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• How to debug ssh authentication failures with gssapi-with-mic

  - by Arthur Ulfeldt

  when i ssh to DOMAIN\user@localhosts-name authentication works fine through gssapi-with-mic: debug3: remaining preferred: gssapi,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled gssapi-with-mic debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-with-mic debug2: we sent a gssapi-with-mic packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 112 bytes for a total of 1255 debug1: Delegating credentials debug3: Wrote 2816 bytes for a total of 4071 debug1: Delegating credentials debug3: Wrote 80 bytes for a total of 4151 debug1: Authentication succeeded (gssapi-with-mic). when I connect to a different machine It just seems to stop half way through the gssapi-with-mic authentication: debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-with-mic debug2: we sent a gssapi-with-mic packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 112 bytes for a total of 1255 debug1: Delegating credentials debug3: Wrote 2816 bytes for a total of 4071 <----- ???? debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password,keyboard-interactive How should I go about finding out what happened differently the second time. How can I find out if/why the auth was rejected by kerberos?

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• What is the equivalent of 127.255.255.255 for OS/X machines so I can test broadcast udp packets without a network?

  - by JohnPristine

  I am trying to test my program that makes use of broadcast UDP (not multicast!). In Linux, I can use the 127.255.255.255:64651 address and everything works beautifully, in other words, I send a packet to 127.255.255.255:64651 and multiple clients listening on that port get the packet. A real broadcast example! Unfortunately on my OS/X machine (Mountain Lion) the same example does not work. Is there any way I can get 127.255.255.255 to work on mac machines? Any other solution to get broadcast working on my mac machine without a network? Note: It has to be broadcast, not multicast.

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• default gateway of a host

  - by varun

  if my understanding is correct, the following is what happens when a host A wants to communicate with a machine X outside its network. 1) The host ,checks it routing table to find out if there is any direct routes to the machine. 2) It finds out that the machine is outside its network and has to sent the packets to the default gateway(router) R. 3) The host sents an ARP broadcast to get the mac of the router R. 4) After getting the MAC, the host creates a packet with src IP and MAC as that of the host A, dest IP of the remote machine X and dest MAC of the router R. 5)The router R receives the packet, either drops its or sents its to its next hope, which can be another router or the remote machine X itself. Can anyone explain, how the steps would be, if i set the default gateway of the host A as host A itself...?

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• Problem with Jumbo Frames

  - by Spookyone

  Hello, I am trying to set up jumbo frames on my gigabit home LAN but no luck so far. My setup is: * D-Link DIR-655 router, HW Revision A3, Firmware 1.21 EU * Synology DS107+, Firmware 3.0-1337 * Laptop w/ Win7 x64, external PCIx NIC managed by "Generic Marvel Yukon 88E8053 based Ethernet Controller" The router is supposed to support jumbo frames but doesn't feature any relevant setting. I set the Jumbo Packet value to 9000 on both the NIC and the Synobox but it doesn't work, ping -f -l 8972 says "Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set". Is there any other setting I overlooked, the DIR-655 doesn't actually support jumbo frames, or what else could be the problem?

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• Unable to connect to mysql through JDBC connector through Tomcat or externally.

  - by iftrue

  I've installed a stock mysql 5.5 installation, and while I can connect to the mysql service via the mysql command, and the service seems to be running, I cannot connect to it through spring+tomcat or from an external jdbc connector. I'm using the following URL: jdbc:mysql://myserver.com:myport/mydb with proper username/password, but I receive the following message: server.com: Communications link failure The last packet sent successfully to the server was 0 milliseconds ago. the driver has not received any packets from the server. and tomcat throws: com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.CommunicationsException: Communications link failure The last packet sent successfully to the server was 0 milliseconds ago. The driver has not received any packets from the server. sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:57) Which seems to be the same issue as if I try to connect externally.

