autofilter = 0 apc.include_once_override = 0 apc.rfc1867 = 0 apc.rfc1867_prefix = "upload_" apc.rfc1867_name = "APC_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" apc.rfc1867_freq = 0 apc.localcache = 0 apc.localcache.size = 256M apc.coredump_unmap = 0 apc.stat_ctime = 0 apc.canonicalize = 1 apc.lazy_functions = 0 apc.lazy_classes = 0 /etc/php.d/apc.ini More poop can be seen here. Mostly cribed settings from here. The shm was meant to be whittled down from such a high value after some observation, but apparently such a large value isn't even high enough.... I found an similar question/answer here. I do have some virtual hosts setup, but they aren't being touched much at all. Having users logged into the admin panel of WP does make things worse, but that's certainly not the main culprit. The question asker seems to suggest that it turns out W3TC is probably causing the problem, which the plugin author seems to agree with, but there aren't any helpful details beyond that. Why is it causing the problem? Do I just take it for now and turn off object caching with APC? Is there nothing I can do? Does having it turned on without being used for object caching actually help anything? Would memcache be an ok substitute just for object caching here? Finally, maybe I just shouldn't worry so much about the fragmentation?

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• How to figure out how much RAM each prefork thread requires for maximum Wordpress performance on an EC2 small instance

  - by two7s_clash

  Just read Making WordPress Stable on EC2-Micro In the "Tuning Apache" section, I can't quite figure out how he comes up with his numbers for his prefork config. He explains how to get the numbers for an average process, which I get. But then: Or roughly 53MB per process...In this case, ten threads should be safe. This means that if we receive more than ten simultaneous requests, the other requests will be queued until a worker thread is available. In order to maximize performance, we will also configure the system to have this number of threads available all of the time. From 53MB per process, with 613MB of RAM, he somehow gets this config, which I don't get: <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 10 MinSpareServers 10 MaxSpareServers 10 MaxClients 10 MaxRequestsPerChild 4000 </IfModule> How exactly does he get this from 53MB per process, with 613MB limit? Bonus question From the below, on a small instance (1.7 GB memory), what would good settings be? bitnami@ip-10-203-39-166:~$ ps xav |grep httpd 1411 ? Ss 0:00 2 0 114928 15436 0.8 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1415 ? S 0:06 10 0 125860 55900 3.1 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1426 ? S 0:08 19 0 127000 62996 3.5 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1446 ? S 0:05 48 0 131932 72792 4.1 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1513 ? S 0:05 7 0 125672 54840 3.1 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1516 ? S 0:02 2 0 125228 48680 2.7 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1517 ? S 0:06 2 0 127004 55796 3.1 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1518 ? S 0:03 1 0 127196 54208 3.0 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 1531 ? R 0:04 0 0 127500 54236 3.0 /opt/bitnami/apache2/bin/httpd -f /opt/bitnami/apache2/conf/httpd.conf

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• Why can't “knife data bag from file” find existing json file on chef server?

  - by ellisera

  Summary: I'm running into a problem with "knife data bag from file", where knife doesn't recognize the .json data bag file pulled down from a remote git repo. Background: I'm currently trying to transition from chef-solo use to chef server while using the cookbooks, data bags and other chef info from our remote git repo. I've currently pulled down a copy of our git repo and set the cookbook path and data bag path in knife.rb. I also loaded the cookbooks, made adjustments, etc. Details: When trying to load our .json data bags by doing "knife data bag add from file FOLDER FILE" it looks like it worked until I do "knife data bag list" and it comes up blank. So I decided to try adding the edit option at the end to see what's being loaded, if it is. This is the error I get: knife data bag from file local_settings test.json -e nano ERROR: Could not find or open file 'test.json' in current directory or in 'data_bags/local_settings/test.json' The data bag file does exist, in the proper location, in a tested, working json file. I've also sometimes gotten an error saying "could not open data bag "local_settings". I would obviously like to keep the data bag path within the appropriate git repo folder to be able to keep track of changes in a more centralized location (our git repo, as opposed to the chef server). Any solutions, advice or pointers in the right direction are appreciated.

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• What does %st mean in top?

  - by Ben

  Here is an example from my top: Cpu(s): 6.0%us, 3.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 78.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 12.0%st I am trying to figure out the significance of the %st field. I read that it means steal cpu and it represents time spent by the hypervisor, but I want to know what that actually means to me. Does it mean I may be on a busy physical server and someone else is using too much CPU on the server and they are taking from my VM? If I am using EBS could it be related to handling EBS I/O at the hypervisor level? Is it related to things running on my VM or is it completely unaffected by me?

