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• Very simple python functions takes spends long time in function and not subfunctions

  - by John Salvatier

  I have spent many hours trying to figure what is going on here. The function 'grad_logp' in the code below is called many times in my program, and cProfile and runsnakerun the visualize the results reveals that the function grad_logp spends about .00004s 'locally' every call not in any functions it calls and the function 'n' spends about .00006s locally every call. Together these two times make up about 30% of program time that I care about. It doesn't seem like this is function overhead as other python functions spend far less time 'locally' and merging 'grad_logp' and 'n' does not make my program faster, but the operations that these two functions do seem rather trivial. Does anyone have any suggestions on what might be happening? Have I done something obviously inefficient? Am I misunderstanding how cProfile works? def grad_logp(self, variable, calculation_set ): p = params(self.p,self.parents) return self.n(variable, self.p) def n (self, variable, p ): gradient = self.gg(variable, p) return np.reshape(gradient, np.shape(variable.value)) def gg(self, variable, p): if variable is self: gradient = self._grad_logps['x']( x = self.value, **p) else: gradient = __builtin__.sum([self._pgradient(variable, parameter, value, p) for parameter, value in self.parents.iteritems()]) return gradient

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• Extending a form field to add new validations.

  - by duallain

  I've written an app that uses forms to collect information that is then sent in an email. Many of these forms have a filefield used to attach files to the email. I'd like to validate two things, the size of the file (to ensure the emails are accepted by our mail server. I'd also like to check the file extension, to discourage attaching file types not useable for our users. (This is the python class I'm trying to extend) class FileField(Field): widget = FileInput default_error_messages = { 'invalid': _(u"No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form."), 'missing': _(u"No file was submitted."), 'empty': _(u"The submitted file is empty."), 'max_length': _(u'Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d characters (it has %(length)d).'), } def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.max_length = kwargs.pop('max_length', None) super(FileField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def clean(self, data, initial=None): super(FileField, self).clean(initial or data) if not self.required and data in EMPTY_VALUES: return None elif not data and initial: return initial # UploadedFile objects should have name and size attributes. try: file_name = data.name file_size = data.size except AttributeError: raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid']) if self.max_length is not None and len(file_name) > self.max_length: error_values = {'max': self.max_length, 'length': len(file_name)} raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_length'] % error_values) if not file_name: raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid']) if not file_size: raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['empty']) return data

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• Best way to design a class in python

  - by Fraz

  So, this is more like a philosophical question for someone who is trying to understand classes. Most of time, how i use class is actually a very bad way to use it. I think of a lot of functions and after a time just indent the code and makes it a class and replacing few stuff with self.variable if a variable is repeated a lot. (I know its bad practise) But anyways... What i am asking is: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo,bar): self._foo = foo self._bar = bar self.ans = self.__execute() def __execute(self): return something(self._foo, self._bar) Now there are many ways to do this: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo): self._foo = foo def execute(self,bar): return something(self._foo, bar) Can you suggest which one is bad and which one is worse? or any other way to do this. This is just a toy example (offcourse). I mean, there is no need to have a class here if there is one function.. but lets say in __execute something() calls a whole set of other methods.. ?? Thanks

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• Python: combine logging and wx so that logging stream is redirectet to stdout/stderr frame

  - by Uwe

  Here's the thing: I'm trying to combine the logging module with wx.App()'s redirect feature. My intention is to log to a file AND to stderr. But I want stderr/stdout redirected to a separate frame as is the feature of wx.App. My test code: import logging import wx class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self): self.logger = logging.getLogger("main.MyFrame") wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent = None, id = wx.ID_ANY, title = "MyFrame") self.logger.debug("MyFrame.__init__() called.") def OnExit(self): self.logger.debug("MyFrame.OnExit() called.") class MyApp(wx.App): def __init__(self, redirect): self.logger = logging.getLogger("main.MyApp") wx.App.__init__(self, redirect = redirect) self.logger.debug("MyApp.__init__() called.") def OnInit(self): self.frame = MyFrame() self.frame.Show() self.SetTopWindow(self.frame) self.logger.debug("MyApp.OnInit() called.") return True def OnExit(self): self.logger.debug("MyApp.OnExit() called.") def main(): logger_formatter = logging.Formatter("%(name)s\t%(levelname)s\t%(message)s") logger_stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler() logger_stream_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) logger_stream_handler.setFormatter(logger_formatter) logger_file_handler = logging.FileHandler("test.log", mode = "w") logger_file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logger_file_handler.setFormatter(logger_formatter) logger = logging.getLogger("main") logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logger.addHandler(logger_stream_handler) logger.addHandler(logger_file_handler) logger.info("Logger configured.") app = MyApp(redirect = True) logger.debug("Created instance of MyApp. Calling MainLoop().") app.MainLoop() logger.debug("MainLoop() ended.") logger.info("Exiting program.") return 0 if (__name__ == "__main__"): main() Expected behavior is: - a file is created named test.log - the file contains logging messages with level DEBUG and INFO/ERROR/WARNING/CRITICAL - messages from type INFO and ERROR/WARNING/CRITICAL are ether shown on the console or in a separate frame, depending on where they are created - logger messages that are not inside MyApp or MyFrame are displayed at the console - logger messages from inside MyApp or MyFrame are shown in a separate frame Actual behavior is: - The file is created and contains: main INFO Logger configured. main.MyFrame DEBUG MyFrame.__init__() called. main.MyFrame INFO MyFrame.__init__() called. main.MyApp DEBUG MyApp.OnInit() called. main.MyApp INFO MyApp.OnInit() called. main.MyApp DEBUG MyApp.__init__() called. main DEBUG Created instance of MyApp. Calling MainLoop(). main.MyApp DEBUG MyApp.OnExit() called. main DEBUG MainLoop() ended. main INFO Exiting program. - Console output is: main INFO Logger configured. main.MyFrame INFO MyFrame.__init__() called. main.MyApp INFO MyApp.OnInit() called. main INFO Exiting program. - No separate frame is opened, although the lines main.MyFrame INFO MyFrame.__init__() called. main.MyApp INFO MyApp.OnInit() called. shouldget displayed within a frame and not on the console. It seems to me that wx.App can't redirect stderr to a frame as soon as a logger instance uses stderr as output. wxPythons Docs claim the wanted behavior though, see here. Any ideas? Uwe

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• One letter game problem?