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• Proxy / Squid 2.7 / Debian Wheezy 6.7 / lots of TCP Timed-out

  - by Maroon Ibrahim

  i'm facing a lot of TCP timed-out on a busy cache server and here below my sysctl.conf configuration as well as an output of "netstat -st" Kernel 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.57-3 x86_64 GNU/Linux Any advice or help would be highly appreciated #################### Sysctl.conf cat /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 fs.file-max = 65536 net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 fs.aio-max-nr = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3 kernel.threads-max = 131072 kernel.msgmax = 32768 kernel.msgmni = 64 kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 net.ipv4.ip_dynaddr = 1 vm.swappiness = 0 vm.drop_caches = 3 net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 32768 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 6085248 16227328 67108864 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 131072 33554432 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 174760 33554432 net.core.rmem_default = 33554432 net.core.rmem_max = 33554432 net.core.wmem_default = 33554432 net.core.wmem_max = 33554432 net.core.somaxconn = 10000 # ################ Netstat results /# netstat -st IcmpMsg: InType0: 2 InType3: 233754 InType8: 56251 InType11: 23192 OutType0: 56251 OutType3: 437 OutType8: 4 Tcp: 20680741 active connections openings 63642431 passive connection openings 1126690 failed connection attempts 2093143 connection resets received 13059 connections established 2649651696 segments received 2195445642 segments send out 183401499 segments retransmited 38299 bad segments received. 14648899 resets sent UdpLite: TcpExt: 507 SYN cookies sent 178 SYN cookies received 1376771 invalid SYN cookies received 1014577 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets 4530970 packets pruned from receive queue because of socket buffer overrun 7233 packets pruned from receive queue 688 packets dropped from out-of-order queue because of socket buffer overrun 12445 ICMP packets dropped because they were out-of-window 446 ICMP packets dropped because socket was locked 33812202 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer 622 TCP sockets finished time wait in slow timer 573656 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp 133357718 delayed acks sent 23593 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket Quick ack mode was activated 21288857 times 839 times the listen queue of a socket overflowed 839 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped 41 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue. 79166 bytes directly in process context from backlog 24 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue 2713742130 packet headers predicted 84 packets header predicted and directly queued to user 1925423249 acknowledgments not containing data payload received 877898013 predicted acknowledgments 16449673 times recovered from packet loss due to fast retransmit 17687820 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements 5047 bad SACK blocks received Detected reordering 11 times using FACK Detected reordering 1778091 times using SACK Detected reordering 97955 times using reno fast retransmit Detected reordering 280414 times using time stamp 839369 congestion windows fully recovered without slow start 4173098 congestion windows partially recovered using Hoe heuristic 305254 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK 933682 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack 77828 TCP data loss events TCPLostRetransmit: 5066 2618430 timeouts after reno fast retransmit 2927294 timeouts after SACK recovery 3059394 timeouts in loss state 75953830 fast retransmits 11929429 forward retransmits 51963833 retransmits in slow start 19418337 other TCP timeouts 2330398 classic Reno fast retransmits failed 2177787 SACK retransmits failed 742371590 packets collapsed in receive queue due to low socket buffer 13595689 DSACKs sent for old packets 50523 DSACKs sent for out of order packets 4658236 DSACKs received 175441 DSACKs for out of order packets received 880664 connections reset due to unexpected data 346356 connections reset due to early user close 2364841 connections aborted due to timeout TCPSACKDiscard: 1590 TCPDSACKIgnoredOld: 241849 TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 1636687 TCPSpuriousRTOs: 766073 TCPSackShifted: 74562088 TCPSackMerged: 169015212 TCPSackShiftFallback: 78391303 TCPBacklogDrop: 29 TCPReqQFullDoCookies: 507 TCPChallengeACK: 424921 TCPSYNChallenge: 170388 IpExt: InBcastPkts: 351510 InOctets: -609466797 OutOctets: -1057794685 InBcastOctets: 75631402 #

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• RHEL 6.x on Rackspace Cloud and Dedicated hardware experiencing Redis Timeouts

