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• Why are enums considered compound types?

  - by FredOverflow

  Arrays, functions, pointers, references, classes, unions, enumerations and pointers to members are compound types. My understanding of a compound type is that is based on other type(s). For example, T[n], T* and T& are all based on T. Then what other type(s) is an enumeration based on? Or if my understanding of compound types is incorrect, what exactly is it about a type that makes it a compound type? Is compound simply a synonym for user-defined?

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• Higher-kinded Types with C++

  - by Venkat Shiva

  This question is for the people who know both Haskell (or any other functional language that supports Higher-kinded Types) and C++... Is it possible to model higher kinded types using C++ templates? If yes, then how?

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• Where is the api reference for nhibernate?

  - by Simon

  I may be going mental, but I can not find any api reference material for nhibernate. I've found plenty of manuals, tutorials, ebooks etc but no api reference. I saw the chm file on the nhibernate sourceforge page, but it doesn't seem to work on any of my PCs (different OSes) Can someone please point me in the right direction?

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• variables reference value of string

  - by xdevel2000

  How can I get the reference value of a string object? If I hava a class like class T() { } T t = new T(); System.out.println( t); print out T@a3455467 that is the reference value inside t but for string? maybe with method hashCode()??

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• Adding web reference is not generating the expected reference.cs file. Absent functions.

  - by user48408

  I'm working with an old windows app in visual studio 2005. A webserviced referenced in the original app has 2 functions and when i peak inside the auto-generated reference.cs file I notice a couple of other functions to allow async calls have been geenrated i.e. BeginWhateverFunctionNameIsCalled and EndWhateverFunctionNameIsCalled. My problem is that I've created a new windows app and added the same web references but the Begin and End functions are not generated in my reference.cs proxy class. Anyone know whats going on?

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• C++: get const or non-const reference type from trait

  - by maciekp

  I am writing a functor F which takes function of type void (*func)(T) and func's argument arg. Then functor F calls func with arg. I would like F not to copy arg, just to pass it as reference. But then I cannot simply write "void F(void (*func)(T), T&)" because T could be a reference. So I am trying to write a trait, which allows to get proper reference type of T: T -> T& T& -> T& const T -> const T& const T& -> const T& I come up with something like this: template<typename T> struct type_op { typedef T& valid_ref_type; }; template<typename T> struct type_op<T&> { typedef typename type_op<T>::valid_ref_type valid_ref_type; }; template<typename T> struct type_op<const T> { typedef const T& valid_ref_type; }; template<typename T> struct type_op<const T&> { typedef const T& valid_ref_type; }; Which doesn't work for example for void a(int x) { std::cout << x << std::endl; } F(&a, 7); Giving error: invalid initialization of non-const reference of type ‘int&’ from a temporary of type ‘int’ in passing argument 2 of ‘void f(void (*)(T), typename type_op::valid_ref_type) [with T = int]’ How to get this trait to work?

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• [Perl] Retrieve the reference

  - by Sebastian

  Hello, with the hash below, I would like the clients array's reference : my $this = { 'name' => $name, 'max_clients' => $max_clients, 'clients' => () }; I can't do "\$this{'clients'};" to retrieve the reference.

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• How to get Ponter/Reference semantics in Scala.

  - by Lukasz Lew

  In C++ I would just take a pointer (or reference) to arr[idx]. In Scala I find myself creating this class to emulate a pointer semantic. class SetTo (val arr : Array[Double], val idx : Int) { def apply (d : Double) { arr(idx) = d } } Isn't there a simpler way? Doesn't Array class have a method to return some kind of reference to a particular field?

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• System.Threading.Timer keep reference to it.