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• CORS Fails on CloudFront Distribution with Nginx Origin

  - by kgrote

  I have a CloudFront distribution set up with an Nginx server as the origin (a Media Temple DV server, to be specific). I enabled the Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * header so fonts will work in Firefox. However, Firefox throws a CORS error for fonts loaded from this CloudFront/Nginx distribution. I created another CloudFront distribution, this time with an Apache server as the origin, and set Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * also. Firefox displays fonts from this origin without issue. I've set up a demo page here: http://kristengrote.com/cors-test/ When I perform a curl request for the same font file from each distribution, both files return almost exactly the same headers: Apache Origin Nginx Origin ——————————————————— ——————————————————— HTTP/1.1 200 OK HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Apache Server: nginx Content-Type: application/font-woff Content-Type: application/font-woff Content-Length: 25428 Content-Length: 25428 Connection: keep-alive Connection: keep-alive Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 23:23:09 GMT Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 23:15:23 GMT Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 22:15:56 GMT Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 22:56:09 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: max-age=2592000 Cache-Control: max-age=2592000 Expires: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 23:23:09 GMT Expires: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 23:15:23 GMT Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, HEAD Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, HEAD Access-Control-Allow-Headers: * Access-Control-Allow-Headers: * Access-Control-Max-Age: 3000 Access-Control-Max-Age: 3000 X-Cache: Hit from cloudfront X-Cache: Hit from cloudfront Via: 1.1 210111ffb8239a13be669aa7c59f53bd.cloudfront.net (CloudFront) Via: 1.1 fa0dd57deefe7337151830e7e9660414.cloudfront.net (CloudFront) X-Amz-Cf-Id: QWucpBoZnS3B8E1mlXR2V5V-SVUoITCeVb64fETuAgNuGuTLnbzAhw== X-Amz-Cf-Id: E2Z3VOIfR5QPcYN1osOgvk0HyBwc3PxrFBBHYdA65ZntXDe-srzgUQ== Age: 487 X-Accel-Version: 0.01 X-Powered-By: PleskLin X-Robots-Tag: noindex, nofollow So the only conclusion I can draw is that something about Nginx is preventing Firefox from recognizing CORS and allowing the fonts via CloudFront. Any ideas on what the heck is happening here?

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• Cannot connect to my EC2 instance because of "Permission denied (publickey)"

  - by Burak

  In AWS console, I saw that my key pair was deleted. I created a new one with the same name. Then I tried to connect with ssh -v -i sohoKey.pem ec2-user@******.compute-1.amazonaws.com Here's the output: macs-MacBook-Air:~ mac$ ssh -v -i sohoKey.pem ec2-user@******.compute-1.amazonaws.com OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to ********.compute-1.amazonaws.com [*****] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file sohoKey.pem type -1 debug1: identity file sohoKey.pem-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.3 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.3 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '*******.compute-1.amazonaws.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/mac/.ssh/known_hosts:3 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: sohoKey.pem debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: sohoKey.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). Update: I detached my old EBS and attached to the new instance. Now, how can I mount it?

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• EC2 Ubuntu - Force instance to use internal IP

  - by Peter

  I've just set up a micro instance on EC2 (AMI ID ami-e59ca991). I had hoped to avoid charges for a year as my usage falls well within the bound of the free tier. I have been charged $0.01 for "regional data transfer". I read here that this is because my instance is talking to its self via it's external IP address. From what I've Googled it looks like you can stop the charges by making sure that the instance uses its internal IP address. However, when I ping the hostname of my instance internally (via an ssh session) it resolves to the instances internal IP address. How can I configure my instance so that I do not get these charges? Is it as simple as adding a line to my hosts file? Additionally, is this the real reason for the charge? I'm concerned that I've misunderstood the pricing somewhere. I have Apace and MySQL (with phpmyadmin) running on the machine - could I be being charged for data transfer associated with these (I have only one flat HTML page and I have only logged in via phpmyadmin - I have no data in my database). Edit: Additionally, my user account on MySQL was declared as: grant all privileges on *.* to 'peter'@'localhost'; Should I have instead used the internal hostname for the instance? grant all privileges on *.* to '[email protected]'; Cheers, Pete

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• s3cmd fails too many times