  - by Alex K

  Recently at a job interview I was given the following problem: Write a script capable of running on the command line as python It should take in two words on the command line (or optionally if you'd prefer it can query the user to supply the two words via the console). Given those two words: a. Ensure they are of equal length b. Ensure they are both words present in the dictionary of valid words in the English language that you downloaded. If so compute whether you can reach the second word from the first by a series of steps as follows a. You can change one letter at a time b. Each time you change a letter the resulting word must also exist in the dictionary c. You cannot add or remove letters If the two words are reachable, the script should print out the path which leads as a single, shortest path from one word to the other. You can /usr/share/dict/words for your dictionary of words. My solution consisted of using breadth first search to find a shortest path between two words. But apparently that wasn't good enough to get the job :( Would you guys know what I could have done wrong? Thank you so much. import collections import functools import re def time_func(func): import time def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() res = func(*args, **kwargs) timed = time.time() - start setattr(wrapper, 'time_taken', timed) return res functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, func) return wrapper class OneLetterGame: def __init__(self, dict_path): self.dict_path = dict_path self.words = set() def run(self, start_word, end_word): '''Runs the one letter game with the given start and end words. ''' assert len(start_word) == len(end_word), \ 'Start word and end word must of the same length.' self.read_dict(len(start_word)) path = self.shortest_path(start_word, end_word) if not path: print 'There is no path between %s and %s (took %.2f sec.)' % ( start_word, end_word, find_shortest_path.time_taken) else: print 'The shortest path (found in %.2f sec.) is:\n=> %s' % ( self.shortest_path.time_taken, ' -- '.join(path)) def _bfs(self, start): '''Implementation of breadth first search as a generator. The portion of the graph to explore is given on demand using get_neighboors. Care was taken so that a vertex / node is explored only once. ''' queue = collections.deque([(None, start)]) inqueue = set([start]) while queue: parent, node = queue.popleft() yield parent, node new = set(self.get_neighbours(node)) - inqueue inqueue = inqueue | new queue.extend([(node, child) for child in new]) @time_func def shortest_path(self, start, end): '''Returns the shortest path from start to end using bfs. ''' assert start in self.words, 'Start word not in dictionnary.' assert end in self.words, 'End word not in dictionnary.' paths = {None: []} for parent, child in self._bfs(start): paths[child] = paths[parent] + [child] if child == end: return paths[child] return None def get_neighbours(self, word): '''Gets every word one letter away from the a given word. We do not keep these words in memory because bfs accesses a given vertex only once. ''' neighbours = [] p_word = ['^' + word[0:i] + '\w' + word[i+1:] + '$' for i, w in enumerate(word)] p_word = '|'.join(p_word) for w in self.words: if w != word and re.match(p_word, w, re.I|re.U): neighbours += [w] return neighbours def read_dict(self, size): '''Loads every word of a specific size from the dictionnary into memory. ''' for l in open(self.dict_path): l = l.decode('latin-1').strip().lower() if len(l) == size: self.words.add(l) if __name__ == '__main__': import sys if len(sys.argv) not in [3, 4]: print 'Usage: python one_letter_game.py start_word end_word' else: g = OneLetterGame(dict_path = '/usr/share/dict/words') try: g.run(*sys.argv[1:]) except AssertionError, e: print e

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• Convert your Hash keys to object properties in Ruby

  - by kerry

  Being a Ruby noob (and having a background in Groovy), I was a little surprised that you can not access hash objects using the dot notation.  I am writing an application that relies heavily on XML and JSON data.  This data will need to be displayed and I would rather use book.author.first_name over book[‘author’][‘first_name’].  A quick search on google yielded this post on the subject. So, taking the DRYOO (Don’t Repeat Yourself Or Others) concept.  I came up with this: 1: class ::Hash 2:  3: # add keys to hash 4: def to_obj 5: self.each do |k,v| 6: if v.kind_of? Hash 7: v.to_obj 8: end 9: k=k.gsub(/\.|\s|-|\/|\'/, '_').downcase.to_sym 10: self.instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v) ## create and initialize an instance variable for this key/value pair 11: self.class.send(:define_method, k, proc{self.instance_variable_get("@#{k}")}) ## create the getter that returns the instance variable 12: self.class.send(:define_method, "#{k}=", proc{|v| self.instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)}) ## create the setter that sets the instance variable 13: end 14: return self 15: end 16: end This works pretty well.  It converts each of your keys to properties of the Hash.  However, it doesn’t sit very well with me because I probably will not use 90% of the properties most of the time.  Why should I go through the performance overhead of creating instance variables for all of the unused ones? Enter the ‘magic method’ #missing_method: 1: class ::Hash 2: def method_missing(name) 3: return self[name] if key? name 4: self.each { |k,v| return v if k.to_s.to_sym == name } 5: super.method_missing name 6: end 7: end This is a much cleaner method for my purposes.  Quite simply, it checks to see if there is a key with the given symbol, and if not, loop through the keys and attempt to find one. I am a Ruby noob, so if there is something I am overlooking, please let me know.

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• PyGTK/Quickly Add string to ListStore

  - by AllRadioisDead

  I'm trying to build an application that will prompt the user for a string, and then add that string to a Scrolling Listview object using quickly and PyGTK. I've been following this tutorial: http://developer.ubuntu.com/resources/app-developer-cookbook/multimedia/creating-a-simple-media-player/ When I hit the add button, the prompt comes up properly and I'm able to enter the string. The column appears correctly but the list ends up being blank. What am I doing wrong? import gettext from gettext import gettext as _ gettext.textdomain('spiderweb') from gi.repository import Gtk # pylint: disable=E0611 import logging logger = logging.getLogger('spiderweb') from spiderweb_lib import Window from spiderweb.AboutSpiderwebDialog import AboutSpiderwebDialog from spiderweb.PreferencesSpiderwebDialog import PreferencesSpiderwebDialog from quickly import prompts from quickly.widgets.dictionary_grid import DictionaryGrid import os # See spiderweb_lib.Window.py for more details about how this class works class SpiderwebWindow(Window): __gtype_name__ = "SpiderwebWindow" def finish_initializing(self, builder): # pylint: disable=E1002 """Set up the main window""" super(SpiderwebWindow, self).finish_initializing(builder) self.AboutDialog = AboutSpiderwebDialog self.PreferencesDialog = PreferencesSpiderwebDialog # Code for other initialization actions should be added here. self.supported_web_formats = [".net",".html", ".com"] def on_addbutton_clicked(self, widget, data=None): #let the user choose a path with the directory chooser response, string = prompts.string("Enter a string", "Please enter string:", "Sample Text") #make certain the user said ok before working if response == Gtk.ResponseType.OK: #make a list of the supported media files media_files = Gtk.ListStore(str) #add a dictionary to the list of media files media_files.append({"String":string}) #remove any children in scrolled window for c in self.ui.scrolledwindow1.get_children(): self.ui.scrolledwindow1.remove(c) #create the grid with list of dictionaries #only show the File column media_grid = DictionaryGrid(media_files, keys=["File"]) #show the grid, and add it to the scrolled window media_grid.show_all() self.ui.scrolledwindow1.add(media_grid)

