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Finding patterns of failure in a Unit Test

- by Pekka

I'm new to Unit Testing, and I'm only getting into the routine of building test suites. I have what is going to be a rather large project that I want to build tests for from the start. I'm trying to figure out general strategies and patterns for building test suites. When you look at a class, many tests come to you obviously due to the nature of the class. Say for a "user account" class with basic CRUD operations, being related to a database table, we will want to test - well, the CRUD. creating an object and seeing whether it exists query its properties change some properties change some properties to incorrect values and delete it again. As for how to break things, there are "fail" tests common to most CRUD classes like: Invalid input data types A number as the ID key that exceeds the range of the chosen data type Input in an incorrect character encoding Input that is too long And so on and so on. For a unit test concerned with file operations, the list of "breaking things" could be Invalid characters in file name File name too long File name uses incorrect protocol or path I'm pretty sure similar patterns - applicable beyond the unit test one is currently working on - can be found for most units that are being tested. Now my question is: Am I correct in seeing such "breaking patterns"? Or am I getting something completely wrong about Unit testing, and if I did it right, this wouldn't be an issue at all? Is Unit Testing as a process of finding as many ways to break the unit as possible the right way to go? If I am correct: Are there existing definitions, lists, cheat sheets for such patterns? Are there any provisions (mainly in PHPUnit, as that's the framework I'm working in) to automate such patterns? Is there any assistance - in the form of check lists, or software - to aid in writing complete tests?

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Const Discards Qualifers: C++

- by user991673

I'm using OpenGL to render camera perspectives, and a one point in my code I'm trying to take the direction of the light (shown here as type "Vector4") and multiply it by a matrix of type "Matrix4x4" that represents the Modelview transformation (sorry if this is not making any sense, this is for a school project, as such I'm still learning about this stuff) Anyway, my code goes as follows... Vector4 lightDirection = data->dir * follow->getModelviewMatrix().getInverse().getTranspose(); data->dir = lightDirection; setLight(*data); this give me the following error: passing 'const vec4<double>' as 'this' argument of 'vec4<T>& vec4<T>::operator=(const vec4<T>&)[with T = double]' discards qualifiers Again, much of this code is prewritten for the class (namely the vector and matrix types) but if someone could just help me decipher what the error means it would be much appreciated! I can give more information as needed. I figured 'data' or 'data-dir' were const, however I can find no mention of either of them to be. 'dir' is of type SceneLightData, and when its added on I'm doing this: void Scene::addLight(const SceneLightData &sceneLight) { SceneLightData light = sceneLight; m_lights.push_back(&light); } The error occurs on this line: data->dir = lightDirection; EDIT problem solved. thanks everyone! solution: void Scene::addLight(const SceneLightData &sceneLight) { SceneLightData* light = new SceneLightData; *light = sceneLight; m_lights.push_back(light); } and SceneLightData* data = m_lights[i]; data->dir = data->dir * follow->getModelviewMatrix().getInverse().getTranspose(); setLight(*data);

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Interesting Scala typing solution, doesn't work in 2.7.7?