  - by Daniel Bryars

  According to [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.threading.timer.aspx][1] you need to keep a reference to a System.Threading.Timer to prevent it from being disposed. I've got a method like this: private void Delay(Action action, Int32 ms) { if (ms <= 0) { action(); } System.Threading.Timer timer = new System.Threading.Timer( (o) => action(), null, ms, System.Threading.Timeout.Infinite); } Which I don't think keeps a reference to the timer, I've not seen any problems so far, but that's probably because the delay periods used have been pretty small. Is the code above wrong? And if it is, how to I keep a reference to the Timer? I'm thinking something like this might work: class timerstate { internal volatile System.Threading.Timer Timer; }; private void Delay2(Action action, Int32 ms) { if (ms <= 0) { action(); } timerstate state = new timerstate(); lock (state) { state.Timer = new System.Threading.Timer( (o) => { lock (o) { action(); ((timerstate)o).Timer.Dispose(); } }, state, ms, System.Threading.Timeout.Infinite); } The locking business is so I can get the timer into the timerstate class before the delegate gets invoked. It all looks a little clunky to me. Perhaps I should regard the chance of the timer firing before it's finished constructing and assigned to the property in the timerstace instance as negligible and leave the locking out.

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• Change dynamic web reference from web./app.config

  - by Snæbjørn

  I have a problem changing a dynamic web reference in the config file. Changing the url in the config file doesn't have any effect. I have to change the url in .settings and compile for it to change. I added the web reference using the wizard. Set the URL behavior to dynamic, which added the relevant XML tags in config file. In my solution I have the web API (web reference) in a separate project (class lib), so I referenced the project and copied the <applicationSettings> over. <applicationSettings> <StartupProject.Properties.Settings> <setting name="WebReference" serializeAs="String"> <value>http://someurl/somefile.asmx</value> </setting> </StartupProject.Properties.Settings> </applicationSettings> Note that it's <StartupProject.Properties.Settings> and not <WebRefProject.Properties.Settings>. Are there some limitations I'm not aware of or am I doing something wrong?

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• AS 3.0 reference problem

  - by vasion

  I am finding it hard to fugure out the reference system in AS 3.0. this is the code i have (i have trimmed it down in order to find the problem but to no avail) package rpflash.ui { import flash.display.Sprite; import flash.display.MovieClip; import flash.display.Stage; import nowplaying; import flash.text.TextField; public class RPUserInterface extends Sprite{ var np:nowplaying; public function RPUserInterface(){ } public function init(){ var np:nowplaying = new nowplaying(); this.addChild(np) } public function updateplayer(xml:XML){ var artist: String = xml.nowplaying.artist.toString(); var title: String = xml.nowplaying.title.toString(); trace("UI:update"); trace(this.np);// this gives me a null reference } } } and still i cannot access np!!! trace this.np gives me a null reference. i am not even trying to access it from a subling class. (btw i def want to know how to do that as well.)

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• Reference 3.5 assembly from 4.0 winforms phail

  - by Dean Lunz

  So I have this utility library that is compiled as a dll under .net 3.5 and it is used by my asp.net 3.5 website. I created a .net 4.0 winforms app to push data onto the website. I want to make use of the functionality in the utilities library from this winforms app. The problem lies in that when I make reference to the utilities library and use the code in it intellisense barks at me saying that it can't find the objects in that library. The thing is I would switch the winforms app to 3.5 which fixes the problem, but I am using Tasks which require 4.0. And because my website and utilities library both run 3.5 and my website is hosted at godaddy that currently only supports asp.net 3.5 so compiling my utilities library under 4.0 for my winforms app is not going to work because it breaks my website. I have tried the app.config trick ala useLegacyV2RuntimeActivationPolicy="true" ... But that did not help. Obviously I could start a new utilities project for 4.0 and and copy the code files from the existing utilities library then reference the new 4.0 utilities library in my winforms app but, that strikes me as being rather overkill when all I want to do is reference the library and use it's functionality. Not to mention that I would have two utility libraries both containing the exact same code, and if I update the code in one I will need to make sure that the other is also updated. I could use add file as link, but you get the idea. So is there anything else I could try or any other way to solve or get around this? Or am I just going to have to break down and create a identical clone of the utilities library for 4.0.