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• Authenticate with Django 1.5

  - by gorjuce

  I'm currently testing django 1.5 and a custom User model, but I've some problems. I've created a User class in my account app, which looks like: class User(AbstractBaseUser): email = models.EmailField() activation_key = models.CharField(max_length=255) is_active = models.BooleanField(default=False) is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False) USERNAME_FIELD = 'email' I can correctly register a user, who is stored in my account_user table. Now, how can I log in? I've tried with: def login(request): form = AuthenticationForm() if request.method == 'POST': form = AuthenticationForm(request.POST) email = request.POST['username'] password = request.POST['password'] user = authenticate(username=email, password=password) if user is not None: if user.is_active: login(user) else: message = 'disabled account, check validation email' return render( request, 'account-login-failed.html', {'message': message} ) return render(request, 'account-login.html', {'form': form}) I can correctly register a new User My forms.py which contains my register form class RegisterForm(forms.ModelForm): """ a form to create user""" password = forms.CharField( label="Password", widget=forms.PasswordInput() ) password_confirm = forms.CharField( label="Password Repeat", widget=forms.PasswordInput() ) class Meta: model = User exclude = ('last_login', 'activation_key') def clean_password_confirm(self): password = self.cleaned_data.get("password") password_confirm = self.cleaned_data.get("password_confirm") if password and password_confirm and password != password_confirm: raise forms.ValidationError("Password don't math") return password_confirm def clean_email(self): if User.objects.filter(email__iexact=self.cleaned_data.get("email")): raise forms.ValidationError("email already exists") return self.cleaned_data['email'] def save(self): user = super(RegisterForm, self).save(commit=False) user.password = self.cleaned_data['password'] user.activation_key = generate_sha1(user.email) user.save() return user My question is: Why does authenticate give me None? I know I'm trying to authenticate() with an email as username but is that not one of the reasons to use a custom User model?

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• iPhone SDK Tableview Datasource singleton error

  - by mrburns05

  I basically followed apple "TheElements" sample and changed "PeriodicElements" .h & .m to my own "SortedItems" .h & .m During compile I get this error: "Undefined symbols: "_OBJC_CLASS_$_SortedItems", referenced from: __objc_classrefs__DATA@0 in SortedByNameTableDataSource.o ld: symbol(s) not found collect2: ld returned 1 exit status " here is my SortedItems.m file #import "SortedItems.h" #import "item.h" #import "MyAppDelegate.h" @interface SortedItems(mymethods) // these are private methods that outside classes need not use - (void)presortItemsByPhysicalState; - (void)presortItemInitialLetterIndexes; - (void)presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:(NSString *)aKey; - (void)presortItemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString *)state; - (NSArray *)presortItemsByNumber; - (NSArray *)presortItemsBySymbol; - (void)setupItemsArray; @end @implementation SortedItems @synthesize statesDictionary; @synthesize itemsDictionary; @synthesize nameIndexesDictionary; @synthesize itemNameIndexArray; @synthesize itemsSortedByNumber; @synthesize itemsSortedBySymbol; @synthesize itemPhysicalStatesArray; static SortedItems *sharedSortedItemsInstance = nil; + (SortedItems*)sharedSortedItems { @synchronized(self) { if (sharedSortedItemsInstance == nil) { [[self alloc] init]; // assignment not done here } } return sharedSortedItemsInstance; // note: Xcode (3.2) static analyzer will report this singleton as a false positive // '(Potential leak of an object allocated') } + (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone { @synchronized(self) { if (sharedSortedItemsInstance == nil) { sharedSortedItemsInstance = [super allocWithZone:zone]; return sharedSortedItemsInstance; // assignment and return on first allocation } } return nil; //on subsequent allocation attempts return nil } - (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone { return self; } - (id)retain { return self; } - (unsigned)retainCount { return UINT_MAX; //denotes an object that cannot be released } - (void)release { //do nothing } - (id)autorelease { return self; } // setup the data collection - init { if (self = [super init]) { [self setupItemsArray]; } return self; } - (void)setupItemsArray { NSDictionary *eachItem; // create dictionaries that contain the arrays of Item data indexed by // name self.itemsDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // physical state self.statesDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // unique first characters (for the Name index table) self.nameIndexesDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; // create empty array entries in the states Dictionary or each physical state [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Solid"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Liquid"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Gas"]; [statesDictionary setObject:[NSMutableArray array] forKey:@"Artificial"]; MyAppDelegate *ad = (MyAppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication]delegate]; NSMutableArray *rawItemsArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [rawItemsArray addObjectsFromArray:ad.items]; // iterate over the values in the raw Items dictionary for (eachItem in rawItemsArray) { // create an atomic Item instance for each Item *anItem = [[Item alloc] initWithDictionary:eachItem]; // store that item in the Items dictionary with the name as the key [itemsDictionary setObject:anItem forKey:anItem.title]; // add that Item to the appropriate array in the physical state dictionary [[statesDictionary objectForKey:anItem.acct] addObject:anItem]; // get the Item's initial letter NSString *firstLetter = [anItem.title substringToIndex:1]; NSMutableArray *existingArray; // if an array already exists in the name index dictionary // simply add the Item to it, otherwise create an array // and add it to the name index dictionary with the letter as the key if (existingArray = [nameIndexesDictionary valueForKey:firstLetter]) { [existingArray addObject:anItem]; } else { NSMutableArray *tempArray = [NSMutableArray array]; [nameIndexesDictionary setObject:tempArray forKey:firstLetter]; [tempArray addObject:anItem]; } // release the Item, it is held by the various collections [anItem release]; } // release the raw Item data [rawItemsArray release]; // create the dictionary containing the possible Item states // and presort the states data self.itemPhysicalStatesArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"something",@"somethingElse",@"whatever",@"stuff",nil]; [self presortItemsByPhysicalState]; // presort the dictionaries now // this could be done the first time they are requested instead [self presortItemInitialLetterIndexes]; self.itemsSortedByNumber = [self presortItemsByNumber]; self.itemsSortedBySymbol = [self presortItemsBySymbol]; } // return the array of Items for the requested physical state - (NSArray *)itemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString*)aState { return [statesDictionary objectForKey:aState]; } // presort each of the arrays for the physical states - (void)presortItemsByPhysicalState { for (NSString *stateKey in itemPhysicalStatesArray) { [self presortItemsWithPhysicalState:stateKey]; } } - (void)presortItemsWithPhysicalState:(NSString *)state { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; [[statesDictionary objectForKey:state] sortUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; } // return an array of Items for an initial letter (ie A, B, C, ...) - (NSArray *)itemsWithInitialLetter:(NSString*)aKey { return [nameIndexesDictionary objectForKey:aKey]; } // presort the name index arrays so the items are in the correct order - (void)presortItemsInitialLetterIndexes { self.itemNameIndexArray = [[nameIndexesDictionary allKeys] sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)]; for (NSString *eachNameIndex in itemNameIndexArray) { [self presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:eachNameIndex]; } } - (void)presortItemNamesForInitialLetter:(NSString *)aKey { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; [[nameIndexesDictionary objectForKey:aKey] sortUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; } // presort the ItemsSortedByNumber array - (NSArray *)presortItemsByNumber { NSSortDescriptor *nameDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"acct" ascending:YES selector:@selector(compare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:nameDescriptor]; NSArray *sortedItems = [[itemsDictionary allValues] sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [nameDescriptor release]; return sortedItems; } // presort the itemsSortedBySymbol array - (NSArray *)presortItemsBySymbol { NSSortDescriptor *symbolDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"title" ascending:YES selector:@selector(localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:)] ; NSArray *descriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:symbolDescriptor]; NSArray *sortedItems = [[itemsDictionary allValues] sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:descriptors]; [symbolDescriptor release]; return sortedItems; } @end I followed the sample exactly - don't know where I went wrong. Here is my "SortedByNameTableDataSource.m" #import "SortedByNameTableDataSource.h" #import "SortedItems.h" #import "Item.h" #import "ItemCell.h" #import "GradientView.h" #import "UIColor-Expanded.h" #import "MyAppDelegate.h" @implementation SortedByNameTableDataSource - (NSString *)title { return @"Title"; } - (UITableViewStyle)tableViewStyle { return UITableViewStylePlain; }; // return the atomic element at the index - (Item *)itemForIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemsWithInitialLetter:[[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:indexPath.section]] objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; } // UITableViewDataSource methods - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { static NSString *MyIdentifier = @"ItemCell"; ItemCell *itemCell = (ItemCell *)[tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:MyIdentifier]; if (itemCell == nil) { itemCell = [[[ItemCell alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectZero reuseIdentifier:MyIdentifier] autorelease]; itemCell = CGRectMake(0.0, 0.0, 320.0, ROW_HEIGHT); itemCell.backgroundView = [[[GradientView alloc] init] autorelease]; } itemCell.todo = [self itemForIndexPath:indexPath]; return itemCell; } - (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { // this table has multiple sections. One for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] // return the count of that array return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] count]; } - (NSArray *)sectionIndexTitlesForTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { // returns the array of section titles. There is one entry for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] return [[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray]; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView sectionForSectionIndexTitle:(NSString *)title atIndex:(NSInteger)index { return index; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section { // the section represents the initial letter of the element // return that letter NSString *initialLetter = [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:section]; // get the array of elements that begin with that letter NSArray *itemsWithInitialLetter = [[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemsWithInitialLetter:initialLetter]; // return the count return [itemsWithInitialLetter count]; } - (NSString *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView titleForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section { // this table has multiple sections. One for each unique character that an element begins with // [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z] // return the letter that represents the requested section // this is actually a delegate method, but we forward the request to the datasource in the view controller return [[[SortedItems sharedSortedItems] itemNameIndexArray] objectAtIndex:section]; } @end