- by djc

I'm trying to build some image algebra code that can work with images (basically a linear pixel buffer + dimensions) that have different types for the pixel. To get this to work, I've defined a parametrized Pixel trait with a few methods that should be able to get used with any Pixel subclass. (For now, I'm only interested in operations that work on the same Pixel type.) Here it is: trait Pixel[T <: Pixel[T]] { def mul(v: Double): T def max(v: T): T def div(v: Double): T def div(v: T): T } Now I define a single Pixel type that has storage based on three doubles (basically RGB 0.0-1.0), I've called it TripleDoublePixel: class TripleDoublePixel(v: Array[Double]) extends Pixel[TripleDoublePixel] { var data: Array[Double] = v def this() = this(Array(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)) def toString(): String = { "(" + data(0) + ", " + data(1) + ", " + data(2) + ")" } def increment(v: TripleDoublePixel) { data(0) += v.data(0) data(1) += v.data(1) data(2) += v.data(2) } def mul(v: Double): TripleDoublePixel = { new TripleDoublePixel(data.map(x => x * v)) } def div(v: Double): TripleDoublePixel = { new TripleDoublePixel(data.map(x => x / v)) } def div(v: TripleDoublePixel): TripleDoublePixel = { var tmp = new Array[Double](3) tmp(0) = data(0) / v.data(0) tmp(1) = data(1) / v.data(1) tmp(2) = data(2) / v.data(2) new TripleDoublePixel(tmp) } def max(v: TripleDoublePixel): TripleDoublePixel = { val lv = data(0) * data(0) + data(1) * data(1) + data(2) * data(2) val vv = v.data(0) * v.data(0) + v.data(1) * v.data(1) + v.data(2) * v.data(2) if (lv > vv) (this) else v } } Now I want to write code to use this, that doesn't have to know what type the pixels are. For example: def idiv[T](a: Image[T], b: Image[T]) { for (i <- 0 until a.data.size) { a.data(i) = a.data(i).div(b.data(i)) } } Unfortunately, this doesn't compile: (fragment of lindet-gen.scala):145: error: value div is not a member of T a.data(i) = a.data(i).div(b.data(i)) I was told in #scala that this worked for someone else, but that was on 2.8. I've tried to get 2.8-rc1 going, but it doesn't compile for me. Is there any way to get this to work in 2.7.7?

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Why use shorter VARCHAR(n) fields?

- by chryss

It is frequently advised to choose database field sizes to be as narrow as possible. I am wondering to what degree this applies to SQL Server 2005 VARCHAR columns: Storing 10-letter English words in a VARCHAR(255) field will not take up more storage than in a VARCHAR(10) field. Are there other reasons to restrict the size of VARCHAR fields to stick as closely as possible to the size of the data? I'm thinking of Performance: Is there an advantage to using a smaller n when selecting, filtering and sorting on the data? Memory, including on the application side (C++)? Style/validation: How important do you consider restricting colunm size to force non-sensical data imports to fail (such as 200-character surnames)? Anything else? Background: I help data integrators with the design of data flows into a database-backed system. They have to use an API that restricts their choice of data types. For character data, only VARCHAR(n) with n <= 255 is available; CHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR and TEXT are not. We're trying to lay down some "good practices" rules, and the question has come up if there is a real detriment to using VARCHAR(255) even for data where real maximum sizes will never exceed 30 bytes or so. Typical data volumes for one table are 1-10 Mio records with up to 150 attributes. Query performance (SELECT, with frequently extensive WHERE clauses) and application-side retrieval performance are paramount.

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Launching and Intent from file and mime type

- by stonedonkey

I've reviewed all the similar questions here, but I can't for the life of me figure out what I'm doing wrong. I've written an application that tries to launch various files, sort of a file browser, when a file is clicked it tries to launch the program based on it's associated MIME type or I want it to present the "Choose Application to Launch" dialog. Here's the code I'm using to launch: File file = new File(app.mediaPath() + "/" +_mediaFiles.get(position)); Intent myIntent = new Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW); String extension = android.webkit.MimeTypeMap.getFileExtensionFromUrl(Uri.fromFile(file).toString()); String mimetype = android.webkit.MimeTypeMap.getSingleton().getMimeTypeFromExtension(extension); myIntent.setDataAndType(Uri.fromFile(file),mimetype); startActivity(myIntent); This fails and generates a: android.content.ActivityNotFoundException: No Activity found to handle Intent { act=android.intent.action.VIEW dat=file:///file:/mnt/sdcard/roms/nes/Baseball_simulator.nes } Now if I install OI File Manager for instance, it opens instead of this error being thrown, and then if I click the same file from within in it, it launches the approriate dialogs. I have noticed that the MIME type for that particular file fails, but other mime types like .zip do return values. Am I missing something that when the MIME type is null to call a dialog that lets the user select? I've tried other variations of launching the app, including not setting the mime type and only using .setData with no success. The action I want to happen is, a user clicks a file, if it's associated with an application that app launches, if not, the user gets the "Complete action using" dialog with a list of apps. Thanks for any advice.

