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• Autodetect/mount SDCards and run script for them on Linux

  - by Brendan

  Hey Everyone, I'm currently running SME Server, and need to have a script run upon the attachment of SD Cards to my server. The script itself works fine (it copies the contents of the cards), but the automounting and execution of the script is where I'm having issues. The I have a USB hub consisting of 10 USB ports; that shows up as: [root@server ~]# lsusb Bus 004 Device 002: ID 0000:0000 Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 001 Device 055: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 051: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 050: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 (The hub is the TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC entries) As I cannot plug SD Cards directly into the server; I use a USB to SD card attachement (10 of them) plugged into the hub to read the cards. Upon pluggig the 10 attachments (without cards) into the hub; lsusb yields the following: [root@server ~]# lsusb Bus 004 Device 002: ID 0000:0000 Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 Bus 001 Device 073: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 072: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 071: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 070: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 069: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 068: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 067: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 066: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 065: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 064: ID 05e3:0723 Genesys Logic, Inc. Bus 001 Device 055: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 051: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 050: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000 As you can see, the readers are the "Gensys Logic, Inc" entries. Plugging in an SD card to a reader doesn't affect lsusb (it reads exactly as above), however my system recognises the cards fine; as indicated by dmesg: Attached scsi generic sg11 at scsi54, channel 0, id 0, lun 0, type 0 USB Mass Storage device found at 73 SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through sdd: sdd1 SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through sdd: sdd1 SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through SCSI device sdd: 31388672 512-byte hdwr sectors (16071 MB) sdd: Write Protect is on sdd: Mode Sense: 03 00 80 00 sdd: assuming drive cache: write through sdd: sdd1 If I manually mount sdd1 (mount /dev/sdd1 /somedirectory/) this works fine. What I'm really after is a solution that automounts each of the cards as they are inputted into the reader; and executes a script for them (this will involve copying their contents to another directory). My problem is that I don't know how to do this; I don't think udev will work as the USB devices don't change; if I could somehow get udev working with /dev/disk/by-path/ however I think this is doable (it seems to keep constant entries). ls /dev/disk returns: pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.1.1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.1.2:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.1.3:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.1.4:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.2:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.3:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.1.4:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.2:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.3:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.4:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.4:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0-part1 pci-0000:0b:01.0-scsi-0:0:1:0 pci-0000:0b:01.0-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1 pci-0000:0b:01.0-scsi-0:0:1:0-part2 From above, we can see I have only one card plugged into the reader (pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:4.4:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0-part1). Going mount /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000\:00\:1d.7-usb-0\:4.4\:1.0-scsi-0\:0\:0\:0-part1 Works and places the card under /media/usbdisk/, however: mount /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000\:00\:1d.7-usb-0\:4.4\:1.0-scsi-0\:0\:0\:0-part1 slot1/ doesn't work, and returns "mount: can't get address for /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000" Any ideas and solutions would be great, I've seen the knowledge of a lot of the guys on here before so I'm hopeful someone can help me out. Thanks

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• Windows 7 disappeared in list of Grub while loading

  - by Riyad A.

  Installed Ubuntu 12.04 alongside the Windows 7 two weeks ago. Initially haven't any issues with that. day ago installed updates on Ubuntu and after restarting the system found the absence of Win7 in Grub list. Before the HDD has been partitioned on two volumes Disk C and Work Disk(don't remember the name). When doing the fdisk -l: Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xa93031e0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 408833842 204415897+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 488386560 976773119 244193280 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 408834046 488386559 39776257 5 Extended Partition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 408834048 484421631 37793792 83 Linux /dev/sda6 484423680 488386559 1981440 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 3965 MB, 3965190144 bytes 49 heads, 48 sectors/track, 3292 cylinders, total 7744512 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 7744511 3868160 b W95 FAT32 When sudo mount /dev/sda ~/1 -o offset [488386560*512] - opens and mounts WORK disk. Need help: how to See and mount disk C. how to see and adjust the Grub to appear both systems in Grub menu when loading?