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• django: failing tests from django.contrib.auth

  - by gruszczy

  When I run my django test I get following errors, that are outside of my test suite: ====================================================================== ERROR: test_known_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserCustomTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 160, in test_known_user super(RemoteUserCustomTest, self).test_known_user() File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 67, in test_known_user self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser') TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_last_login (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserCustomTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 87, in test_last_login self.assertNotEqual(default_login, response.context['user'].last_login) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_no_remote_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserCustomTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 33, in test_no_remote_user self.assert_(isinstance(response.context['user'], AnonymousUser)) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_unknown_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserCustomTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 168, in test_unknown_user super(RemoteUserCustomTest, self).test_unknown_user() File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 51, in test_unknown_user self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'newuser') TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_known_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 67, in test_known_user self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser') TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_last_login (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 87, in test_last_login self.assertNotEqual(default_login, response.context['user'].last_login) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_no_remote_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 33, in test_no_remote_user self.assert_(isinstance(response.context['user'], AnonymousUser)) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_unknown_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 118, in test_unknown_user self.assert_(isinstance(response.context['user'], AnonymousUser)) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_known_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 67, in test_known_user self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser') TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_last_login (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 87, in test_last_login self.assertNotEqual(default_login, response.context['user'].last_login) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_no_remote_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 33, in test_no_remote_user self.assert_(isinstance(response.context['user'], AnonymousUser)) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== ERROR: test_unknown_user (django.contrib.auth.tests.remote_user.RemoteUserTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/remote_user.py", line 51, in test_unknown_user self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'newuser') TypeError: 'NoneType' object is unsubscriptable ====================================================================== FAIL: test_current_site_in_context_after_login (django.contrib.auth.tests.views.LoginTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/django/contrib/auth/tests/views.py", line 190, in test_current_site_in_context_after_login self.assertEquals(response.status_code, 200) AssertionError: 302 != 200 Could anyone explain me, what am I doing wrong or what I should set to get those tests pass?

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• ImportError: No module named _sqlite3

  - by Chris R.

  I'm writing for the Google App Engine and my local tests are getting the following error: --> --> --> Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 3185, in _HandleRequest self._Dispatch(dispatcher, self.rfile, outfile, env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 3128, in _Dispatch base_env_dict=env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 515, in Dispatch base_env_dict=base_env_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2387, in Dispatch self._module_dict) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2297, in ExecuteCGI reset_modules = exec_script(handler_path, cgi_path, hook) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 2193, in ExecuteOrImportScript exec module_code in script_module.__dict__ File "C:\Users\Chris Reade\Documents\SI 182\Final\geneticsalesman\Final.py", line 7, in <module> from pyevolve import DBAdapters File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1922, in load_module return self.FindAndLoadModule(submodule, fullname, search_path) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1824, in FindAndLoadModule description) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1775, in LoadModuleRestricted description) File "C:\Users\Chris Reade\Documents\SI 182\Final\geneticsalesman\pyevolve\DBAdapters.py", line 21, in <module> import sqlite3 File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1922, in load_module return self.FindAndLoadModule(submodule, fullname, search_path) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1824, in FindAndLoadModule description) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1775, in LoadModuleRestricted description) File "C:\Python26\lib\sqlite3\__init__.py", line 24, in <module> from dbapi2 import * File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1922, in load_module return self.FindAndLoadModule(submodule, fullname, search_path) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1824, in FindAndLoadModule description) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1272, in Decorate return func(self, *args, **kwargs) File "C:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver.py", line 1775, in LoadModuleRestricted description) File "C:\Python26\lib\sqlite3\dbapi2.py", line 27, in <module> from _sqlite3 import * ImportError: No module named _sqlite3 My python direction has a lib file for sqlite3 but I can't tell why it can't find it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• jQuery UI Tabs Plugin Broke