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.htaccess trickery multi-language website

- by user1658741

I have a website right now that uses two languages (french and english) The way it works right now is that if someone goes to mysite.com/folder/file.php for example, file.php is simply a script that figures out which language to use, get's it's own path and filename(file.php) and serves up mysite.com/en/folder/file.php (if the language is english). However what shows up in the URL is still mysite.com/folder/file.php. For any folder and any file the same script is used. If I want to add a new file I have to add the file to the folder the user types into the browser as well to the en and fr folders. Could I do some .htaccess trickery so that whatever URL is typed, one .php file gets open that checks the language and what folder/file was requested and then serves up the correct language file? here's the php file that is served up for any files in the URL. <?php // Get current document path which is mirrored in the language folders $docpath = $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; // Get current document name (Used when switching languages so that the same current page is shown when language is changed) $docname = GetDocName(); //call up lang.php which handles display of appropriate language webpage. //lang.php uses $docpath and $docname to give out the proper $langfile. //$docpath/$docname is mirrored in the /lang/en and /lang/fr folders $langfile = GetDocRoot()."/lang/lang.php"; include("$langfile"); //Call up the proper language file to display function GetDocRoot() { $temp = getenv("SCRIPT_NAME"); $localpath=realpath(basename(getenv("SCRIPT_NAME"))); $localpath=str_replace("\\","/",$localpath); $docroot=substr($localpath,0, strpos($localpath,$temp)); return $docroot; } function GetDocName() { $currentFile = $_SERVER["SCRIPT_NAME"]; $parts = Explode('/', $currentFile); $dn = $parts[count($parts) - 1]; return $dn; } ?>

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Create Extension Method to Produce Open & Closing Tags like Html.BeginForm()

- by DaveDev

Hi Guys I wonder if it's possible to create an extension method which has functionality & behaviour similar to Html.BeginForm(), in that it would generate a complete Html tag, and I could specificy its contents inside <% { & } %> tags. For example, I could have a view like: <% using(Html.BeginDiv("divId")) %> <% { %>  <% } %> This capability would be very useful in the context of the functionality I'm trying to produce with the example in this question This would give me the ability to create containers for the types that I'll be <% var myType = new MyType(123, 234); %> <% var tag = new TagBuilder("div"); %> <% using(Html.BeginDiv<MyType>(myType, tag) %> <% { %>   <div class="MyType" prop1="123" prop2="234">    </div> <% } %> I realise this will produce invalid XHTML, but I think there could be other benefits that outweigh this, especially since this project doesn't require that the XHTML validate to the W3C standards. Thanks Dave

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"Invalid assignment" error from == operator

- by Tom

I was trying to write a simple method: boolean validate(MyObject o) { // propertyA && propertyB are not primitive types. return o.getPropertyA() == null && o.getPropertyB() == null; } And got a strange error on the == null part: Syntax error on token ==. Invalid assignment operator. Maybe my Java is rusty after a season in PLSQL. So I tried a simpler example: Integer i = 4; i == null; // compile error: Syntax error on token ==. Invalid assignment operator. Integer i2 = 4; if (i == null); //No problem How can this be? I'm using jdk160_05. To clarify: I'm not trying to assign anything, just do an && operation between two boolean values. I don't want to do this: if (o.propertyA() == null && o.propertyB() == null) { return true; } else { return false; }

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Ruby on Rails: custom instance creation failing at redirect