  - by alfish

  It used to be my favorite backup transport agent but now I frequently get this result from s3cmd on the very same Ubuntu server/network: root@server:/home/backups# s3cmd put bkup.tgz s3://mybucket/ bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 36864 of 2711541519 0% in 1s 20.95 kB/s failed WARNING: Upload failed: /bkup.tgz ([Errno 32] Broken pipe) WARNING: Retrying on lower speed (throttle=0.00) WARNING: Waiting 3 sec... bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 36864 of 2711541519 0% in 1s 23.96 kB/s failed WARNING: Upload failed: /bkup.tgz ([Errno 32] Broken pipe) WARNING: Retrying on lower speed (throttle=0.01) WARNING: Waiting 6 sec... bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 28672 of 2711541519 0% in 1s 18.71 kB/s failed WARNING: Upload failed: /bkup.tgz ([Errno 32] Broken pipe) WARNING: Retrying on lower speed (throttle=0.05) WARNING: Waiting 9 sec... bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 28672 of 2711541519 0% in 1s 18.86 kB/s failed WARNING: Upload failed: /bkup.tgz ([Errno 32] Broken pipe) WARNING: Retrying on lower speed (throttle=0.25) WARNING: Waiting 12 sec... bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 28672 of 2711541519 0% in 1s 15.79 kB/s failed WARNING: Upload failed: /bkup.tgz ([Errno 32] Broken pipe) WARNING: Retrying on lower speed (throttle=1.25) WARNING: Waiting 15 sec... bkup.tgz -> s3://mybucket/bkup.tgz [1 of 1] 12288 of 2711541519 0% in 2s 4.78 kB/s failed ERROR: Upload of 'bkup.tgz' failed too many times. Skipping that file. This happens even for files as small as 100MB, so I suppose it's not a size issue. It also happens when I use put with --acl-private flag (s3cmd version 1.0.1) I appreciate if you suggest some solution or a lightweight alternative to s3cmd. Thanks

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• What precisely is an ISBN?

  - by RadiantHex

  Are ISBNs related to the Book's edition or to the content? Help would be very much appreciated! :D

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• Unexpected behaviour when dynamically add node in HAproxy server

  - by Anand Soni

  I wanted to use HAProxy for my web app for load balancing purpose. I am trying to add a new rabbitmq node dynamically in HAProxy server using command : haproxy -p /var/run/haproxy.pid -sf $(cat /var/run/haproxy.pid). I am doing tcp connection mode with leastconn balance algorithm in load balancing. What is expected is when there is 3 connection in one rabbitmq, I add a new rabbit server in HAProxy server. so the next connection would pass to 2nd rabbitmq server which is not happening in my case. It distributes the connection in haphazardly manner. Here is my config file: defaults log global mode http option httplog option dontlognull retries 3 option redispatch maxconn 2000 contimeout 5000 clitimeout 5000 srvtimeout 5000 listen rabbitmq 0.0.0.0:5672 mode tcp stats enable balance leastconn option tcplog server rabbit01 xx.xx.xx.xx:5672 check server rabbit02 xx.xx.xx.xx:5672 check listen tomcatq 0.0.0.0:80 mode http stats enable balance roundrobin stats refresh 10s stats refresh 10s stats uri /lb?stats stats auth admin:admin option httplog What is the problem causing this behavior? Any suggestion will appreciated.

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• Why the system information message when accessing an Ubuntu server doesn't match free -m?

  - by Andres

  Each time I SSH into my AWS Ubuntu servers I see a system information message, showing load, memory usage and packages available to install, like this: Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-51-virtual x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ System information as of Sun Nov 10 18:06:43 EST 2013 System load: 0.08 Processes: 127 Usage of /: 4.9% of 98.43GB Users logged in: 1 Memory usage: 69% IP address for eth0: 10.236.136.233 Swap usage: 100% Graph this data and manage this system at https://landscape.canonical.com/ 13 packages can be updated. 0 updates are security updates. Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud Use Juju to deploy your cloud instances and workloads. https://juju.ubuntu.com/#cloud-precise *** /dev/xvda1 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** *** System restart required *** My question is about the memory percentage shown. In this case, it's showing a 69% of memory usage, but since the swap usage was 100% I checked it by myself. So when I run free -m I get this: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1652 1635 17 0 4 29 -/+ buffers/cache: 1601 51 Swap: 895 895 0 And that's of course closer to 100% than to 69%