  - by Warren J Thompson

  We are using the jquery ui tabs arrow plugin from this fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/dECtZ/282/, but like many plugins, it breaks with the latest version of jQuery. We were able to get the csscur to work, but still get the following error in the jquery core (line 353): Uncaught TypeError: Cannot assign to read only property 'length' of function (e,t){if(!this._createWidget)return new o(e,t);arguments.length&&this._createWidget(e,t)} Code is as follows: (function($, undefined) { if (!$.xui) { $.xui = {}; } var tabs = $.extend({}, $.ui.tabs.prototype), _super = { _create: tabs._create, _destroy: tabs._destroy, _update: tabs._update }; $.xui.tabs = $.extend(tabs, { options: $.extend({}, tabs.options, { scrollable: false, changeOnScroll: false, closable: false, resizable: false, resizeHandles: "e,s,se" }), _create: function() { var self = this, o = self.options; _super._create.apply(self); if (o.scrollable) { self.element.addClass("ui-tabs-scrollable"); var scrollContainer = $('<div class="ui-tabs-scroll-container"></div>').prependTo(this.element); self.header = $('<div class="ui-tabs-nav-scrollable ui-widget-header ui-corner-all"></div>').prependTo(scrollContainer); var nav = self.element.find(".ui-tabs-nav:first").removeClass("ui-widget-header ui-corner-all").appendTo(this.header); var arrowsNav = $('<ol class="ui-helper-reset ui-helper-clearfix ui-tabs-nav-arrows"></ol>').prependTo(self.element); var navPrev = $('<li class="ui-tabs-arrow-previous ui-state-default ui-corner-bl ui-corner-tl" title="Previous"><a href="#"><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-w">Previous tab</span></a></li>').prependTo(arrowsNav).hide(), navNext = $('<li class="ui-tabs-arrow-next ui-state-default ui-corner-tr ui-corner-br" title="Next"><a href="#"><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-e">Next tab</span></a></li>').appendTo(arrowsNav).hide(); var scrollTo = function(to, delay) { var navWidth = 0, arrowWidth = navPrev.outerWidth(), marginLeft = -(parseInt(nav.css("marginLeft"), 10)), hwidth = self.header.width(), newMargin = 0; nav.find("li").each(function() { navWidth += $(this).outerWidth(true); }); if (to instanceof $.Event) { } else { newMargin = marginLeft+to; if (newMargin > (navWidth-hwidth)) { newMargin = (navWidth-hwidth); } else if (newMargin < 0) { newMargin = 0; } nav.stop(true).animate({ marginLeft: -(newMargin) }, delay, function(){ $(window).trigger("resize.tabs"); }); } } var holdTimer = false; navPrev.add(navNext).bind({ "click": function(e) { var isNext = this === navNext[0]; e.preventDefault(); if (o.changeOnScroll) { self.select(self.options.selected + (isNext ? 1 : -1)); } else { if (!holdTimer) scrollTo(isNext ? 150 : -150, 250); } }, "mousedown": function(e){ if (!o.changeOnScroll) { var isNext = this === navNext[0], duration = 10, pos = 15, timer; if (holdTimer) clearTimeout(holdTimer); holdTimer = setTimeout(timer = function(){ scrollTo(isNext ? pos : -(pos), duration); holdTimer = setTimeout(arguments.callee, duration); }, 150); } }, "mouseup mouseout": function(e){ if (!o.changeOnScroll) { clearTimeout(holdTimer); holdTimer = false; nav.stop(); } } }); self.header.bind('mousewheel', function(e, d, dX, dY) { e.preventDefault(); if (d === -1) { navNext.click(); } else if (d === 1) { navPrev.click(); } }); $(window).bind("resize.tabs", function(e) { var navWidth = 0; var arrowWidth = navPrev.outerWidth(); nav.find("li").each(function() { navWidth += $(this).outerWidth(true); }); var marginLeft = -(parseInt(nav.css("marginLeft"), 10)), hwidth = self.header.width(); if (navWidth > (hwidth+marginLeft)) { self.header.addClass("ui-tabs-arrow-r"); navNext.show("fade"); if (marginLeft > 0) { self.header.addClass("ui-tabs-arrow-l"); navPrev.show("fade"); } else { self.header.removeClass("ui-tabs-arrow-l"); navPrev.hide("fade"); } } else { self.header.removeClass("ui-tabs-arrows ui-tabs-arrow-l"); navNext.hide("fade"); if (marginLeft > 0) { self.header.addClass("ui-tabs-arrow-l"); navPrev.show("fade"); } else { self.header.removeClass("ui-tabs-arrow-l"); navPrev.hide("fade"); } } }).trigger("resize.tabs"); arrowsNav.find("li").bind({ "mouseenter focus": function(e) { $(this).addClass("ui-state-hover"); }, "mouseleave blur": function(e) { $(this).removeClass("ui-state-hover"); } }); this.anchors.bind("click.tabs", function(){ var li = $(this).parent(), arrowWidth = navPrev.outerWidth(), width = li.outerWidth(true), hwidth = self.header.width(), pos = li.position().left, marginLeft = -(parseInt(nav.stop(true,true).css("marginLeft"),10)), newMargin = -1; if (li.index() === 0) { newMargin = 0; } else if ((pos+width) >= (hwidth+marginLeft)) { newMargin = pos-hwidth+width; if ((li.index()+1) < nav.find("li").length) { newMargin += arrowWidth; } } else if (pos < marginLeft) { newMargin = pos-arrowWidth; } if (newMargin > -1) { nav.animate({ marginLeft: -(newMargin) }, 250, function(){ $(window).trigger("resize.tabs"); }); } }); } return self; }, _update: function(){ console.log(arguments); _super._update.apply(this); } }); $.widget("xui.tabs", $.xui.tabs); })(jQuery); $(function() { $("#tabs").tabs({ scrollable: true, changeOnScroll: false, closable: true }); $("#switcher").themeswitcher(); });

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• django admin: Add a "remove file" field for Image- or FileFields