- by Jack

I am at an absolute loss as to what I am doing wrong with the following code. I am trying to implement a messaging system within my application, but want it to be handle different types of messages. In this case, I want to create a "request" message of ':message_type = 1'. Instead of using forms as I usually have, I want to make this instance the moment the link is clicked. Here is how I have it set up in the show erb file for "user": <%=link_to "Send friend request", :action=>"request", :controller => "messages", :id => @user.id %> and in the controller: def request @message = Message.new(:sender_id => current_user.id,:user_id => params[:id],:message_type => 1) if @message.save flash[:notice] = 'Message was successfully created.' redirect_to message_path(@message) else redirect_to message_path(@message) end end This results in the following error message: undefined method `rewrite' for nil:NilClass with the trace looking like c:/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.3.5/lib/active_support/whiny_nil.rb:52:in `method_missing' c:/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-2.3.5/lib/action_controller/base.rb:634:in `url_for' (eval):16:in `message_path' app/controllers/messages_controller.rb:11:in `request' I have used map.resources :messages in the routes.rb file, and done the appropriate :has_many and :belongs_to associations in the models of user and message.

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Passing $_GET or $_POST data to PHP script that is run with wget

- by Matt

Hello, I have the following line of PHP code which works great: exec( 'wget http://www.mydomain.com/u1.php /dev/null &' ); u1.php acts to do various types of maintenance on my server and the above command makes it happen in the background. No problems there. But I need to pass variable data to u1.php before it's executed. I'd like to pass POST data preferably, but could accommodate GET or SESSION data if POST isn't an option. Basically the type of data being passed is user-specific and will vary depending on who is logged in to the site and triggering the above code. I've tried adding the GET data to the end of the URL and that didn't work. So how else might I be able to send the data to u1.php? POST data preferred, SESSION data would work as well (but I tried this and it didn't pick up the logged in user's session data). GET would be a last resort. Thanks!

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Why does mmap() fail with ENOMEM on a 1TB sparse file?

- by metadaddy

I've been working with large sparse files on openSUSE 11.2 x86_64. When I try to mmap() a 1TB sparse file, it fails with ENOMEM. I would have thought that the 64 bit address space would be adequate to map in a terabyte, but it seems not. Experimenting further, a 1GB file works fine, but a 2GB file (and anything bigger) fails. I'm guessing there might be a setting somewhere to tweak, but an extensive search turns up nothing. Here's some sample code that shows the problem - any clues? #include <errno.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char * filename = argv[1]; int fd; off_t size = 1UL << 40; // 30 == 1GB, 40 == 1TB fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666); ftruncate(fd, size); printf("Created %ld byte sparse file\n", size); char * buffer = (char *)mmap(NULL, (size_t)size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); if ( buffer == MAP_FAILED ) { perror("mmap"); exit(1); } printf("Done mmap - returned 0x0%lx\n", (unsigned long)buffer); strcpy( buffer, "cafebabe" ); printf("Wrote to start\n"); strcpy( buffer + (size - 9), "deadbeef" ); printf("Wrote to end\n"); if ( munmap(buffer, (size_t)size) < 0 ) { perror("munmap"); exit(1); } close(fd); return 0; }

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Writing a generic function that can take a Writer as well as an OutputStream

- by ebruchez

I wrote a couple of functions that look like this: def myWrite(os: OutputStream) = {} def myWrite(w: Writer) = {} Now both are very similar and I thought I would try to write a single parametrized version of the function. I started with a type with the two methods that are common in the Java OutputStream and Writer: type Writable[T] = { def close() : Unit def write(cbuf: Array[T], off: Int, len: Int): Unit } One issue is that OutputStream writes Byte and Writer writes Char, so I parametrized the type with T. Then I write my function: def myWrite[T, A[T] <: Writable[T]](out: A[T]) = {} and try to use it: val w = new java.io.StringWriter() myWrite(w) Result: <console>:9: error: type mismatch; found : java.io.StringWriter required: ?A[ ?T ] Note that implicit conversions are not applicable because they are ambiguous: both method any2ArrowAssoc in object Predef of type [A](x: A)ArrowAssoc[A] and method any2Ensuring in object Predef of type [A](x: A)Ensuring[A] are possible conversion functions from java.io.StringWriter to ?A[ ?T ] myWrite(w) I tried a few other combinations of types and parameters, to no avail so far. My question is whether there is a way of achieving this at all, and if so how. (Note that the implementation of myWrite will need, internally, to know the type T that parametrizes the write() method, because it needs to create a buffer as in new ArrayT.)