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• Lost files after installing Ubuntu

  - by Joshua Rosato

  I installed Ubuntu on my laptop over windows, I had 2 partitions on one hard disk. It seems like my second partition is gone with all my files. How can I recover the old files? They weren't on the same partition as Windows. I read that the partition has probably just not been mounted so ran sudo fdisk -l to find all the partitions and then ran sudo mount, however I can't tell from the results of sudo mount what is not mounted and I am also unsure how to mount it once I find the unmounted partition. sudo fdisk -l - Results Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders, total 488397168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0002c6dc Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 486322175 243160064 83 Linux /dev/sda2 486324222 488396799 1036289 5 Extended /dev/sda5 486324224 488396799 1036288 82 Linux swap / Solaris sudo mount - Results /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755) none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw) systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd) gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=joshy1)

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• Windows 7 64bit will not register a 32bit DLL

  - by Bad Neighbor

  I'm trying to install a 32bit Oracle instant client onto several Windows 7 PCs. This version is the one required by the customer's software. I have successfully installed it on about a dozen PCs using the same installer, but two machines refuse to register a DLL. The two PCs are of different make and model. I have been able to install this software in the past on these models. This is the error that the installer throws up: The file copies to the location referenced above. If I choose to ignore the error and manually register it later, I get the following error: This error is returned whether I use the 32bit (syswow64) or 64bit version of regsvr32. Command Prompt is run as admin, and the ID with which I'm logged into the PC is an admin. I've tried copying the file into the syswow64 folder, but I get the same error. This same installer works on other PCs. To further complicate the issue, one of the two PCs also will not register an OCX file from a different 32bit installer: Both PCs are relatively new and have standard software installed. We use MS Forefront for security, but disabling that didn't change the behavior. What am I missing?

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• S.M.A.R.T - Predictive Failure Count

  - by Bastien974

  I'm monitoring my IBM ServeRAID M5015 controller for RAID status with MegaCLI, I have this on one of the disk : Enclosure Device ID: 252 Slot Number: 6 Enclosure position: 0 Device Id: 14 Sequence Number: 2 Media Error Count: 32 Other Error Count: 0 Predictive Failure Count: 18 Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 8119 PD Type: SAS Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors] Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors] Coerced Size: 278.464 GB [0x22cee000 Sectors] Firmware state: Online, Spun Up SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50042c319c9 SAS Address(1): 0x0 Connected Port Number: 5(path0) Inquiry Data: IBM-ESXSST9300653SS B6336XN04HC10525B633 IBM FRU/CRU: 81Y9671 FDE Capable: Not Capable FDE Enable: Disable Secured: Unsecured Locked: Unlocked Needs EKM Attention: No Foreign State: None Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s Media Type: Hard Disk Device Drive: Not Certified Drive Temperature :33 Celsius What does this mean exactly ? I can't find an exact description, is there a way to have more details ? The RAID array has the Optimal state. Media Error Count: 32 Predictive Failure Count: 18 Is there a way through the CLI to power-on the front LED so I physically know which disk I need to replace ?

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• disk space worngly displayed after installing LVM disk

  - by Ubuntuser

  I installed ubuntu server using LVM partitioning on a 1 TB hard disk. However, after installation, i can only see 10 Gig space here is the fidsk output ` # fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00041507 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 10 71680 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 10 121602 976689152 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/dm-0: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/dm-1: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/dm-1 doesn't contain a valid partition table You have new mail in /var/mail/root and df -h output df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/system-root 9.9G 6.6G 2.8G 71% / devtmpfs 1.9G 232K 1.9G 1% /dev tmpfs 1.9G 4.0K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 68M 22M 43M 34% /boot tmpfs 6.0G 0 6.0G 0% /var/spool/asterisk/monitor You have new mail in /var/mail/root ` any way to increase this space without reisntalling?

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• How can a usb be detected but not show up anywhere?