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• Variable reference problem when loading an object from a file in Java

  - by Snail

  I have a problem with the reference of a variable when loading a saved serialized object from a data file. All the variables referencing to the same object doesn't seem to update on the change. I've made a code snipped below that illustrates the problem. Tournament test1 = new Tournament(); Tournament test2 = test1; try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("test.out"); ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(fis); test1 = (Tournament) in.readObject(); in.close(); } catch (IOException ex){ Logger.getLogger(Frame.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex){ Logger.getLogger(Frame.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } System.out.println("test1: " + test1); System.out.println("test2: " + test2); After this code is ran test1 and test2 doesn't reference to the same object anymore. To my knowledge they should do that since in the declaration of test2 makes it a reference to test1. When test1 is updated test2 should reflect the change and return the new object when called in the code. Am I missing something essential here or have I been misstaught about how the variable references in Java works?

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• Give a reference to a python instance attribute at class definition

  - by Guenther Jehle

  I have a class with attributes which have a reference to another attribute of this class. See class Device, value1 and value2 holding a reference to interface: class Interface(object): def __init__(self): self.port=None class Value(object): def __init__(self, interface, name): self.interface=interface self.name=name def get(self): return "Getting Value \"%s\" with interface \"%s\""%(self.name, self.interface.port) class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface.port=port if __name__=="__main__": d1=Device("Foo") print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Foo" d2=Device("Bar") print d2.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" The last print is wrong, cause d1 should have the interface "Foo". I know whats going wrong: The line interface=Interface() line is executed, when the class definition is parsed (once). So every Device class has the same instance of interface. I could change the Device class to: class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface=Interface() self.interface.port=port So this is also not working: The values still have the reference to the original interface instance and the self.interface is just another instance... The output now is: >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" So how could I solve this the pythonic way? I could setup a function in the Device class to look for attributes with type Value and reassign them the new interface. Isn't this a common problem with a typical solution for it? Thanks!

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• How do I use an index in an array reference as a method reference in Perl?

  - by Robert P

  Similar to this question about iterating over subroutine references, and as a result of answering this question about a OO dispatch table, I was wondering how to call a method reference inside a reference, without removing it first, or if it was even possible. For example: package Class::Foo; use 5.012; #Yay autostrict! use warnings; # a basic constructor for illustration purposes.... sub new { my $class = shift; return bless {}, $class; } # some subroutines for flavor... sub sub1 { say 'in sub 1' } sub sub2 { say 'in sub 2' } sub sub3 { say 'in sub 3' } # and a way to dynamically load the tests we're running... sub sublist { my $self = shift; return [ $self->can('sub1'); $self->can('sub3'}; $self->can('sub2'); ]; } package main; my $instance = Class::Foo->new(a => 1, b => 2, c => 3); my $tests = $instance->sublist(); my $index = int(rand($#{$tests})); # <-- HERE So, at HERE, we could do: my $ref = $tests->{$index}; $instance->$ref(); but how would we do this, without removing the reference first?

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• How to reference SMF libraries when deploying on phone 7 (Release)

  - by aHaH

  Initially, at Visual Studio, I clicked debug instead of release to deploy my app on phone 7 device. No errors, works perfectly fine! Received multitude of errors that mention that some of the libraries don't seem to exist on the mobile phone. For example, extract from the entire list of errors include Warning 10 The referenced component 'Microsoft.SilverlightMediaFramework.Utilities' could not be found. Warning 3 Could not resolve this reference. Could not locate the assembly "Microsoft.SilverlightMediaFramework.Plugins". Check to make sure the assembly exists on disk. If this reference is required by your code, you may get compilation errors. SLARToolKitWinPhoneSample In addition, im also using Slartookit to power up the AR capabilities. Deploying (Release) on the mobile prompts the following errors too. Error 11 The type or namespace name 'SLARToolKit' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) What should I do? Will updating the mobile solve this? Do I have to manually install? Or? Thanks

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• Visual C++ 2010, rvalue reference bug?