  - by w-

  I was hunting around the net for a way to easily allow users to blank out imagefield/filefields they have set in the admin. I found this http://www.djangosnippets.org/snippets/894/ What was really interesting to me here was the code posted in the comment by rfugger remove_the_file = forms.BooleanField(required=False) def save(self, *args, **kwargs): object = super(self.__class__, self).save(*args, **kwargs) if self.cleaned_data.get('remove_the_file'): object.the_file = '' return object When i try to use this in my own form I basically added this to my admin.py which already had a BlahAdmin class BlahModelForm(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = Blah remove_img01 = forms.BooleanField(required=False) def save(self, *args, **kwargs): object = super(self.__class__, self).save(*args, **kwargs) if self.cleaned_data.get('remove_img01'): object.img01 = '' return object when i run it I get this error maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object at this line object = super(self.__class__, self).save(*args, **kwargs) When i think about it for a bit, it seems obvious that it is just infinitely calling itself causing the error. My problem is i can't figure out what is the correct way i should be doing this. Any suggestions? thanks

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• tableView:didSelectRowAtIndexPath: calls TTNavigator openURLAction:applyAnimated: — UITabBar and na

  - by vikingosegundo

  I have an existing iphone project with a UITabBar. Now I need styled text and in-text links to other ViewControllers in my app. I am trying to integrate TTStyledTextLabel. I have a FirstViewController:UITabelViewController with this tableView:didSelectRowAtIndexPath: - (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { NSString *url; if ([self.filteredQuestions count]>0) { url = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%d", @"tt://question/", [[self.filteredQuestions objectAtIndex:indexPath.row] id]]; [[TTNavigator navigator] openURLAction:[[TTURLAction actionWithURLPath: url] applyAnimated:YES]]; } else { Question * q = [self.questions objectAtIndex:indexPath.row] ; url = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%d", @"tt://question/", [q.id intValue]]; } TTDPRINT(@"%@", url); TTNavigator *navigator = [TTNavigator navigator]; [navigator openURLAction:[[TTURLAction actionWithURLPath: url] applyAnimated:YES]]; } My mapping looks like this: TTNavigator* navigator = [TTNavigator navigator]; navigator.window = window; navigator.supportsShakeToReload = YES; TTURLMap* map = navigator.URLMap; [map from:@"*" toViewController:[TTWebController class]]; [map from:@"tt://question/(initWithQID:)" toViewController:[QuestionDetailViewController class]]; and my QuestionDetailViewController: @interface QuestionDetailViewController : UIViewController <UIScrollViewDelegate , QuestionDetailViewProtocol> { Question *question; } @property(nonatomic,retain) Question *question; -(id) initWithQID:(NSString *)qid; -(void) goBack:(id)sender; @end When I hit a cell, q QuestionDetailViewController will be called — but the navigationBar wont @implementation QuestionDetailViewController @synthesize question; -(id) initWithQID:(NSString *)qid { if (self = [super initWithNibName:@"QuestionDetailViewController" bundle:nil]) { //; TTDPRINT(@"%@", qid); NSManagedObjectContext *managedObjectContext = [(domainAppDelegate*)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate] managedObjectContext]; NSPredicate *predicate =[NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"id == %@", qid]; NSEntityDescription *entity = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@"Question" inManagedObjectContext:managedObjectContext]; NSFetchRequest *request = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init]; [request setEntity:entity]; [request setPredicate:predicate]; NSError *error = nil; NSArray *array = [managedObjectContext executeFetchRequest:request error:&error]; if (error==nil && [array count]>0 ) { self.question = [array objectAtIndex:0]; } else { TTDPRINT(@"error: %@", array); } } return self; } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; [TTStyleSheet setGlobalStyleSheet:[[[TextTestStyleSheet alloc] init] autorelease]]; [self.navigationController.navigationBar setTranslucent:YES]; NSArray *includedLinks = [self.question.answer.text vs_extractExternalLinks]; NSMutableDictionary *linksToTT = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init]; for (NSArray *a in includedLinks) { NSString *s = [a objectAtIndex:3]; if ([s hasPrefix:@"/answer/"] || [s hasPrefix:@"http://domain.com/answer/"] || [s hasPrefix:@"http://www.domain.com/answer/"]) { NSString *ttAdress = @"tt://question/"; NSArray *adressComps = [s pathComponents]; for (NSString *s in adressComps) { if ([s isEqualToString:@"qid"]) { ttAdress = [ttAdress stringByAppendingString:[adressComps objectAtIndex:[adressComps indexOfObject:s]+1]]; } } [linksToTT setObject:ttAdress forKey:s]; } } for (NSString *k in [linksToTT allKeys]) { self.question.answer.text = [self.question.answer.text stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:k withString: [linksToTT objectForKey:k]]; } TTStyledTextLabel *answerText = [[[TTStyledTextLabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 320, 700)] autorelease]; if (![[self.question.answer.text stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceCharacterSet]] hasPrefix:@"<div"]) { self.question.answer.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%<div>%@</div>", self.question.answer.text]; } NSString * s = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"<div class=\"header\">%@</div>\n%@",self.question.title ,self.question.answer.text]; answerText.text = [TTStyledText textFromXHTML:s lineBreaks:YES URLs:YES]; answerText.contentInset = UIEdgeInsetsMake(20, 15, 20, 15); [answerText sizeToFit]; [self.navigationController setNavigationBarHidden:NO animated:YES]; [self.view addSubview:answerText]; [(UIScrollView *)self.view setContentSize:answerText.frame.size]; self.view.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor]; [linksToTT release]; } ....... @end This works quite nice, as soon as a cell is touched, a QuestionDetailViewController is called and pushed — but the tabBar will disappear, and the navigationItem — I set it like this: self.navigationItem.title =@"back to first screen"; — won't be shown. And it just appears without animation. But if I press a link inside the TTStyledTextLabel the animation works, the navigationItem will be shown. How can I make the animation, the navigationItem and the tabBar be shown?

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• python variable scope

  - by Oscar Reyes

  I'm teaching my self python and I was translating some sample class Student: def __init__( self, name, a,b,c ): self.name = name self.a = a self.b = b self.c = c def average(self): return ( a+b+c ) / 3.0 Which is pretty much my intended class definition Later in the main method I create an instance and call it a if __name__ == "__main__" : a = Student( "Oscar", 10, 10, 10 ) That's how I find out that the variable a declared in main is available to the method average and that to make that method work , I have to type self.a + self.b + self.c instead What's the rationale of this? I found related questions, but I don't really know if they are about the same

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• Python Ctypes Read/WriteProcessMemory() - Error 5/998 Help!