  - by George Mauer

  I started the morning by trying to create a bootable usb using a 2gb stick and the startup disk creator. It seemed to run through the whole process just fine until it got to a screen that read something like "Creating memory partion" and which sat on 100% for about 45 minutes before I hit cancel and removed the usb stick. Now the usb stick is not being detected as storage or...anything (even on my windows pc) though it does show up in the syslog. Allow me to demonstrate. We start with the usb not plugged in: [georgemauer@ubuntu:~]$ sudo fdisk -l (04-04 16:01) Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x994bdc0f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 27650047 13824000 27 Hidden NTFS WinRE /dev/sda2 * 27650048 27854847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 27854848 976771119 474458136 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT I plug in the usb: [georgemauer@ubuntu:~]$ tail -f /var/log/syslog ***Snip*** Apr 4 15:01:18 ubuntu wpa_supplicant[1136]: WPA: Group rekeying completed with 00:24:36:ad:e7:3f [GTK=TKIP] Apr 4 15:02:29 wpa_supplicant[1136]: last message repeated 3 times Apr 4 15:02:29 ubuntu kernel: [22122.788133] usb 2-1: new high speed USB device number 13 using ehci_hcd Apr 4 15:02:29 ubuntu kernel: [22122.923873] scsi10 : usb-storage 2-1:1.0 Apr 4 15:02:29 ubuntu mtp-probe: checking bus 2, device 13: "/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:13.2/usb2/2-1" Apr 4 15:02:30 ubuntu mtp-probe: bus: 2, device: 13 was not an MTP device Apr 4 15:02:30 ubuntu kernel: [22123.926154] scsi 10:0:0:0: Direct-Access GENERIC USB Mass Storage 1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 2 Apr 4 15:02:30 ubuntu kernel: [22124.105118] sd 10:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0 Apr 4 15:02:30 ubuntu kernel: [22124.108212] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk but then: [georgemauer@ubuntu:~]$ ls /mnt -alF (04-04 16:02) total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-04-21 12:51 ./ drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 4096 2012-03-31 13:16 ../ [georgemauer@ubuntu:~]$ ls /media -alF (04-04 16:03) total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2012-04-04 12:18 ./ drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 4096 2012-03-31 13:16 ../ What could be going on and how do I recover my usb key?

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• Is Cherokee (probably) the best static content server for beginner sysadmins?

  - by Bad Learner

  I have read the pros and cons of most of the popular web servers and have come to a conclusion that Apache would (probably) be the best web server for serving dynamic content - - no wonder YouTube, Flickr and Facbook, among many others, use it. I do not know if that C10K problem applies to Apache even when serving dynamic content only, but I think any web server used to serve dynamic content needs some good tweaking for optimized performance, and the fact that nothing beats Apache when it comes to documentation, resources and support on the web, I think should will go with Apache for dynamic content. That apart, the confusion begins when it comes to choosing web servers for static content (including streaming videos). I see that Nginx, Cherokee and Lighttpd are among the best (I am not considering non-open source or non-linux stuff here). So, which too choose? I know one cannot go wrong with any of the three (Nginx, Cherokee, Lighttpd). Lighttpd's development has evidently gotten slower than it was a good time ago. The documentation is pretty good for all the three, and hopefully, so are the resources (knowledge of these among the users of Stackoverflow/Serverfault sites, the web etc). Precisely, and noting point [2] and [3], if I am not wrong, I should either go with Nginx or Cherokee. I would love to see someone clarify these... is Cherokee just as fast (mb/s), performant (connections/s), and reliable (think downtime/restarting server) as Nginx for serving static content and load balancing, for small, medium to large (and really large) websites and applications? (Think, the size of YouTube, Apache or Facebook.) if the answer for the Q above is a big "hell, yes!" then, I should probably prefer Cherokee, right? Because, since I am a beginner, it would a lot easier to setup Cherokee as it has a graphical admin user interface + really good documentation. Yes? I could be wrong, I could be right. I put down what I know so that you can offer most relevant advise. Pardon if anything I've said is offensive.

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• Hey, Programmers! We Got No Theory!

  Good software looks different than bad software Business - Technology - Retailers - Accounting - Industry-Specific

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• ipod not mounting

  - by rls

  Tried to connect my iPod, but got this message: Error mounting: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so Have seen links to this here, but beeing rather green, I don't understand much. https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/util-linux/+bug/734883 What do I do now? The dmesg|tail says [ 2819.709437] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 3901376 4096-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB) [ 2819.710161] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2819.735294] sdb: [mac] sdb1 sdb2 [ 2819.738060] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 3901376 4096-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB) [ 2819.738671] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2819.738688] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 2820.420130] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Bad block number requested [ 2820.420167] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [ 2820.612140] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Bad block number requested [ 2820.612191] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock

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• Deleting Unused Swaps Partions