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Are there any other ways to iterate through the attributes of a custom class, excluding the in-built ones?

- by Ricardo Altamirano

Is there another way to iterate through only the attributes of a custom class that are not in-built (e.g. __dict__, __module__, etc.)? For example, in this code: class Terrain: WATER = -1 GRASS = 0 HILL = 1 MOUNTAIN = 2 I can iterate through all of these attributes like this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) which outputs: MOUNTAIN --> 2 __module__ --> __main__ WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 __dict__ --> <attribute '__dict__' of 'Terrain' objects> GRASS --> 0 __weakref__ --> <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Terrain' objects> __doc__ --> None If I just want the integer arguments (a rudimentary version of an enumerated type), I can use this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): if type(value) is int: # type(value) == int print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) this gives the expected result: MOUNTAIN --> 2 WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 GRASS --> 0 Is it possible to iterate through only the non-in-built attributes of a custom class independent of type, e.g. if the attributes are not all integral. Presumably I could expand the conditional to include more types, but I want to know if there are other ways I'm missing.

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Conditionally colour data points outside of confidence bands in R

- by D W

I need to colour datapoints that are outside of the the confidence bands on the plot below differently from those within the bands. Should I add a separate column to my dataset to record whether the data points are within the confidence bands? Can you provide an example please? Example dataset: ## Dataset from http://www.apsnet.org/education/advancedplantpath/topics/RModules/doc1/04_Linear_regression.html ## Disease severity as a function of temperature # Response variable, disease severity diseasesev<-c(1.9,3.1,3.3,4.8,5.3,6.1,6.4,7.6,9.8,12.4) # Predictor variable, (Centigrade) temperature<-c(2,1,5,5,20,20,23,10,30,25) ## For convenience, the data may be formatted into a dataframe severity <- as.data.frame(cbind(diseasesev,temperature)) ## Fit a linear model for the data and summarize the output from function lm() severity.lm <- lm(diseasesev~temperature,data=severity) jpeg('~/Desktop/test1.jpg') # Take a look at the data plot( diseasesev~temperature, data=severity, xlab="Temperature", ylab="% Disease Severity", pch=16, pty="s", xlim=c(0,30), ylim=c(0,30) ) title(main="Graph of % Disease Severity vs Temperature") par(new=TRUE) # don't start a new plot ## Get datapoints predicted by best fit line and confidence bands ## at every 0.01 interval xRange=data.frame(temperature=seq(min(temperature),max(temperature),0.01)) pred4plot <- predict( lm(diseasesev~temperature), xRange, level=0.95, interval="confidence" ) ## Plot lines derrived from best fit line and confidence band datapoints matplot( xRange, pred4plot, lty=c(1,2,2), #vector of line types and widths type="l", #type of plot for each column of y xlim=c(0,30), ylim=c(0,30), xlab="", ylab="" )

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Intelligent search and generation of Java code, preferrably using Python?

- by Ipsquiggle

Basically, I do lots of one-off code generation, large-scale refactorings, etc. etc. in Java. My tool language of choice is Python, but I'll take whatever solutions you can offer. Here is a simplified illustration of what I would like, in a pseudocode Generating an implementation for an interface search within my project: for each Interface as iName: write class(name=iName+"Impl", implements=iName) search within the body of iName: for each Method as mName: write method(name=mName, body="// TODO implement this...") Basically, the tool I'm searching for would allow me to: parse files according to their Java structure ("search for interfaces") search for words contextualized by language elements and types ("variables of type SomeClass", "doStuff() method calls on SomeClass instances") to run searches with structural context ("within the body of the current result") easily replace or generate code (with helpers to generate, as above, or functions for replacing, "rename the interface to Foo", "insert the line Blah.Blah()", etc.) The point is, I don't want to spend a lot of time writing these things, as they are usually throwaway. But sometimes I need something just a little smarter than what grep offers. It wouldn't be too hard to write up a simplistic version of this, but if I'm going to use something like this at all, I'd expect it to be robust. Any suggestions of a tool/library that will help me accomplish this?