  - by Sergey Shandar

  Is it a bug in Visual C++ 2010 or right behaviour? template<class T> T f(T const &r) { return r; } template<class T> T f(T &&r) { static_assert(false, "no way"); return r; } int main() { int y = 4; f(y); } I thought, the function f(T &&) should never be called but it's called with T = int &. The output: main.cpp(10): error C2338: no way main.cpp(17) : see reference to function template instantiation 'T f<int&>(T)' being compiled with [ T=int & ] Update 1 Do you know any C++x0 compiler as a reference? I've tried comeau online test-drive but could not compile r-value reference. Update 2 Workaround (using SFINAE): #include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp> #include <boost/type_traits/is_reference.hpp> template<class T> T f(T &r) { return r; } template<class T> typename ::boost::disable_if< ::boost::is_reference<T>, T>::type f(T &&r) { static_assert(false, "no way"); return r; } int main() { int y = 4; f(y); // f(5); // generates "no way" error, as expected. }

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• Write-Only Reference in C++?

  - by Robert Mason

  Is there a way to code a write-only reference to an object? For example, suppose there was a mutex class: template <class T> class mutex { protected: T _data; public: mutex(); void lock(); //locks the mutex void unlock(); //unlocks the mutex T& data(); //returns a reference to the data, or throws an exception if lock is unowned }; Is there a way to guarantee that one couldn't do this: mutex<type> foo; T& ref; foo.lock(); ref = foo.data(); foo.unlock(); //I have a unguarded reference to foo now On the other hand, is it even worth it? I know that some people assume that programmers won't deliberately clobber the system, but then, why do we have private variables in the first place, eh? It'd be nice to just say it's "Undefined Behavior", but that just seems a little bit too insecure.

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• Reference problem when returning an object from array in PHP

  - by avastreg

  I've a reference problem; the example should be more descriptive than me :P I have a class that has an array of objects and retrieve them through a key (string), like an associative array: class Collection { public $elements; function __construct() { $this->elements = array(); } public function get_element($key) { foreach($this->elements as $element) { if ($element->key == $key) { return $element; break; } } return null; } public function add_element ($element) { $this->elements[] = $element; } } Then i have an object (generic), with a key and some variables: class Element { public $key; public $another_var; public function __construct($key) { $this->key = $key; $this->another_var = "default"; } } Now, i create my collection: $collection = new Collection(); $collection->add_element(new Element("test1")); $collection->add_element(new Element("test2")); And then i try to change variable of an element contained in my "array": $element = $collection->get_element("test1"); $element->another_var = "random_string"; echo $collection->get_element("test1")->another_var; Ok, the output is random_string so i know that my object is passed to $element in reference mode. But if i do, instead: $element = $collection-get_element("test1"); $element = null; //or $element = new GenericObject(); $element-another_var = "bla"; echo $collection-get_element("test1")-another_var; the output is default like if it lost the reference. So, what's wrong? I have got the references to the variables of the element and not to the element itself? Any ideas?

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• Strange compilation error on reference passing argument to function

  - by Grewdrewgoo Goobergabbsoen

  Here's the code: #include <iostream> using namespace std; void mysize(int &size, int size2); int main() { int *p; int val; p = &val; cout << p; mysize(&val, 20); // Error is pointed here! } void mysize(int &size, int size2) { cout << sizeof(size); size2 = size2 + 6000; cout << size2; } Here's the error output from GCC: In function 'int main()': Line 10: error: invalid initialization of non-const reference of type 'int&' from a temporary of type 'int*' compilation terminated due to -Wfatal-errors. What does that imply? I do not understand the error message ... invalid initialization of a non-constant? I declared the prototype function above with two parameters to take, one a reference of an integer and one just an integer value itself. I passed the reference of the int (see line 10), yet this error keeps being thrown at me. What is the issue?