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• Monit won't run

  - by Yaniro

  I have two identical EC2 instances (the second is a replica of the first), running Gentoo. The first instance has monit running which monitors a single process and some system resources and functions great. In the second instance, monit runs but quits right away. The configuration is similar on both instances so are the versions of monit. monit.log shows: [GMT Oct 3 08:36:41] info : monit daemon with PID 5 awakened Final lines on strace monit show: write(2, "monit daemon with PID 5 awakened"..., 33monit daemon with PID 5 awakened ) = 33 time(NULL) = 1349252827 open("/etc/localtime", O_RDONLY) = 4 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=118, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb773a000 read(4, "TZif2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 118 _llseek(4, -6, [112], SEEK_CUR) = 0 read(4, "\nGMT0\n", 4096) = 6 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb773a000, 4096) = 0 write(3, "[GMT Oct 3 08:27:07] info :"..., 33) = 33 write(3, "monit daemon with PID 5 awakened"..., 33) = 33 waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG) = -1 ECHILD (No child processes) close(3) = 0 exit_group(0) = ? No core dumps (ulimit -c shows unlimited) monit -v shows: monit: Debug: Adding host allow 'localhost' monit: Debug: Skipping redundant host 'localhost' monit: Debug: Skipping redundant host 'localhost' monit: Debug: Adding credentials for user 'xxxx'. Runtime constants: Control file = /etc/monitrc Log file = /var/log/monit/monit.log Pid file = /var/run/monit.pid Id file = /var/run/monit.pid Debug = True Log = True Use syslog = False Is Daemon = True Use process engine = True Poll time = 30 seconds with start delay 0 seconds Expect buffer = 256 bytes Event queue = base directory /var/monit with 100 slots Mail server(s) = xx.xxx.xx.xxx with timeout 30 seconds Mail from = (not defined) Mail subject = (not defined) Mail message = (not defined) Start monit httpd = True httpd bind address = Any/All httpd portnumber = 2812 httpd signature = True Use ssl encryption = False httpd auth. style = Basic Authentication and Host/Net allow list Alert mail to = [email protected] Alert on = All events The service list contains the following entries: System Name = xxxx Monitoring mode = active CPU wait limit = if greater than 20.0% 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert CPU system limit = if greater than 30.0% 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert CPU user limit = if greater than 70.0% 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Swap usage limit = if greater than 25.0% 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Memory usage limit = if greater than 75.0% 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Load avg. (5min) = if greater than 2.0 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Load avg. (1min) = if greater than 4.0 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Process Name = xxxx Group = server Pid file = /var/run/xxxx.pid Monitoring mode = active Start program = '/etc/init.d/xxxx restart' timeout 20 second(s) Stop program = '/etc/init.d/xxxx stop' timeout 30 second(s) Existence = if does not exist 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then restart else if succeeded 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Pid = if changed 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Ppid = if changed 1 times within 1 cycle(s) then alert Timeout = If restarted 3 times within 5 cycle(s) then unmonitor Alert mail to = [email protected] Alert on = All events Alert mail to = [email protected] Alert on = All events ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- monit daemon with PID 5 awakened Ran emerge --sync before emerge -va monit which installed monit v5.3.2. When that didn't work i've downloaded v5.5 from their website and compiled from source which did not work either.

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• Linux Virtualization Options on EC2

  - by recampbell

  I need to subdivide EC2 (or perhaps other cloud provider) instances. I know you cannot run a full virtualization stack on another. For instance a Xen guest cannot host a VirtualBox guest. So this means I am left with operating system-level virtualization. EC2 kernels are only publishable by select vendors, so you cannot upload the custom kernels required for OpenVZ or Vserver. For Linux, I think this leaves me with lxc (on Ubuntu 9.10), User Mode Linux, or qemu. I'm having a hard time finding comparisons between them. Performance is a concern, as is the ability to provide SMP to the guests. I would also like to use COW/sparse roots to reduce guest provisioning. My question is, what are the trade-offs between these options?

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• puppet cert mismatch in ec2

  - by Stick

  I'm setting up a puppetmaster (2.7.6) in ec2 via gems (on rhel6) and I'm running into problems with the cert names and getting the master able to talk to itself. my puppet.conf looks like this: [main] logdir = /var/log/puppet rundir = /var/run/puppet vardir = /var/lib/puppet ssldir = $vardir/ssl pluginsync = true environment = production report = true certname = master When I start the puppetmaster process the ssl directory looks like: ssl/private_keys/master.pem ssl/crl.pem ssl/public_keys/master.pem ssl/ca/ca_crl.pem ssl/ca/signed/master.pem ssl/ca/ca_crt.pem ssl/ca/ca_pub.pem ssl/ca/ca_key.pem ssl/certs/ca.pem ssl/certs/master.pem I have an /etc/hosts entry on the box to point the 'puppet' hostname to localhost so that I don't have to change the 'server' option. When I run the agent I get the following: # puppet agent --test info: Retrieving plugin err: /File[/var/lib/puppet/lib]: Failed to generate additional resources using 'eval_generate: Server hostname 'puppet' did not match server certificate; expected master err: /File[/var/lib/puppet/lib]: Could not evaluate: Server hostname 'puppet' did not match server certificate; expected master Could not retrieve file metadata for puppet://puppet/plugins: Server hostname 'puppet' did not match server certificate; expected master err: Could not retrieve catalog from remote server: Server hostname 'puppet' did not match server certificate; expected master warning: Not using cache on failed catalog err: Could not retrieve catalog; skipping run err: Could not send report: Server hostname 'puppet' did not match server certificate; expected master If I specify the certname as the server (with corresponding hosts entry) I get: # puppet agent --test --server master info: Retrieving plugin err: /File[/var/lib/puppet/lib]: Could not evaluate: Could not retrieve information from environment production source(s) puppet://master/plugins info: Caching catalog for master info: Applying configuration version '1321805956' notice: Finished catalog run in 0.05 seconds Which is success of a sort, that source error will bite me later when I'm applying manifests. I've tried a couple of other variations with using the ec2 private hostname and gotten mixed results. I'd like to avoid setting server = 'x' and use dns/hosts to control what 'puppet' resolves to in order to decide which server (plays easier with availability zones, etc)