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Unit test approach for generic classes/methods

- by Greg

Hi, What's the recommended way to cover off unit testing of generic classes/methods? For example (referring to my example code below). Would it be a case of have 2 or 3 times the tests to cover testing the methods with a few different types of TKey, TNode classes? Or is just one class enough? public class TopologyBase<TKey, TNode, TRelationship> where TNode : NodeBase<TKey>, new() where TRelationship : RelationshipBase<TKey>, new() { // Properties public Dictionary<TKey, NodeBase<TKey>> Nodes { get; private set; } public List<RelationshipBase<TKey>> Relationships { get; private set; } // Constructors protected TopologyBase() { Nodes = new Dictionary<TKey, NodeBase<TKey>>(); Relationships = new List<RelationshipBase<TKey>>(); } // Methods public TNode CreateNode(TKey key) { var node = new TNode {Key = key}; Nodes.Add(node.Key, node); return node; } public void CreateRelationship(NodeBase<TKey> parent, NodeBase<TKey> child) { . . .

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How do I populate an NSMutableArray in one class with another object?

- by AngeloS

Hello, I know this is a simple answer, but I can't seem to find the solution. I created an object in its own class and I am trying to populate it with data from another class. For simple data types like NSString, I have no problem, but when trying make an NSMutableArray equal to another NSMutableArray or when I try to populate a NSMutableArray with another objects (like strings), I keep getting exception errors... Here is the object I am trying to populate: #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> @interface RSSFeedList : NSObject { NSString *subject; NSMutableArray *rssfeedDetail; } @property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *subject; @property (nonatomic, retain) NSMutableArray *rssfeedDetail; @end This is how I was able to populate the NSString 'subject' in another class: rssFeedList.subject = @"test"; However, if I follow similar convention within that same class with respect to an Array, it throws an exception: rssFeedList.rssfeedDetail = rssItemDetailArray; Where rssItemDetailArray is a NSMutableArray that I have built in the same class. I have also tried to add items (i tried strings for testing) to the NSMutableArray directly like so to no avail: [rssFeedList.rssfeedDetail addObject:@"test"]; Any ideas?? Thanks in advance!!

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Hibernate many-to-many relationship

- by Capitan

I have two mapped types, related many-to-many. @Entity @Table(name = "students") public class Student{ ... @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER) @JoinTable( name = "students2courses", joinColumns = { @JoinColumn( name = "student_id", referencedColumnName = "_id") }, inverseJoinColumns = { @JoinColumn( name = "course_id", referencedColumnName = "_id") }) public Set<Course> getCourses() { return courses; } public void setCourses(Set<Course> courses) { this.courses = courses; } ... } __ @Entity @Table(name = "courses") public class Course{ ... @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER, mappedBy = "courses") public Set<Student> getStudents() { return students; } public void setStudents(Set<Student> students) { this.students = students; } ... } But if I update/delete Course entity, records are not created/deleted in table students2courses. (with Student entity updating/deleting goes as expected) I wrote abstract class HibObject public abstract class HibObject { public String getRemoveMTMQuery() { return null; } } which is inherited by Student and Course. In DAO I added this code (for delete() method): String query = obj.getRemoveMTMQuery(); if (query != null) { session.createSQLQuery(query).executeUpdate(); } and I ovrerided method getRemoveMTMQuery() for Course @Override @Transient public String getRemoveMTMQuery() { return "delete from students2courses where course_id = " + id + ";"; } Now it works but I think it's a bad code. Is there a best way to solve this problem?