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• C++ invalid reference problem

  - by Karol

  Hi all, I'm writing some callback implementation in C++. I have an abstract callback class, let's say: /** Abstract callback class. */ class callback { public: /** Executes the callback. */ void call() { do_call(); }; protected: /** Callback call implementation specific to derived callback. */ virtual void do_call() = 0; }; Each callback I create (accepting single-argument functions, double-argument functions...) is created as a mixin using one of the following: /** Makes the callback a single-argument callback. */ template <typename T> class singleArgumentCallback { protected: /** Callback argument. */ T arg; public: /** Constructor. */ singleArgumentCallback(T arg): arg(arg) { } }; /** Makes the callback a double-argument callback. */ template <typename T, typename V> class doubleArgumentCallback { protected: /** Callback argument 1. */ T arg1; /** Callback argument 2. */ V arg2; public: /** Constructor. */ doubleArgumentCallback(T arg1, V arg2): arg1(arg1), arg2(arg2) { } }; For example, a single-arg function callback would look like this: /** Single-arg callbacks. */ template <typename T> class singleArgFunctionCallback: public callback, protected singleArgumentCallback<T> { /** Callback. */ void (*callbackMethod)(T arg); public: /** Constructor. */ singleArgFunctionCallback(void (*callback)(T), T argument): singleArgumentCallback<T>(argument), callbackMethod(callback) { } protected: void do_call() { this->callbackMethod(this->arg); } }; For user convenience, I'd like to have a method that creates a callback without having the user think about details, so that one can call (this interface is not subject to change, unfortunately): void test3(float x) { std::cout << x << std::endl; } void test5(const std::string& s) { std::cout << s << std::endl; } make_callback(&test3, 12.0f)->call(); make_callback(&test5, "oh hai!")->call(); My current implementation of make_callback(...) is as follows: /** Creates a callback object. */ template <typename T, typename U> callback* make_callback( void (*callbackMethod)(T), U argument) { return new singleArgFunctionCallback<T>(callbackMethod, argument); } Unfortunately, when I call make_callback(&test5, "oh hai!")->call(); I get an empty string on the standard output. I believe the problem is that the reference gets out of scope after callback initialization. I tried using pointers and references, but it's impossible to have a pointer/reference to reference, so I failed. The only solution I had was to forbid substituting reference type as T (for example, T cannot be std::string&) but that's a sad solution since I have to create another singleArgCallbackAcceptingReference class accepting a function pointer with following signature: void (*callbackMethod)(T& arg); thus, my code gets duplicated 2^n times, where n is the number of arguments of a callback function. Does anybody know any workaround or has any idea how to fix it? Thanks in advance!

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• Oracle VM Blade Cluster Reference Configuration

  - by Ferhat Hatay

  Today we are happy to announce the availability of the Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration for Sun Blade 6000 modular systems.  The new Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration can help reduce the time to deploy virtual infrastructure by up to 98 percent when compared to multi-vendor configurations. Oracle's virtualization strategy is to simplify the deployment, management, and support of the enterprise stack from application to disk. The Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration is a single-vendor solution that addresses every layer of the virtualization stack with Oracle hardware and software components. It enables quick and easy deployment of the virtualized infrastructure using components that have been tested together and are all supported together by one vendor — Oracle. All components listed in the reference configuration have been tested together by Oracle, reducing the need for customer testing and the time-consuming and complex effort of designing and deploying a stable configuration. Benefitting from pre-installed Oracle VM Server for x86 software on Oracle’s highly scalable and reliable Sun Blade servers with built-in networking and Oracle’s Sun ZFS Storage Appliance product line, the configuration provides high availability via the blade cluster as well as a documented best practice guide that helps reduce deployment time and cost for customers implementing highly virtualized applications or private cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) architectures. To further support easier, faster and lower-cost deployments, Oracle Linux, Oracle Solaris and Oracle VM are available for pre-install on select Sun x86 systems, and Oracle VM Templates are available for download for Oracle Applications, Oracle Fusion Middleware, Oracle Database, Oracle Real Application Clusters, and many other Oracle products. Key benefits of the Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration include: Faster time to value – Begin deploying applications immediately because the optimized software stack is pre-configured for best practices and is ready-to-run on the recommended hardware platforms. Reduced deployment cost and risk – The entire hardware and software stack has been tested and is supported together by Oracle. Elastic scalability – As capacity needs grow, the system can be easily scaled in multiple dimensions with the ability to add compute, storage, and networking resources independently. For more information, see: Oracle white paper: Accelerating deployment of virtualized infrastructures with the Oracle VM blade cluster reference configuration Oracle technical white paper: Best Practices and Guidelines for Deploying the Oracle VM Blade Cluster Reference Configuration