  - by user299805

  Please don't get scared but the following code, if you are familiar with ctypes or C it should be easy to read. I have been trying to get my ReadProcessMemory() and WriteProcessMemory() functions to be working for so long and have tried almost every possibility but the right one. It launches the target program, returns its PID and handle just fine. But I always get a error code of 5 - ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED. When I run the read function(forget the write for now). I am launching this program as what I believe to be a CHILD process with PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS or CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL. I have also tried PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS and PROCESS_VM_READ when I open the handle. I can also say that it is a valid memory location because I can find it on the running program with CheatEngine. As for VirtualQuery() I get an error code of 998 - ERROR_NOACCESS which further confirms my suspicion of it being some security/privilege problem. Any help or ideas would be very appreciated, again, it's my whole program so far, don't let it scare you =P. from ctypes import * from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL import binascii BYTE = c_ubyte WORD = c_ushort DWORD = c_ulong LPBYTE = POINTER(c_ubyte) LPTSTR = POINTER(c_char) HANDLE = c_void_p PVOID = c_void_p LPVOID = c_void_p UNIT_PTR = c_ulong SIZE_T = c_ulong class STARTUPINFO(Structure): _fields_ = [("cb", DWORD), ("lpReserved", LPTSTR), ("lpDesktop", LPTSTR), ("lpTitle", LPTSTR), ("dwX", DWORD), ("dwY", DWORD), ("dwXSize", DWORD), ("dwYSize", DWORD), ("dwXCountChars", DWORD), ("dwYCountChars", DWORD), ("dwFillAttribute",DWORD), ("dwFlags", DWORD), ("wShowWindow", WORD), ("cbReserved2", WORD), ("lpReserved2", LPBYTE), ("hStdInput", HANDLE), ("hStdOutput", HANDLE), ("hStdError", HANDLE),] class PROCESS_INFORMATION(Structure): _fields_ = [("hProcess", HANDLE), ("hThread", HANDLE), ("dwProcessId", DWORD), ("dwThreadId", DWORD),] class MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION(Structure): _fields_ = [("BaseAddress", PVOID), ("AllocationBase", PVOID), ("AllocationProtect", DWORD), ("RegionSize", SIZE_T), ("State", DWORD), ("Protect", DWORD), ("Type", DWORD),] class SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES(Structure): _fields_ = [("Length", DWORD), ("SecDescriptor", LPVOID), ("InheritHandle", BOOL)] class Main(): def __init__(self): self.h_process = None self.pid = None def launch(self, path_to_exe): CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = 0x00000010 CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL = 0x02000000 startupinfo = STARTUPINFO() process_information = PROCESS_INFORMATION() security_attributes = SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES() startupinfo.dwFlags = 0x1 startupinfo.wShowWindow = 0x0 startupinfo.cb = sizeof(startupinfo) security_attributes.Length = sizeof(security_attributes) security_attributes.SecDescriptior = None security_attributes.InheritHandle = True if windll.kernel32.CreateProcessA(path_to_exe, None, byref(security_attributes), byref(security_attributes), True, CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL, None, None, byref(startupinfo), byref(process_information)): self.pid = process_information.dwProcessId print "Success: CreateProcess - ", path_to_exe else: print "Failed: Create Process - Error code: ", windll.kernel32.GetLastError() def get_handle(self, pid): PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS = 0x001F0FFF PROCESS_VM_READ = 0x0010 self.h_process = windll.kernel32.OpenProcess(PROCESS_VM_READ, False, pid) if self.h_process: print "Success: Got Handle - PID:", self.pid else: print "Failed: Get Handle - Error code: ", windll.kernel32.GetLastError() windll.kernel32.SetLastError(10000) def read_memory(self, address): buffer = c_char_p("The data goes here") bufferSize = len(buffer.value) bytesRead = c_ulong(0) if windll.kernel32.ReadProcessMemory(self.h_process, address, buffer, bufferSize, byref(bytesRead)): print "Success: Read Memory - ", buffer.value else: print "Failed: Read Memory - Error Code: ", windll.kernel32.GetLastError() windll.kernel32.CloseHandle(self.h_process) windll.kernel32.SetLastError(10000) def write_memory(self, address, data): count = c_ulong(0) length = len(data) c_data = c_char_p(data[count.value:]) null = c_int(0) if not windll.kernel32.WriteProcessMemory(self.h_process, address, c_data, length, byref(count)): print "Failed: Write Memory - Error Code: ", windll.kernel32.GetLastError() windll.kernel32.SetLastError(10000) else: return False def virtual_query(self, address): basic_memory_info = MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION() windll.kernel32.SetLastError(10000) result = windll.kernel32.VirtualQuery(address, byref(basic_memory_info), byref(basic_memory_info)) if result: return True else: print "Failed: Virtual Query - Error Code: ", windll.kernel32.GetLastError() main = Main() address = None main.launch("C:\Program Files\ProgramFolder\Program.exe") main.get_handle(main.pid) #main.write_memory(address, "\x61") while 1: print '1 to enter an address' print '2 to virtual query address' print '3 to read address' choice = raw_input('Choice: ') if choice == '1': address = raw_input('Enter and address: ') if choice == '2': main.virtual_query(address) if choice == '3': main.read_memory(address) Thanks!

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• Django unable to update model

  - by user292652

  i have the following function to override the default save function in a model match def save(self, *args, **kwargs): if self.Match_Status == "F": Team.objects.filter(pk=self.Team_one.id).update(Played=F('Played')+1) Team.objects.filter(pk=self.Team_two.id).update(Played=F('Played')+1) if self.Winner !="": Team.objects.filter(pk=self.Winner.id).update(Win=F('Win')+1, Points=F('Points')+3) else: return if self.Match_Status == "D": Team.objects.filter(pk=self.Team_one.id).update(Played=F('Played')+1, Draw = F('Draw')+1, Points=F('Points')+1) Team.objects.filter(pk=self.Team_two.id).update(Played=F('Played')+1, Draw = F('Draw')+1, Points=F('Points')+1) super(Match, self).save(*args, **kwargs) I am able to save the match model just fine but Team model does not seem to be updating at all and no error is being thrown. am i missing some thing here ?

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• 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'day'

  - by Asinox

  Hi guy, i dont know where is my error, but Django 1.2.1 is give this error: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'day' when i try to save form from the Administrator Area models.py from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User class Editorial(models.Model): titulo = models.CharField(max_length=250,help_text='Titulo del editorial') editorial = models.TextField(help_text='Editorial') slug = models.SlugField(unique_for_date='pub_date') autor = models.ForeignKey(User) pub_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) activa = models.BooleanField(verbose_name="Activa") enable_comments = models.BooleanField(verbose_name="Aceptar Comentarios",default=False) editorial_html = models.TextField(editable=False,blank=True) def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.titulo) def get_absolute_url(self): return "/editorial/%s/%s/" % (self.pub_date.strftime("%Y/%b/%d").lower(), self.slug) class Meta: ordering=['-pub_date'] verbose_name_plural ='Editoriales' def save(self,force_insert=False, force_update=False): from markdown import markdown if self.editorial: self.editorial_html = markdown(self.editorial) super(Editorial,self).save(force_insert,force_update) i dont know why this error, thanks guys sorry with my English

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• How do I memoize expensive calculations on Django model objects?