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• Can't launch glassfish on ec2 - can't open port

  - by orange80

  I'm trying to start glassfish on an EBS-based AMI of Ubuntu 10.04 64-bit. I have used glassfish on non-ec2 servers with no problems, but on ec2 I get this message: $ sudo -u glassfish bin/asadmin start-domain domain1 There is a process already using the admin port 4848 -- it probably is another instance of a GlassFish server. Command start-domain failed. I know that ec2 has requires that firewall rules be modified using ec2-authorize to let outside traffic thru the firewall, as I had to do to make ssh work. This still doesn't explain the port error when all I'm trying to do is start glassfish so I can try $ wget localhost:8080and make sure it's working. This is very frustrating and I'd really appreciate any help. Thanks. FINAL UPDATE: Sorry if you came here looking for answers. I never figured out what was causing the problem. I created another fresh instance, installed the same stuff, and Glassfish worked perfectly. Something obviously got boned during installation, but I have no idea what. I guess it will remain a mystery. UPDATE: Here's what I get from netstat: # netstat -nuptl Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 462/sshd tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 462/sshd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* 483/avahi-daemon: r udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1194 0.0.0.0:* 589/openvpn udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:37940 0.0.0.0:* 483/avahi-daemon: r udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 377/dhclient3 UPDATE: One more thing... I know that the "net.ipv6.bindv6only" kernel option can cause problems with java networking, so I did set this: # sysctl -w net.ipv6.bindv6only=0 UPDATE: I also verified that it has nothing at all to do with the port number (4848). As you can see here, when I changed the admin-listener port in domain.xml to 4949, I get a similar message: # sudo -u glassfish bin/asadmin start-domain domain1 There is a process already using the admin port 4949 -- it probably is another instance of a GlassFish server. Command start-domain failed. UPDATE: Here are the contents of /etc/hosts: 127.0.0.1 localhost # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters ff02::3 ip6-allhosts I should mention that I have another Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 64-bit slice that is NOT hosted on ec2, and set it up the exact same way with no problems whatsoever. Also server.log doesn't offer much insight either: # cat ./server.log Nov 20, 2010 8:46:49 AM com.sun.enterprise.admin.launcher.GFLauncherLogger info INFO: JVM invocation command line: /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/bin/java -cp /opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/modules/glassfish.jar -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:MaxPermSize=192m -XX:NewRatio=2 -XX:+LogVMOutput -XX:LogFile=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/logs/jvm.log -Xmx512m -client -javaagent:/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/lib/monitor/btrace-agent.jar=unsafe=true,noServer=true -Dosgi.shell.telnet.maxconn=1 -Djdbc.drivers=org.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver -Dfelix.fileinstall.dir=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/modules/autostart/ -Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/config/keystore.jks -Dosgi.shell.telnet.port=6666 -Djava.security.policy=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/config/server.policy -Dfelix.fileinstall.poll=5000 -Dcom.sun.aas.instanceRoot=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1 -Dcom.sun.enterprise.config.config_environment_factory_class=com.sun.enterprise.config.serverbeans.AppserverConfigEnvironmentFactory -Dosgi.shell.telnet.ip=127.0.0.1 -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/modules/endorsed:/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/lib/endorsed -Dcom.sun.aas.installRoot=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish -Djava.ext.dirs=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/lib/ext:/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/jre/lib/ext:/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/lib/ext -Dfelix.fileinstall.bundles.new.start=true -Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/config/cacerts.jks -Dcom.sun.enterprise.security.httpsOutboundKeyAlias=s1as -Djava.security.auth.login.config=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1/config/login.conf -DANTLR_USE_DIRECT_CLASS_LOADING=true -Dfelix.fileinstall.debug=1 -Dorg.glassfish.web.rfc2109_cookie_names_enforced=false -Djava.library.path=/opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/lib:/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/jre/lib/amd64/server:/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/jre/lib/amd64:/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.22/lib/amd64:/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64:/usr/lib64:/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib com.sun.enterprise.glassfish.bootstrap.ASMain -domainname domain1 -asadmin-args start-domain,,,domain1 -instancename server -verbose false -debug false -asadmin-classpath /opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/modules/admin-cli.jar -asadmin-classname com.sun.enterprise.admin.cli.AsadminMain -upgrade false -domaindir /opt/glassfishv3/glassfish/domains/domain1 -read-stdin true