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Templates, Function Pointers and C++0x

- by user328543

One of my personal experiments to understand some of the C++0x features: I'm trying to pass a function pointer to a template function to execute. Eventually the execution is supposed to happen in a different thread. But with all the different types of functions, I can't get the templates to work. #include `<functional`> int foo(void) {return 2;} class bar { public: int operator() (void) {return 4;}; int something(int a) {return a;}; }; template <class C> int func(C&& c) { //typedef typename std::result_of< C() >::type result_type; typedef typename std::conditional< std::is_pointer< C >::value, std::result_of< C() >::type, std::conditional< std::is_object< C >::value, std::result_of< typename C::operator() >::type, void> >::type result_type; result_type result = c(); return result; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // call with a function pointer func(foo); // call with a member function bar b; func(b); // call with a bind expression func(std::bind(&bar::something, b, 42)); // call with a lambda expression func( [](void)->int {return 12;} ); return 0; } The result_of template alone doesn't seem to be able to find the operator() in class bar and the clunky conditional I created doesn't compile. Any ideas? Will I have additional problems with const functions?

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Prevent coersion to a single type in unlist() or c(); passing arguments to wrapper functions

- by Leo Alekseyev

Is there a simple way to flatten a list while retaining the original types of list constituents?.. Is there a way to programmatically construct a heterogeneous list?.. For instance, I want to create a simple wrapper for functions like png(filename,width,height) that would take device name, file name, and a list of options. The naive approach would be something like my.wrapper <- function(dev,name,opts) { do.call(dev,c(filename=name,opts)) } or similar code with unlist(list(...)). This doesn't work because opts gets coerced to character, and the resulting call is e.g. png(filename,width="500",height="500"). If there's no straightforward way to create heterogeneous lists like that, is there a standard idiomatic way to splice arguments into functions without naming them explicitly (e.g. do.call(dev,list(filename=name,width=opts["width"]))? -- Edit -- Gavin Simpson answered both questions below in his discussion about constructing wrapper functions. Let me give a summary of the answer to the title question: It is possible to construct a heterogeneous list with c() provided the arguments to c() are lists. To wit: > foo <- c("a","b"); bar <- 1:3 > c(foo,bar) [1] "a" "b" "1" "2" "3" > c(list(foo),list(bar)) [[1]] [1] "a" "b" [[2]] [1] 1 2 3 > c(as.list(foo),as.list(bar)) ## this creates a flattened heterogeneous list [[1]] [1] "a" [[2]] [1] "b" [[3]] [1] 1 [[4]] [1] 2 [[5]] [1] 3

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Events + Adapter Pattern

- by Stretto

I have an adapter pattern on a generic class that essentially adapts between types: class A<T> { event EventHandler e; } class Aadapter<T1, T2> : A<T1> { A<T2> a; Aadapter(A<T2> _a) { a = _a; } } The problem is that A contains an event. I effectively want all event handlers assigned to Adapter to fall through to a. It would be awesome if I could assign the a's event handler to adapter's event handler but this is impossible? The idea here is that A is almost really just A but we need a way to adapt the them. Because of the way event's work I can't how to efficiently do it except manually add two event handlers and when they are called they "relay" the to the other event. This isn't pretty though and it would seem much nicer if I could have something like class A<T> { event EventHandler e; } class Aadapter<T1, T2> : A<T1> { event *e; A<T2> a; Aadapter(A<T2> _a) { a = _a; e = a.e; } } in a sense we have a pointer to the event that we can assign a2's event to. I doubt there is any simple way but maybe someone has some idea to make it work. (BTW, I realize this is possible with virtual events but I'd like to avoid this if at all possible)

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Design Advice Needed For Synonyms Database