  - by David Eyk

  I have several TextField columns on my UserProfile object which contain JSON objects. I've also defined a setter/getter property for each column which encapsulates the logic for serializing and deserializing the JSON into python datastructures. The nature of this data ensures that it will be accessed many times by view and template logic within a single Request. To save on deserialization costs, I would like to memoize the python datastructures on read, invalidating on direct write to the property or save signal from the model object. Where/How do I store the memo? I'm nervous about using instance variables, as I don't understand the magic behind how any particular UserProfile is instantiated by a query. Is __init__ safe to use, or do I need to check the existence of the memo attribute via hasattr() at each read? Here's an example of my current implementation: class UserProfile(Model): text_json = models.TextField(default=text_defaults) @property def text(self): if not hasattr(self, "text_memo"): self.text_memo = None self.text_memo = self.text_memo or simplejson.loads(self.text_json) return self.text_memo @text.setter def text(self, value=None): self.text_memo = None self.text_json = simplejson.dumps(value)

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• python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

  - by João Portela

  The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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• PyQt4: Why does Python crash on close when using QTreeWidgetItem?

  - by Rini

  I'm using Python 3.1.1 and PyQt4 (not sure how to get that version number?). Python is crashing whenever I exit my application. I've seen this before as a garbage collection issue, but this time I'm not sure how to correct the problem. This code crashes: import sys from PyQt4 import QtGui class MyWindow(QtGui.QMainWindow): def __init__(self, parent=None): QtGui.QMainWindow.__init__(self, parent) self.tree = QtGui.QTreeWidget(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tree) QtGui.QTreeWidgetItem(self.tree) # This line is the problem self.show() app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv) mw = MyWindow() sys.exit(app.exec_()) If I remove the commented line, the code exits without a problem. If I remove the 'self.tree' parent from the initialization, the code exits without a problem. If I try to use self.tree.addTopLevelItem, the code crashes again. What could be the problem?

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• Tornado Web & Persistent Connections

  - by Engrost

  How can I write Http server in TornadoWeb that will support persistent Connections. I mean will be able to receive many requests and answer to them without closing connection. How does it actually work in async? I just want to know how to write handler to handle persistent connection. How actually would it work? I have handler like that: class MainHandler(RequestHandler): count = 0 @asynchronous def post(self): #get header content type content_type = self.request.headers.get('Content-Type') if not content_type in ACCEPTED_CONTENT: raise HTTPError(403, 'Incorrect content type') text = self.request.body self.count += 1 command = CommandObject(text, self.count, callback = self.async_callback(self.on_response)) command.execute() def on_response(self, response): if response.error: raise HTTPError(500) body = response.body self.write(body) self.flush() execute calls callback when finishes. is my asumption right that with things that way post will be called many times and for one connection count will increase with each httprequest from client? but for each connection I will have separate count value?

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• Iphone UIButton not working in nested UIViews

  - by Charles Peterson

  This is so damn simple im sure! Im missing something and im exhausted from trying to fix it. hopefully someone can help. The Button in CharacterView.m works but the button nested down in CharacterMale.m does not. I'm not using IB everything is done progmatically. What would cause one button to work and other not? ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// CharacterController.m ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #import "CharacterController.h" #import "CharacterView.h" @implementation CharacterController - (id)init { NSLog(@"CharacterController init"); self = [ super init ]; if (self != nil) { } return self; } - (void)loadView { [ super loadView ]; characterView = [ [ CharacterView alloc ] init]; self.view = characterView; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; } - (void)dealloc { [super dealloc]; } @end ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// CharacterView.m ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #import "CharacterView.h" #import "CharacterMale.h" @implementation CharacterView - (id)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame { if (self = [super initWithFrame:frame]) { characterMale = [ [ CharacterMale alloc ] init]; [self addSubview: characterMale]; UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; button.frame = CGRectMake(0, 200, 200, 100); [button setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"btnCharSelect.png"] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; [button addTarget:self action:@selector(ApplyImage:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; [ self addSubview: button ]; } return self; } - (void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect { } -(void)ApplyImage:(id)sender { NSLog(@"CharacterView button works"); } - (void)dealloc { [super dealloc]; } @end ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// CharacterMale.m ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #import "CharacterMale.h" #import "CharacterController.h" @implementation CharacterMale - (id)init { self = [ super init]; if (self != nil) { UIImage *image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"charMale.png"]; imageView = [[ UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:image]; [image release]; [ self addSubview: imageView ]; UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; button.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 200, 100); [button setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"btnCharSelect.png"] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; [button addTarget:self action:@selector(ApplyImage:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; [ self addSubview: button ]; } return self; } -(void)ApplyImage:(id)sender { NSLog(@"CharacterMal button works"); } - (void)dealloc { [super dealloc]; } @end

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• pysvn client.log() returning empty dictionary

  - by nashr rafeeg

  i have the following script that i am using to get the log messages from svn import pysvn class svncheck(): def __init__(self, svn_root="http://10.11.25.3/svn/Moodle/modules", svn_user=None, svn_password=None): self.user = svn_user self.password = svn_password self.root = svn_root def diffrence(self): client = pysvn.Client() client.commit_info_style = 1 client.callback_notify = self.notify client.callback_get_login = self.credentials log = client.log( self.root, revision_start=pysvn.Revision( pysvn.opt_revision_kind.number, 0), revision_end=pysvn.Revision( pysvn.opt_revision_kind.number, 5829), discover_changed_paths=True, strict_node_history=True, limit=0, include_merged_revisions=False, ) print log def notify( event_dict ): print event_dict return def credentials(realm, username, may_save): return True, self.user, self.password, True s = svncheck() s.diffrence() when i run this script its returning a empty dictionary object [<PysvnLog ''>, <PysvnLog ''>, <PysvnLog ''>,.. any idea what i am doing wrong here ? i am using pysvn version 1.7.2 built again svn version 1.6.5 cheers Nash

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• Help calling class from a class above.

  - by wtzolt

  Hello, How to call from class oneThread: back to class fun:? As in, address a class written below. Is it possible? class oneThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.start() def run(self): print "1" time.sleep(1) print "2" time.sleep(1) print "3" self.wTree.get_widget("entryResult").set_text("Done with One.") # How to call from here back to class fun, which of course is below...? class fun: wTree = None def __init__( self ): self.wTree = gtk.glade.XML( "main.glade" ) self.wTree.signal_autoconnect( {"on_buttonOne" : self.one} ) gtk.main() def one(self, widget): oneThread(); gtk.gdk.threads_init() do=fun()

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