  - by zhallett

  I just recently set up a mixture of RHEL 6.1 Rackspace cloud hosts and RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts using Rackconnect. I am experiencing intermittent Redis timeouts from within our Rails 3.2.8 app with Redis 2.4.16 running on the RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts. There is no network latency or packet loss. Also there are no errors on any interfaces on our cloud or dedicated servers or on the managed firewall from Rackspace. When Redis timesout, there is nothing logged within redis even though it is set up to do debug logging. The only error we receive is from Airbrake saying there was a Redis timeout. Network topology: RHEL 6.1 cloud hosts <--> Alert logic IDS <--> Cisco ASA 5510 <--> RHEL 6.2 dedicated hosts (web nodes) (two way NAT) (db hosts running redis) Ping from db host to web host: 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=998 ttl=64 time=0.520 ms 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=999 ttl=64 time=0.579 ms 64 bytes from 10.181.230.180: icmp_seq=1000 ttl=64 time=0.482 ms --- web1.xxxxxx.com ping statistics --- 1000 packets transmitted, 1000 received, 0% packet loss, time 999007ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.359/0.535/5.684/0.200 ms Ping from web host to db host: 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=998 ttl=64 time=0.544 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=999 ttl=64 time=0.452 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.26: icmp_seq=1000 ttl=64 time=0.529 ms --- data1.xxxxxx.com ping statistics --- 1000 packets transmitted, 1000 received, 0% packet loss, time 999017ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.358/0.499/6.120/0.201 ms Redis config: daemonize yes pidfile /var/run/redis/6379/redis_6379.pid port 6379 timeout 0 loglevel debug logfile /var/lib/redis/log syslog-enabled yes syslog-ident redis-6379 syslog-facility local0 databases 16 save 900 1 save 300 10 save 60 10000 rdbcompression yes dbfilename dump-6379.rdb dir /var/lib/redis maxclients 10000 maxmemory-policy volatile-lru maxmemory-samples 3 appendfilename appendonly-6379.aof appendfsync everysec no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb slowlog-log-slower-than 10000 slowlog-max-len 1024 vm-enabled no vm-swap-file /tmp/redis.swap vm-max-memory 0 vm-page-size 32 vm-pages 134217728 vm-max-threads 4 hash-max-zipmap-entries 512 hash-max-zipmap-value 64 list-max-ziplist-entries 512 list-max-ziplist-value 64 set-max-intset-entries 512 zset-max-ziplist-entries 128 zset-max-ziplist-value 64 activerehashing yes Redis-cli info: redis-cli info redis_version:2.4.16 redis_git_sha1:00000000 redis_git_dirty:0 arch_bits:64 multiplexing_api:epoll gcc_version:4.4.6 process_id:4174 uptime_in_seconds:79346 uptime_in_days:0 lru_clock:1064644 used_cpu_sys:13.08 used_cpu_user:19.81 used_cpu_sys_children:1.56 used_cpu_user_children:7.69 connected_clients:167 connected_slaves:0 client_longest_output_list:0 client_biggest_input_buf:0 blocked_clients:6 used_memory:15060312 used_memory_human:14.36M used_memory_rss:22061056 used_memory_peak:15265928 used_memory_peak_human:14.56M mem_fragmentation_ratio:1.46 mem_allocator:jemalloc-3.0.0 loading:0 aof_enabled:0 changes_since_last_save:166 bgsave_in_progress:0 last_save_time:1352823542 bgrewriteaof_in_progress:0 total_connections_received:286 total_commands_processed:507254 expired_keys:0 evicted_keys:0 keyspace_hits:1509 keyspace_misses:65167 pubsub_channels:0 pubsub_patterns:0 latest_fork_usec:690 vm_enabled:0 role:master db0:keys=6,expires=0 edit 1: add redis-cli info output

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• tcp flags in iptables: What's the difference between RST SYN and RST and SYN RST ? When to use ALL?

  - by Kris

  I'm working on a firewall for a virtual dedicated server and one of the things I'm looking into is port scanners. TCP flags are used for protection. I have 2 questions. The rule: -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST SYN -j DROP First argument says check packets with flag SYN Second argument says make sure the flags ACK,FIN,RST SYN are set And when that's the case (there's a match), drop the tcp packet First question: I understand the meaning of RST and RST/ACK but in the second argument RST SYN is being used. What's the difference between RST SYN and RST and SYN RST ? Is there a "SYN RST" flag in a 3 way handshake ? Second question is about the difference between -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST SYN -j DROP and -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN,ACK,FIN,RST SYN -j DROP When should ALL be used ? When I use ALL, does that mean if the tcp packet with the syn flag doesn't have the ACK "and" the FIN "and" the RST SYN flags set, there will be no match ?