  - by Nikita Kononov

  Good evening everyone , I got a little issue with Swap Partitions. Due to some issues after installing Ubuntu first time, I reinstalled it and now I have 3 Swaps. Here is sudo fdisk -l result Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xaa9693fe Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 52430847 26214400 1c Hidden W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sda2 * 52430848 540677076 244123114+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 540678142 1465147391 462234625 5 Extended Partition 3 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 1452750848 1465147391 6198272 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 1440352256 1452742655 6195200 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda7 540678144 1427951615 443636736 83 Linux /dev/sda8 1427953664 1440339967 6193152 82 Linux swap / Solaris So Swaps in /dev/sda5 and /dev/sda6 are no longer in use as far as I understand and thus I was planning to delete them, however faced a problem. What I did is download and burn Gparted Live CD and boot it up, tried to delete those partitions but I have no idea how to add 12GB unallocated memory to the existing OS partition in this case to /dev/sda7 Is there anyway I can delete 2 swaps and extend unallocated memory to /dev/sda7 partion? Thank you in advance!

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• Cannot access the filesystems using LiveCD (LVM2,EXT2)

  - by ftkg

  I have to restore the /etc/passwd file I accidentally renamed in my Ubuntu Server, so I booted the machine using a LiveCD. Problem is, the system filesystem does not appear in Nautilus, under 'Devices'. Am I missing anything? ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000956dc Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 625141759 312320001 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 625141759 312320000 8e Linux LVM ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ mount /cow on / type overlayfs (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) /dev/sr0 on /cdrom type iso9660 (ro,noatime) /dev/loop0 on /rofs type squashfs (ro,noatime) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/ubuntu/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=ubuntu) ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo blkid /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs" /dev/sda1: UUID="aad69790-198d-45bc-9ccd-e4cba7456914" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda5: UUID="wbIDX7-RILL-VtFT-gX15-N1GJ-Yyfg-V8Oe5m" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/sr0: LABEL="Ubuntu 12.04 LTS i386" TYPE="iso9660" ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab overlayfs / overlayfs rw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0

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• Grub does not show a Windows 8 option after dual boot

  - by skytreader

  So, I've successfully dual-booted my Windows 8 machine with Ubuntu 12.04 . However, I still don't have a convenient method of choosing what OS to load at boot time. After installing Ubuntu, my computer still loads Windows 8 directly. I then added grubx64.efi to the white list of my boot loader. But after that, my machine loads Ubuntu directly without even a shadow of GRUB showing up! I used boot-repair and I got this paste.ubuntu URL: paste.ubuntu.com/1326074. After running boot-repair (and re-white listing the grubx64.efi file), GRUB now shows up but without any Windows 8 option! Lastly, I ran sudo fdisk -l and it gave me this: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x6396389f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1465149167 732574583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. I'm guessing my problem has something to do with the warning from fdisk above but I don't know what to do with it. How do I proceed now?

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• Various problems with software raid1 array built with Samsung 840 Pro SSDs