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• How to get nginx to serve up on an elastic IP

  - by geekbri

  I have an EC2 instance which is serving up PHP pages with nginx and php-fpm. This works perfectly fine when accessed through the public DNS for the instance. However if I try to access the site with the Elastic IP which is bound to it, it serves up a generic "Welcome to nginx" page, even though in my server block i have listen 80 (which i thought listened on all incoming IPs on port 80). Here is my nginx config. server { listen 80; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; root "/var/www/clipperz/"; index index.html index.php; # Default location location / { try_files $uri $uri/ index.html; } # Parse all .php file in the $document_root directory location ~ .php$ { include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; } }

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• Unable to SSH to EC2

  - by Walker

  I downloaded the cert-xxx.pem and pk-xxx.pem files and also the keypair.pem and moved it all to the /.ssh folder on my Ubuntu client machine. this is what I get when I try to SSH with -v at the end debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /root/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /root/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /root/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). I am new to administering servers and I want to know if I should be trying to convert the pem files to id_rsa and id_dsa. I am not really sure if that is possible but I don't know how else to get the id_rsa, id_dsa from those pem files or if there is any work around. I managed to get access to EC2 the first time and this is my second try and I am unsuccessful so far. Any help is appreciated. regards Walker

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• AWS EC2 security group source

  - by greener

  I'm currently trying to configure a security group and allow MS SQL connections from my other instance. I want to be able to specify the security group's name as the source. But the connection is not going through. The instance's firewall has a rule to allow connections on the port. In fact, if I specify the IP of the machine as the source, it works. Just not the security group name. There are two other rules for the same port and they're for specific IPs only. What am I doing wrong?

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• Connectivity issues with dual NIC machine in EC2

  - by Matt Sieker

  I'm trying to get some servers set up in EC2 in a Virtual Private Cloud. To do this, I have two subnets: 10.0.42.0/24 - Public subnet 10.0.83.0/24 - Private subnet To bridge these two, I have a Funtoo instance with a pair of NICs: eth0 10.0.42.10 eth1 10.0.83.10 Which has the following routing table: Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.0.83.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 10.0.83.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 203 0 0 eth1 10.0.42.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 202 0 0 eth0 loopback * 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo default 10.0.42.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default 10.0.42.1 0.0.0.0 UG 202 0 0 eth0 An elastic IP is attached to the eth0 interface, and I can connect to it fine remotely. However, I cannot ping anything in the 10.0.83.0 subnet. For now iptables is not set up on the box, so there's no rules that would get in the way (Eventually this will be managed by Shorewall, but I should get basic connectivity done first) Subnet details from the VPC interface: CIDR: 10.0.83.0/24 Destination Target 10.0.0.0/16 local 0.0.0.0/0 [ID of eth1 on NAT box] Network ACL: Default Inbound: Rule # Port (Service) Protocol Source Allow/Deny 100 ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 ALLOW * ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 DENY Outbound: Rule # Port (Service) Protocol Destination Allow/Deny 100 ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 ALLOW * ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 DENY   CIDR: 10.0.83.0/24 VPC: Destination Target 10.0.0.0/16 local 0.0.0.0/0 [Internet Gateway ID] Network ACL: Default (replace) Inbound: Rule # Port (Service) Protocol Source Allow/Deny 100 ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 ALLOW * ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 DENY Outbound: Rule # Port (Service) Protocol Destination Allow/Deny 100 ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 ALLOW * ALL ALL 0.0.0.0/0 DENY I've been trying to work this out most of the evening, but I'm just stuck. I'm either missing something obvious, or am doing something very wrong. I would think I'd be able to ping from either interface on this box without issue. Hopefully some more pairs of eyes on this configuration will help. EDIT: I am an idiot. After I bothered to install nmap to run some more tests, I discover I can see the ports, and connect to them, pings are just being blocked.