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• Is there any functional difference between immutable value types and immutable reference types?

  - by Kendall Frey

  Value types are types which do not have an identity. When one variable is modified, other instances are not. Using Javascript syntax as an example, here is how a value type works. var foo = { a: 42 }; var bar = foo; bar.a = 0; // foo.a is still 42 Reference types are types which do have an identity. When one variable is modified, other instances are as well. Here is how a reference type works. var foo = { a: 42 }; var bar = foo; bar.a = 0; // foo.a is now 0 Note how the example uses mutatable objects to show the difference. If the objects were immutable, you couldn't do that, so that kind of testing for value/reference types doesn't work. Is there any functional difference between immutable value types and immutable reference types? Is there any algorithm that can tell the difference between a reference type and a value type if they are immutable? Reflection is cheating. I'm wondering this mostly out of curiosity.

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• Nullable types and ?? operator C# [en-US]

  - by ruimachado

  Nullable types vs Non-nullable types   While developing our C# projects its frequent the null comparison operation to avoid null exceptions. This simple operation is mainly coded using the "var x = null" code example inside an if clause. However not all types of variables are nullable, which means that setting a variable to null is not allowed in every cases, it depends on what kind of type are you defining. But what if there was an extension to your non-nullable type that would convert your variable types to nullable? This extension really exists. As I said before in C# you have nullable types which represent all the values of an underlying type, and an additional null value and can be declared easily using "T?", where T is the type of the variable and for example the normal int type cannot be null, so its a non-nullable type, however if you define a "int?" your variable can be null, what you do is convert a non-nullable type to a nullable type. Example: int x=null;     Not allowed     int? x=null;   Allowed     While using nullable types you can check if a variable is null the same way you do it with nullable types:     But what about setting a default value when a certain variable is null?   In this cases the c# .net framework let you set a default value when you try to assign a nullable type to a non-nullable type, using the ?? operator. If you don't use this operator you can still catch the InvalidOperationException which is throw in this cases. For example  without the ?? operator :     Using the ?? operator your code becomes cleaner and more easy to read and you get a bonus, you can set a default value for multiple variables using the ?? in a chain set.     That’s it,   Thanks, Rui Machado rpmachado.wordpress.com

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• Cannot iterate of a collection of Anonymous Types created from a LINQ Query in VB.NET

  - by Atari2600

  Ok everyone, I must be missing something here. Every LINQ example I have seen for VB.NET anonymous types claims I can do something like this: Dim Info As EnumerableRowCollection = pDataSet.Tables(0).AsEnumerable Dim Infos = From a In Info _ Select New With {.Prop1 = a("Prop1"), .Prop2 = a("Prop2"), .Prop3 = a("Prop3") } Now when I go to iterate through the collection(see example below), I get an error that says "Name "x" is not declared. For Each x in Infos ... Next It's like VB.NET doesn't understand that Infos is a collection of anonymous types created by LINQ and wants me to declare "x" as some type. (Wouldn't this defeat the purpose of an anonymous type?) I have added the references to System.Data.Linq and System.Data.DataSetExtensions to my project. Here is what I am importing with the class: Imports System.Linq Imports System.Linq.Enumerable Imports System.Linq.Queryable Imports System.Data.Linq Any ideas?

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