  - by Andy B

  I am bringing to ServerFault a problem that is tormenting me for 6+ months. I have a CentOS 6 (64bit) server with an md software raid-1 array with 2 x Samsung 840 Pro SSDs (512GB). Problems: Serious write speed problems: root [~]# time dd if=arch.tar.gz of=test4 bs=2M oflag=sync 146+1 records in 146+1 records out 307191761 bytes (307 MB) copied, 23.6788 s, 13.0 MB/s real 0m23.680s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.932s When doing the above (or any other larger copy) the load spikes to unbelievable values (even over 100) going up from ~ 1. When doing the above I've also noticed very weird iostat results: Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 0.00 1589.50 0.00 54.00 0.00 13148.00 243.48 0.60 11.17 0.46 2.50 sdb 0.00 1627.50 0.00 16.50 0.00 9524.00 577.21 144.25 1439.33 60.61 100.00 md1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 0.00 1602.00 0.00 12816.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 And it keeps it this way until it actually writes the file to the device (out from swap/cache/memory). The problem is that the second SSD in the array has svctm and await roughly 100 times larger than the second. For some reason the wear is different between the 2 members of the array root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sda | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 094% 094 000 Pre-fail Always - 180 root [~]# smartctl --attributes /dev/sdb | grep -i wear 177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 070% 070 000 Pre-fail Always - 1005 The first SSD has a wear of 6% while the second SSD has a wear of 30%!! It's like the second SSD in the array works at least 5 times as hard as the first one as proven by the first iteration of iostat (the averages since reboot): Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util sda 10.44 51.06 790.39 125.41 8803.98 1633.11 11.40 0.33 0.37 0.06 5.64 sdb 9.53 58.35 322.37 118.11 4835.59 1633.11 14.69 0.33 0.76 0.29 12.97 md1 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.33 15.07 10.68 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md2 0.00 0.00 1109.02 173.12 10881.59 1620.39 9.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 md0 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.01 3.10 0.02 7.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 What I've tried: I've updated the firmware to DXM05B0Q (following reports of dramatic improvements for 840Ps after this update). I have looked for "hard resetting link" in dmesg to check for cable/backplane issues but nothing. I have checked the alignment and I believe they are aligned correctly (1MB boundary, listing below) I have checked /proc/mdstat and the array is Optimal (second listing below). root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00026d59 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect root [~]# fdisk -ul /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 512.1 GB, 512110190592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 62260 cylinders, total 1000215216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003dede Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 2097152 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb2 * 4196352 4605951 204800 fd Linux raid autodetect Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb3 4605952 814106623 404750336 fd Linux raid autodetect /proc/mdstat root # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0] 204736 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0] 404750144 blocks super 1.0 [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0] 2096064 blocks super 1.1 [2/2] [UU] unused devices: Running a read test with hdparm root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 664 MB in 3.00 seconds = 221.33 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing buffered disk reads: 288 MB in 3.01 seconds = 95.77 MB/sec But look what happens if I add --direct root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 788 MB in 3.01 seconds = 262.08 MB/sec root [~]# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 534 MB in 3.02 seconds = 176.90 MB/sec Both tests increase but /dev/sdb doubles while /dev/sda increases maybe 20%. I just don't know what to make of this. As suggested by Mr. Wagner I've done another read test with dd this time and it confirms the hdparm test: root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 38.0855 s, 282 MB/s root [/home2]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/null bs=1G count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10737418240 bytes (11 GB) copied, 115.24 s, 93.2 MB/s So sda is 3 times faster than sdb. Or maybe sdb is doing also something else besides what sda does. Is there some way to find out if sdb is doing more than what sda does? UPDATE Again, as suggested by Mr. Wagner, I have swapped the 2 SSDs. And as he thought it would happen, the problem moved from sdb to sda. So I guess I'll RMA one of the SSDs. I wonder if the cage might be problematic. What is wrong with this array? Please help!

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• What can I do to utilize all my hard disk space?

  - by Twatcher

  I had windows XP running on my computer. Then I installed Ubuntu from under windows. Then I decided I wanted to have only Ubuntu also because I got a system message that I am out of disk space. I loaded up my system from a live Ubuntu DVD and deleted the partition with windows on it and also the other partition that had my data on it. I expanded the partition which I thought to be the system partition (since there was no other partition left It had ext format. After that Ubuntu was working fine and I thought I have enough disk space, since my harddrive is an 80 GB ATA Maxtor. I left a small partition as backup. But after downloading a small amount of files I got the message again, that I am running out of disk space. I don't now. How can UI make my disk space bigger? I am not used to Ubuntu's file system, and I don't have the overview on how I can actually see how much space there is left for me to use. I have basically now 1 partition with the system on it and one small backup (as far as I understand). My system is (from system utility) Ubuntu 12.04 LS 3,9 GB Intel Core 2 2,4 Ghz 80 GB ATA Maxtor Here are the results for sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 79998918144 bytes<br> 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9725 cylinders, total 156247887 sectors<br> Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br> Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> Disk identifier: 0x41ab2316<br> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br> /dev/sda1 * 63 123750399 61875168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br> /dev/sda2 123750400 156246015 16247808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br>

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• How can I triple boot Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows?