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• External routing for local interfaces in a virtualized network

  - by Arkaitz Jimenez

  Current setup: br0| |-- tun10 -pipe-tun0(192.240.240.1) |-- tun11 -pipe-tun1(192.240.240.2) |-- tun12 -pipe-tun2(192.240.240.3) The pipe program is a custom program that forwards data back2back between two tun interfaces. The idea is puting 2 programs in .2 and .3 while keeping .1 as the local interface in the current machine. The main problem is that I want to route packets to .2 and to .3 through .1 and br0, but as they are local interfaces, the kernel ignores any routing instruction, it just delivers the packet to the proper interface. Tried iptables, but the nat table doesn't even see ping packets to those ifaces. A "ping 192.240.240.2" delivers a icmp packet with source and dest .2 to tun1, ideally it should deliver a source .1 dest .2 at tun1 through tun0-br0-tun1 Any hint? Here the output of some commands: Output

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• Wake on Lan/Wan won't work after some time has passsed

  - by Vian Esterhuizen

  I have the following set up: Gigabyte Z77X-UD5H Wake On Lan Enabled Asus N66U Port Forwarding Static IP assigned to my computer Windows 7 Advanced Power Management - PCI Express - Off Intel 82579V - All options under Power Management checked I'm trying to set this up for Wake on Wan capabilities. If I shut down my computer and immediately try to Wake on Wan (and Lan) it works and starts up. While the computer is on, I've used a few WOL specific packet sniffers and the packet comes through on the correct port. After any period of time over a few minutes, waking on Wan or Lan won't work. The back "activity" light is blinking on my ethernet port on my computer, as well as on the router, so I would assume the network card is on and able to receive a signal. Any ideas? Suggestions? What can I do to troubleshoot the problem?

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• The ping response time doesn't reflect the real network response time

  - by yangchenyun

  I encountered a weird problem that the response time returned by ping is almost fixed at 98ms. Either I ping the gateway, or I ping a local host or a internet host. The response time is always around 98ms although the actual delay is obvious. However, the reverse ping (from a local machine to this host) works properly. The following is my route table and the result: route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth1 60.194.136.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 eth1 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 # ping the gateway ping 192.168.1.1 PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=98.7 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=97.0 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=96.0 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_req=4 ttl=64 time=94.9 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_req=5 ttl=64 time=94.0 ms ^C --- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4004ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 94.030/96.149/98.744/1.673 ms #ping a local machine ping 192.168.1.88 PING 192.168.1.88 (192.168.1.88) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.88: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=98.7 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.88: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=96.9 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.88: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=96.0 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.88: icmp_req=4 ttl=64 time=95.0 ms ^C --- 192.168.1.88 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 95.003/96.696/98.786/1.428 ms #ping a internet host ping google.com PING google.com (74.125.128.139) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from hg-in-f139.1e100.net (74.125.128.139): icmp_req=1 ttl=42 time=99.8 ms 64 bytes from hg-in-f139.1e100.net (74.125.128.139): icmp_req=2 ttl=42 time=99.9 ms 64 bytes from hg-in-f139.1e100.net (74.125.128.139): icmp_req=3 ttl=42 time=99.9 ms 64 bytes from hg-in-f139.1e100.net (74.125.128.139): icmp_req=4 ttl=42 time=99.9 ms ^C64 bytes from hg-in-f139.1e100.net (74.125.128.139): icmp_req=5 ttl=42 time=99.9 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 32799ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 99.862/99.925/99.944/0.284 ms I am running iperf to test the bandwidth, the rate is quite low for a LAN connection. iperf -c 192.168.1.87 -t 50 -i 10 -f M ------------------------------------------------------------ Client connecting to 192.168.1.87, TCP port 5001 TCP window size: 0.06 MByte (default) ------------------------------------------------------------ [ 4] local 192.168.1.139 port 54697 connected with 192.168.1.87 port 5001 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth [ 4] 0.0-10.0 sec 6.12 MBytes 0.61 MBytes/sec [ 4] 10.0-20.0 sec 6.38 MBytes 0.64 MBytes/sec [ 4] 20.0-30.0 sec 6.38 MBytes 0.64 MBytes/sec [ 4] 30.0-40.0 sec 6.25 MBytes 0.62 MBytes/sec [ 4] 40.0-50.0 sec 6.38 MBytes 0.64 MBytes/sec [ 4] 0.0-50.1 sec 31.6 MBytes 0.63 MBytes/sec