- by James J

I'm planning to put together a database that can be used to query synonyms of words. The database will end up huge, so the idea is to keep things running fast. I've been thinking about how to do this, but my database design skills are not up to scratch these days. My initial idea was to have each word stored in one table, and then another table with a 1 to many relationship where each word can be linked to another word and that table can be queried. The application I'm developing allows users to highlight a word, and then type in, or select some synonyms from the database for that word. The application learns from the user input so if someone highlights "car" and types in "motor" the database would be updated to link the relationship if it don't exist already. What I don't want to happen is for a user to type in the word "shop" and link it to the word car. So I'm thinking I will need to add some sort of weight to each relationship. Eventually the synonyms the users enter will be used so they can auto select common synonyms used with a certain word. The lower weight words will not be displayed so shop could never be a synonym of car unless it had a very high weight, and chances are nobody is going to do that. Does the above sound right? Can you offer any suggestions or improvements?

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Cocoa Drag and Drop, reading back the data. [Newbie]

- by kodai

Ok, I have a NSOutlineView set up, and I want it to capture PDF's if a pdf is dragged into the NSOutlineView. My first question, I have the following code: [outlineView registerForDraggedTypes:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:NSStringPboardType, NSFilenamesPboardType, nil]]; In all the apple Docs and examples I've seen I've also seen something like MySupportedType being an object registered for dragging. What does this mean? Do I change the code to be: [outlineView registerForDraggedTypes:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"pdf", NSStringPboardType, NSFilenamesPboardType, nil]]; Currently I have it set up to recognize drag and drop, and I can even make it spit out the URL of the dragged file once the drag is accepted, however, this leads me to my second question. I want to keep a copy of those PDF's app side. I suppose, and correct me if I'm wrong, that the best way to do this is to grab the data off the clipboard, save it in some persistant store, and that's that. (as apposed to using some sort of copy command and literally copying the file to the app director.) That being said, I'm not sure how to do that. I've the code: - (BOOL)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)ov acceptDrop:(id <NSDraggingInfo>)info item:(id)item childIndex:(NSInteger)childIndex { NSPasteboard *pboard = [info draggingPasteboard]; NSURL *fileURL; if ( [[pboard types] containsObject:NSURLPboardType] ) { fileURL = [NSURL URLFromPasteboard:pboard]; // Perform operation using the file’s URL } NSData *data = [pboard dataForType:@"NSPasteboardTypePDF"]; But this never actually gets any data. Like I said before, it does get the URL, just not the data. Does anyone have any advise on how to get this going? Thanks so much!

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C# Automatic Properties - Still null after +=?

- by Sam Schutte

This seems like a bug to me... I accept that automatic properties, defined as such: public decimal? Total { get; set; } Will be null when they are first accessed. They haven't been initialized, so of course they are null. But, even after setting their value through +=, this decimal? still remains null. So after: Total += 8; Total is still null. How can this be correct? I understand that it's doing a (null + 8), but seems strange that it doesn't pick up that it means it should just be set to 8... Addendums: I made the "null + 8" point in my question - but notice that it works with strings. So, it does null + "hello" just fine, and returns "hello". Therefore, behind the scenes, it is initializing the string to a string object with the value of "hello". The behavior should be the same for the other types, IMO. It might be because a string can accept a null as a value, but still, a null string is not an initialized object, correct? Perhaps it's just because a string isn't a nullable...

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"Find all tiles connected to this one" project

- by Omega

Remember MS Paint? The bucket tool? If you used it and clicked on a pixel, all pixels connected to this pixel that are the same are affected. The theory is, I suppose, to check if there is any pixel adjacent to the selected one. If such pixel is the same type as the selected one, check for more adjacent pixels in this one, and so on. I want to implement something similar in VB.NET. Basically I have a 2D array map which represents the map. Let's assume there are only two types of tile: 0 and 1. Now, I got pretty much everything ready: I got my 2d map and I can tell which tile is clicked and tell what array indexes are the ones that represent such tile. Now for the "painting" process. Whenever I think about it, I can't figure a convenient way to execute such iteration. Can someone help me choosing a correct design/way/tip to achieve this?

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