  - by ag.restringere

  Triple Booting Xubuntu, Ubuntu and Windows I'm an avid Xubuntu (Ubuntu + XFCE) user but I also dual boot with Windows XP. I originally created 3 partitions and wanted to use the empty one as a storage volume but now I want to install Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (the one with Unity) to do advanced testing and packaging. Ideally I would love to keep these two totally separate as I had problems in the past with conflicts between Unity and XFCE. This way I could wipe the Ubuntu w/ Unity installation if there are problems and really mess around with it. My disk looks like this: /dev/sda1 -- Windows XP /dev/sda2 -- Disk /dev/sda: 200.0 GB, 200049647616 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 24321 cylinders, total 390721968 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 78139454 39069696 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 78141440 156280831 39069696 83 Linux /dev/sda3 156282878 386533375 115125249 5 Extended /dev/sda4 386533376 390721535 2094080 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda5 156282880 386533375 115125248 83 Linux Keep each in it's own partition and totally separate and be able to select from each of the three systems from the GRUB boot menu... sda1 --- [Windows XP] sda2 --- [Ubuntu 12.04] "Unity" sda3(4,5) -- [Xubuntu 12.02] "Primary XFCE" What is the safest and easiest way to do this without messing my system up and requiring invasive activity?

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• Why does my root filesystem keep becoming read-only?

  - by Scott Severance

  I've lately been having an issue with my root filesystem becoming readonly. It happens some amount of time after boot. I don't know exactly when it happens, as I don't usually notice it until something such as suspending the computer or printing fails. It seems to be fairly random. Since most of my system is on that partition, I can't re-mount it without rebooting. After this happens, the system runs a fsck. Sometimes it prompts to fix problems; other times it apparently finds none. To troubleshoot, I've searched through the logs but found nothing relevant. This might be due in part to not knowing when the actual errors took place. The filesystem is apparently good to begin with, as when fsck runs its fixes it doesn't report any errors. I've scanned the disk with SpinRite. A while ago, SpinRite found and recovered from some bad sectors on the hard drive. I ran a level 4 scan (a thorough scan) after this probem appeared, but SpinRite found nothing. The SMART data reports that the disk is OK with 63 bad sectors. The number of bad sectors hasn't changed recently. I realize that the disk isn't in the best of conditions, and I have complete backups in case of catastrophic failure. Yet the lack of errors in the logs, combined with SpinRite's test results and the unchanged SMART data makes me think that this problem has some cause other than disk failure. Other than disk failure, what could cause my symptoms?

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• Banshee gapless playback does not work when playing mp3s

  - by ComputerGuy505

  Even though I have gapless playback enabled in Banshee's settings menu, there is a very short pause between songs. This might be due to the fact that my hard drive's partitions seem wierd. fdisk -l produces this output: Disk /dev/sda: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders, total 1465149168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4a73c3cb Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 409599 203776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 409600 724153740 361872070+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 1456826368 1465145343 4159488 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sda4 724154366 1456826367 366336001 5 Extended Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 1440159744 1456826367 8333312 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 724154368 1440159743 358002688 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order Playing mp3's from /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda6 produces this problem. I don't seem to have gapless playback on Rhythmbox or Clementine either, if those media players are supposed to have it. I'm not sure what other info to provide. This is just annoying to me. Thanks for any help.

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• Is it possible to have Grub2's boot.img in the MBR and have it load core.img from a separate boot pa

  - by wesley

  I have a multiboot system that I would like to use Grub to manage. The version of Grub shipping with my Linux distro is Grub2, and it installs its equivalent of stage 1.5-2, core.img, into the remaining sectors on the first track after the MBR but before the first partition. Unfortunately, those sectors are needed by another program. I have a separate primary /boot partition. If I could only keep boot.img as my MBR but have it look in the /boot partition for core.img rather than the embedded one in the sectors immediately following the MBR, everything would work fine. Is this possible with grub2?

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• Why some recovery tools are still able to find deleted files after I purge Recycle Bin, defrag the disk and zero-fill free space?

  - by Ivan

  As far as I understand, when I delete (without using Recycle Bin) a file, its record is removed from the file system table of contents (FAT/MFT/etc...) but the values of the disk sectors which were occupied by the file remain intact until these sectors are reused to write something else. When I use some sort of erased files recovery tool, it reads those sectors directly and tries to build up the original file. In this case, what I can't understand is why recovery tools are still able to find deleted files (with reduced chance of rebuilding them though) after I defragment the drive and overwrite all the free space with zeros. Can you explain this? I thought zero-overwritten deleted files can be only found by means of some special forensic lab magnetic scan hardware and those complex wiping algorithms (overwriting free space multiple times with random and non-random patterns) only make sense to prevent such a physical scan to succeed, but practically it seems that plain zero-fill is not enough to wipe all the tracks of deleted files. How can this be?