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• Difference between sending data via UDP in Bash and with a Python script

  - by Kevin Burke

  I'm on a Centos box, trying to send a UDP packet to port 8125 on localhost. When I run this Python script: import socket sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) sock.sendto('blah', ("127.0.0.1", 8125)) The data appears where it should on port 8125. However when I send the data like this: echo "blah" | nc -4u -w1 127.0.0.1 8125 Or like this: echo "blah" > /dev/udp/127.0.0.1/8125 The data does not appear in the backend. I know this is horribly vague but it's UDP and it's hard to determine why one packet is being sent and the other is not. Do you have any ideas about how to debug this issue further? I'm on a Centos machine.

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• How can I log all traffic with its exact length?

  - by Legate

  I want to process all packets with their size going through our gateway server (running Debian 4.0). My idea is to use tcpdump, but I have two questions. The command I'm currently thinking of is tcpdump -i iface -n -t -q. Is it guaranteed that tcpdump will process all packets? What happens if the CPU is working to full capacity? The format of the output lines is IP ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port > ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port: tcp 1260. What exactly is 1260? I have the suspicion that it is the payload in bytes of the packet, which would be exactly what I need, but I'm not sure. It might be the TCP Window Size. Or perhaps there is an even better way of doing this? I thought about a LOG rule in iptables, but tcpdump seems easier and I don't know whether iptables can log the packet lengths.

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• weird postgresql log entries

  - by hyperboreean

  I am trying to figure out why I get some weird entries in my postgresql log after I do a restart: 2010-05-14 11:30:25 EEST LOG: database system was shut down at 2010-05-14 11:30:22 EEST 2010-05-14 11:30:25 EEST LOG: autovacuum launcher started 2010-05-14 11:30:25 EEST LOG: database system is ready to accept connections 2010-05-14 11:30:25 EEST LOG: incomplete startup packet 2010-05-14 11:30:40 EEST WARNING: there is already a transaction in progress 2010-05-14 11:30:40 EEST LOG: could not receive data from client: Connection reset by peer 2010-05-14 11:30:40 EEST LOG: unexpected EOF on client connection First, there's the 2010-05-14 11:30:25 EEST LOG: incomplete startup packet which bugs me. Anyone has any idea why this happens? And also, this one is very strange: 2010-05-14 11:30:40 EEST WARNING: there is already a transaction in progress ...

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• help setting up an IPSEC vpn from my linux box