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• Can't install new database in OpenLDAP 2.4 with BDB on Debian

  - by Timothy High

  I'm trying to install an openldap server (slapd) on a Debian EC2 instance. I have followed all the instructions I can find, and am using the recommended slapd-config approach to configuration. It all seems to be just fine, except that for some reason it can't create my new database. ldap.conf.bak (renamed to ensure it's not being used): ########## # Basics # ########## include /etc/ldap/schema/core.schema include /etc/ldap/schema/cosine.schema include /etc/ldap/schema/nis.schema include /etc/ldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema pidfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.pid argsfile /var/run/slapd/slapd.args loglevel none modulepath /usr/lib/ldap # modulepath /usr/local/libexec/openldap moduleload back_bdb.la database config #rootdn "cn=admin,cn=config" rootpw secret database bdb suffix "dc=example,dc=com" rootdn "cn=manager,dc=example,dc=com" rootpw secret directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data ######## # ACLs # ######## access to attrs=userPassword by anonymous auth by self write by * none access to * by self write by * none When I run slaptest on it, it complains that it couldn't find the id2entry.bdb file: root@server:/etc/ldap# slaptest -f ldap.conf.bak -F slapd.d bdb_db_open: database "dc=example,dc=com": db_open(/usr/local/var/openldap-data/id2entry.bdb) failed: No such file or directory (2). backend_startup_one (type=bdb, suffix="dc=example,dc=com"): bi_db_open failed! (2) slap_startup failed (test would succeed using the -u switch) Using the -u switch it works, of course. But that merely creates the configuration. It doesn't resolve the underlying problem: root@server:/etc/ldap# slaptest -f ldap.conf.bak -F slapd.d -u config file testing succeeded Looking in the database directory, the basic files are there (with right ownership, after a manual chown), but the dbd file wasn't created: root@server:/etc/ldap# ls -al /usr/local/var/openldap-data total 4328 drwxr-sr-x 2 openldap openldap 4096 Mar 1 15:23 . drwxr-sr-x 4 root staff 4096 Mar 1 13:50 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 openldap openldap 3080 Mar 1 14:35 DB_CONFIG -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 24576 Mar 1 15:23 __db.001 -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 843776 Mar 1 15:23 __db.002 -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 2629632 Mar 1 15:23 __db.003 -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 655360 Mar 1 14:35 __db.004 -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 4431872 Mar 1 15:23 __db.005 -rw------- 1 openldap openldap 32768 Mar 1 15:23 __db.006 -rw-r--r-- 1 openldap openldap 2048 Mar 1 15:23 alock (note that, because I'm doing this as root, I had to also change ownership of some of the files created by slaptest) Finally, I can start the slapd service, but it dies in the attempt (text from syslog): Mar 1 15:06:23 server slapd[21160]: @(#) $OpenLDAP: slapd 2.4.23 (Jun 15 2011 13:31:57) $#012#011@incagijs:/home/thijs/debian/p-u/openldap-2.4.23/debian/build/servers/slapd Mar 1 15:06:23 server slapd[21160]: config error processing olcDatabase={1}bdb,cn=config: Mar 1 15:06:23 server slapd[21160]: slapd stopped. Mar 1 15:06:23 server slapd[21160]: connections_destroy: nothing to destroy. I manually checked the olcDatabase={1}bdb file, and it looks fine to my amateur eye. All my specific configs are there. Unfortunately, syslog isn't reporting a specific error in this case (if it were a file permission error, it would say). I've tried uninstalling and reinstalling slapd, changing permissions, Googling my wits out, but I'm tapped out. Any OpenLDAP genius out there would be greatly appreciated!

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• Importing XML into an AWS RDS instance

  - by RoyHB

  I'm trying to load some xml into an AWS RDS (mySql) instance. The xml looks like: (it's an xml dump of the ISO-3661 codes) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <countries> <countries name="Afghanistan" alpha-2="AF" alpha-3="AFG" country-code="004" iso_3166-2="ISO 3166-2:AF" region-code="142" sub-region-code="034"/> <countries name="Åland Islands" alpha-2="AX" alpha-3="ALA" country-code="248" iso_3166-2="ISO 3166-2:AX" region-code="150" sub-region-code="154"/> <countries name="Albania" alpha-2="AL" alpha-3="ALB" country-code="008" iso_3166-2="ISO 3166-2:AL" region-code="150" sub-region-code="039"/> <countries name="Algeria" alpha-2="DZ" alpha-3="DZA" country-code="012" iso_3166-2="ISO 3166-2:DZ" region-code="002" sub-region-code="015"/> The command that I'm running is: LOAD XML LOCAL INFILE '/var/www/ISO-3166_SMS_Country_Codes.xml' INTO TABLE `ISO-3661-codes`(`name`,`alpha-2`,`alpha-3`,`country-code`,`region-code`,`sub-region-code`); The error message I get is: ERROR 1148 (42000): The used command is not allowed with this MySQL version The infile that is referenced exists, I've selected a database before running the command and I have appropriate privileges on the database. The column names in the database table exactly match the xml field names.