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• How to mount drive in /media/userName/ like nautilus do using udisks

  - by Bsienn

  As of my current installation of Ubuntu 13.10 Unity, when i click on a drive in nautilus it get mounted in /media/username/mountedDrive i read that nautilus use udisks to do that. Basically i want to auto mount my drive using udisks in start up using this method But problem is, it mounts the drive in /media/mountedDrive, but i want it the way nautilus do in /media/username/mounteDrive I want NTFS Data drive to be auto mounted at /media/bsienn/ bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ blkid /dev/sda1: LABEL="System Reserved" UUID="8230744030743D6B" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: LABEL="Windows 7" UUID="60100EA5100E81F0" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: LABEL="Data" UUID="882C04092C03F14C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="8768800f-59e1-41a2-9092-c0a8cb60dabf" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda6: LABEL="Ubuntu Drive" UUID="13ea474a-fb27-4c91-bae7-c45690f88954" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda7: UUID="69c22e73-9f64-4b48-b854-7b121642cd5d" TYPE="ext4" bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160000000000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19452 cylinders, total 312500000 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x8d528d52 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 206848 117730069 58761611 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 158690072 312494116 76902022+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 117731326 158689279 20478977 5 Extended /dev/sda5 137263104 141260799 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 141262848 158689279 8713216 83 Linux /dev/sda7 117731328 137263103 9765888 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order bsienn@bsienn-desktop:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=69c22e73-9f64-4b48-b854-7b121642cd5d / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=8768800f-59e1-41a2-9092-c0a8cb60dabf none swap sw 0 0 Desired effect: Picture link

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• My boss decided to add a "person to blame" field to every bug report. How can I convince him that it's a bad idea?

  - by MK_Dev

  In one of the latest "WTF" moves, my boss decided that adding a "Person To Blame" field to our bug tracking template will increase accountability (although we already have a way of tying bugs to features/stories). My arguments that this will decrease morale, increase finger-pointing and would not account for missing/misunderstood features reported as bug have gone unheard. What are some other strong arguments against this practice that I can use? Is there any writing on this topic that I can share with the team and the boss? I find this sort of culture unacceptable to work in but want to try and change it before jumping ship. Any input is appreciated.

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• Alternatives to OAuth?

  - by sdolgy

  The Web industry is shifting / has shifted towards using OAuth when extending API services to external consumers & developers. There is some elegance in simple....and well, the 3-step OAuth process isn't too bad ... i just find it is the best of a bad bunch of options. Are there alternatives out there that could be better, and more secure? The security reference is derived from the following URLs: http://www.infoq.com/news/2010/09/oauth2-bad-for-web http://hueniverse.com/2010/09/oauth-2-0-without-signatures-is-bad-for-the-web/

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• Partitions mixing up

  - by anon

  I am trying to install ubuntu alongside my windows 7. The problem is that ubuntu is not detecting all of my partitions and basically clubs together many of them. The same thing is done by using GParted. However this problem does not arise while I am using Windows - 7. I cant paste the image of GParted since I dont have the required reputation... I think this could be due to stray GPT data but am not sure how to take care of it. Can someone help me figure this out ? The output of fdisk -l is as follows Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x20000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 2047 992+ 42 SFS /dev/sda2 * 2048 206847 102400 42 SFS /dev/sda3 206848 146802687 73297920 42 SFS /dev/sda4 146802688 625140399 239168856 42 SFS However actually I have 4 partitions along with 25 gb unallocated space that I had thought to use for Ubuntu installation.

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• Enlarge partition on SD card

  - by chenwj

  I have followed Cloning an SD card onto a larger SD card to clone a 2G SD card to a 32G SD card, and the file system is ext4. However, on the 32G SD card I only can see 2G space available. Is there a way to maximize it out? Here is the output of fdisk: Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 32.0 GB, 32026656768 bytes 64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 30543 cylinders, total 62552064 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e015a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 32 147455 73712 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdb2 147456 3994623 1923584 83 Linux I want to make /dev/sdb2 use up the remaining space. I try resize2fs /dev/sdb after dd, but get message below: $ sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb resize2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock. Any idea on what I am doing wrong? Thanks.

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