  - by robthewolf

  I have an office with a router and a remote server (Linux - Ubuntu 10.10). Both locations need to connect to a data supplier through a VPN. The VPN is an IPSEC gateway. I was able to configure my Linksys rv42 router to create a VPN connection successfully and now I need to do the same for Linux server. I have been messing around with this for too long. First I tried OpenVPN, but that is SSL and not IPSEC. Then I tried Shrew. I think I have the settings correct but I haven't been able to create the connection. It maybe that I have to use something else like a direct IPSEC config or something like that. If someone knows of a way to turn the following settings that I have been given below into a working IPSEC VPN connection I would be very grateful. Here are the settings I was given that must be used to connect to my supplier: Local destination network: 192.168.4.0/24 Local destination hosts: 192.168.4.100 Remote destination network: 192.167.40.0/24 Remote destination hosts: 192.168.40.27 VPN peering point: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx Then they have given me the following details: IPSEC/ISAKMP Phase 1 Parameters: Authentication method: pre shared secret Diffie Hellman group: group 2 Encryption Algorithm: 3DES Lifetime in seconds:28800 Phase 2 parameters: IPSEC security: ESP Encryption algortims: 3DES Authentication algorithms: MD5 lifetime in seconds: 28800 pfs: disabled Here are the settings from my attempt to use shrew: n:version:2 n:network-ike-port:500 n:network-mtu-size:1380 n:client-addr-auto:0 n:network-frag-size:540 n:network-dpd-enable:1 n:network-notify-enable:1 n:client-banner-enable:1 n:client-dns-used:1 b:auth-mutual-psk:YjJzN2QzdDhyN2EyZDNpNG42ZzQ= n:phase1-dhgroup:2 n:phase1-keylen:0 n:phase1-life-secs:28800 n:phase1-life-kbytes:0 n:vendor-chkpt-enable:0 n:phase2-keylen:0 n:phase2-pfsgroup:-1 n:phase2-life-secs:28800 n:phase2-life-kbytes:0 n:policy-nailed:0 n:policy-list-auto:1 n:client-dns-auto:1 n:network-natt-port:4500 n:network-natt-rate:15 s:client-dns-addr:0.0.0.0 s:client-dns-suffix: s:network-host:xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx s:client-auto-mode:pull s:client-iface:virtual s:client-ip-addr:192.168.4.0 s:client-ip-mask:255.255.255.0 s:network-natt-mode:enable s:network-frag-mode:disable s:auth-method:mutual-psk s:ident-client-type:address s:ident-client-data:192.168.4.0 s:ident-server-type:address s:ident-server-data:192.168.40.0 s:phase1-exchange:aggressive s:phase1-cipher:3des s:phase1-hash:md5 s:phase2-transform:3des s:phase2-hmac:md5 s:ipcomp-transform:disabled Finally here is the debug output from the shrew log: 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : ipc client process thread begin ... 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : peer config add message 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : peer added ( obj count = 1 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local address 217.xxx.xxx.xxx selected for peer 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : tunnel added ( obj count = 1 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : proposal config message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : proposal config message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : client config message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : local id '192.168.4.0' message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : remote id '192.168.40.0' message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : preshared key message 10/12/22 17:22:18 < A : peer tunnel enable message 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : new phase1 ( ISAKMP initiator ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : exchange type is aggressive 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : 217.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 <- 206.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : c1a8b31ac860995d:0000000000000000 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : phase1 added ( obj count = 1 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : security association payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : - proposal #1 payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : -- transform #1 payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : key exchange payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : nonce payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : identification payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports nat-t ( draft v00 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports nat-t ( draft v01 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports nat-t ( draft v02 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports nat-t ( draft v03 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports nat-t ( rfc ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local supports DPDv1 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local is SHREW SOFT compatible 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local is NETSCREEN compatible 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local is SIDEWINDER compatible 10/12/22 17:22:18 : vendor id payload 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : local is CISCO UNITY compatible 10/12/22 17:22:18 = : cookies c1a8b31ac860995d:0000000000000000 10/12/22 17:22:18 = : message 00000000 10/12/22 17:22:18 - : send IKE packet 217.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 - 206.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 ( 484 bytes ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 DB : phase1 resend event scheduled ( ref count = 2 ) 10/12/22 17:22:18 ii : opened tap device tap0 10/12/22 17:22:28 - : resend 1 phase1 packet(s) 217.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 - 206.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 10/12/22 17:22:38 - : resend 1 phase1 packet(s) 217.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 - 206.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 10/12/22 17:22:48 - : resend 1 phase1 packet(s) 217.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 - 206.xxx.xxx.xxx:500 10/12/22 17:22:58 ii : resend limit exceeded for phase1 exchange 10/12/22 17:22:58 ii : phase1 removal before expire time 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : phase1 deleted ( obj count = 0 ) 10/12/22 17:22:58 ii : closed tap device tap0 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : tunnel stats event canceled ( ref count = 1 ) 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : removing tunnel config references 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : removing tunnel phase2 references 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : removing tunnel phase1 references 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : tunnel deleted ( obj count = 0 ) 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : removing all peer tunnel refrences 10/12/22 17:22:58 DB : peer deleted ( obj count = 0 ) 10/12/22 17:22:58 ii : ipc client process thread exit ...

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• Unable to PPTP through NAT on Cisco 881