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• AWS EC2 & WordPress / WooCommerce, Product pages dragging

  - by Stephen Harman

  http://ec2-54-243-161-225.compute-1.amazonaws.com/shop/product-category/dark-horse/ If you click on any of the products on this page you'll notice it either takes a minute or more to load or it doesn't load at all. I have about 11,000 products in the database each with about 3 images attached to them, the database is about 108mbs in size. Any suggestions on fixing this speed issue? Thank you in advance!

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• VRF Internet Gateway Multiple External IP's 1 Internal IP to AWS

  - by user223903

  Trying to setup VRF for the first time and its not working for me even though I keep reading everything online. IP's are different to real life. I have an Internet connection which I can ping to my router in the current setup below 195.45.73.22 I have a block of ip addresses 195.45.121.0/27 I want to setup multiple VPN's to AWS so need to have multiple external ip's thus the block of IP addresses. I have setup the 2nd and 3rd IP address but can not ping them from external. Any help would be grateful. Bryan ip source-route ! ip vrf Internet rd 1:1 route-target export 1:1 route-target import 1:1 ip vrf AWSSydney1 rd 2:2 route-target export 2:2 route-target import 2:2 route-target import 1:1 ip vrf AWSSydney2 rd 3:3 route-target export 3:3 route-target import 3:3 route-target import 1:1 ip cef no ip domain lookup no ipv6 cef multilink bundle-name authenticated interface FastEthernet0/0 description Vocus Internet no ip address speed 100 full-duplex interface FastEthernet0/0.1 encapsulation dot1Q 1 native ip address 195.45.73.22 255.255.255.252 interface FastEthernet0/0.2 encapsulation dot1Q 2 ip vrf forwarding AWSSydney1 ip address 195.45.121.1 255.255.255.224 interface FastEthernet0/0.3 encapsulation dot1Q 3 ip vrf forwarding AWSSydney2 ip address 195.45.121.2 255.255.255.224 interface FastEthernet0/1 description LAN_SIDE ip address 10.0.0.5 255.255.255.0 speed 100 full-duplex no mop enabled ip forward-protocol nd ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 195.45.73.21 ip route vrf Internet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 195.45.73.21

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• Mounting Replicated Gluster Multi-AZ Storage

  - by Roman Newaza

  I have Replicated Gluster Storage which is used by Auto scaling Servers. Both, Auto scaling and Storage are allocated in two Availability zones. Gluster: Number of Bricks: 4 x 2 = 8 Transport-type: tcp Bricks: Brick1: gluster01:/storage/1a # Zone A Brick2: gluster02:/storage/1b # Zone B Brick3: gluster03:/storage/2a # Zone A Brick4: gluster04:/storage/2b # Zone B Brick5: gluster01:/storage/3a # Zone A Brick6: gluster02:/storage/3b # Zone B Brick7: gluster03:/storage/4a # Zone A Brick8: gluster04:/storage/4b # Zone B I used Round Robin DNS for Gluster entry point, so DNS name resolves to all of the storage server addresses which are returned in different order all the time: # host storage.domain.com storage.domain.com has address xx.xx.xx.x1 storage.domain.com has address xx.xx.xx.x2 storage.domain.com has address xx.xx.xx.x3 storage.domain.com has address xx.xx.xx.x4 The Storage is mounted with Native Gluster Client: # grep storage /etc/fstab storage.domain.com:/storage /storage glusterfs defaults,log-level=WARNING,log-file=/var/log/gluster.log 0 0 I have heard Gluster might be mounted with the first Server IP and after that it will fetch its configuration with the rest of Servers. Personally, I never tested single Server mount setup and I don't know how Gluster handles this. On EC2, traffic among single Availability zone is free and between different zones is not. When Client in zone A writes to storage and IP of Storage in zone B is returned, it will cost me twice more for data transfer: Client (Zone A) - Storage Server (Zone B) - Replication to Storage Server (Zone A). Question: Would it be better to mount Storage Server of the same zone, so that data transfer charges apply only for replication (A - A - B)?

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