  - by MasterRoot24

  I'm trying to connect to a PPTP server which is sat behind a Cisco 881 NAT router. The server is running Ubuntu Server 12.04 and is running Poptop pptpd as the PPTP daemon listening for connections. As discussed in my other question, I'm trying to setup a Cisco 881 router to replace my old Linksys WAG320N. This same server and WAN connection worked fine with the WAG320N with no special configuration, other than allowing 1723 in through the firewall. On the Cisco 881, I'm using the newer ip nat enable or NAT NVI to setup static routes in through the firewall for the services running behind the router. My reason being that I can't run another copy of my live DNS domains internally with local IP addresses in. For the purposes of this question, though, I have rebuilt the router with ip nat inside/outside style NAT'ing, but this issue is still apparent. HTTP/SMTP/IMAP etc. all work ok from both the WAN and LAN interfaces of the router. I'm only having issues with SIP (see other question) and PPTP. My issue is that the GRE doesn't appear to be passing through NAT correctly and one end of the connection is not receiving GRE traffic when it should be, so the server hangs up the connection. Here's an example of /var/log/syslog with debug enabled in /etc/pptpd.conf: Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: MGR: Launching /usr/sbin/pptpctrl to handle client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pppd options file = /etc/ppp/pptpd-options Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection started Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 1) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a START CTRL CONN RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 156 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 7) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Set parameters to 100000000 maxbps, 64 window size Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a OUT CALL RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Starting call (launching pppd, opening GRE) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pty_fd = 6 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: tty_fd = 7 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 32 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): program binary = /usr/sbin/pppd Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Plugin /usr/lib/pptpd/pptpd-logwtmp.so loaded. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Using interface ppp0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/3 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: Bad checksum from pppd. Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 15) Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Got a SET LINK INFO packet with standard ACCMs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connection terminated. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> avahi-daemon[1042]: Withdrawing workstation service for ppp0. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Modem hangup Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Exit. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: read(fd=6,buffer=6075a0,len=8196) from PTY failed: status = -1 error = Input/output error, usually caused by unexpected termination of pppd, check option syntax and pppd logs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: PTY read or GRE write failed (pty,gre)=(6,7) Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[22627] Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection finished Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Exiting now Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[5803]: MGR: Reaped child 22626 As far as Cisco are concerned, all I need is ip nat source static tcp <SERVER LAN IP> 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 but of course this doesn't seem to the be helping the GRE traffic through as it should. Trying the connection to the LAN IP of the server from the same LAN as the server (behind the router), the PPTP connection works fine, so I'm confident that the server's config is ok. Furthermore, all I needed on my WAG320N was to open 1723 in the firewall. Here's my current router config: ! ! Last configuration change at 20:20:15 UTC Tue Dec 11 2012 by xxx version 15.2 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec service password-encryption ! hostname xxx ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! enable secret 4 xxxx ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login local_auth local ! ! ! ! ! aaa session-id common ! memory-size iomem 10 ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-xxx enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-xxx revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-xxx ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-xxx certificate self-signed 01 xxx quit ip gratuitous-arps ip auth-proxy max-login-attempts 5 ip admission max-login-attempts 5 ! ! ! ! ! ip domain list dmz.xxx.local ip domain list xxx.local ip domain name dmz.xxx.local ip name-server 192.168.1.x ip cef login block-for 3 attempts 3 within 3 no ipv6 cef ! ! multilink bundle-name authenticated license udi pid CISCO881-SEC-K9 sn xxx ! ! username admin privilege 15 secret 4 xxx username joe secret 4 xxx ! ! ! ! ! ip ssh time-out 60 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet3 switchport access vlan 2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet4 ip address dhcp ip nat enable duplex auto speed auto ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.1.x 255.255.255.0 no ip redirects no ip unreachables no ip proxy-arp ip nat enable ! interface Vlan2 ip address 192.168.0.x 255.255.255.0 ! ip forward-protocol nd ip http server ip http access-class 1 ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ! ! ip nat source list 1 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source list 2 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source static tcp 192.168.1.x 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 ! ! access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 2 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! banner motd Authorized Access only ! line con 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line aux 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line vty 0 4 access-class 2 in login authentication local_auth length 0 transport input all ! ! end UPDATE 16/12/2012: The only progress that I have been able to make on this issue is that I'm confident that the issue is caused by the GRE tunnels (which are required for the PPTP connection to complete) are being blocked. When attempting a connection, I can see in show ip nat nvi translations that both a TCP translation on 1723 is setup and also a GRE translation is setup also. I appear to be able to see GRE related packets on the LAN that the server is on, so I am lead to believe that the server is sending(?) GRE packets, however running Wireshark on a client PC when attempting a connection shows absolutely no GRE packets. Whilst there are no configuration directives in my config posted above (that I can pin point) which would specifically block them, it would appear that the GRE packets are not being allowed in/out of the router's firewall, even though a NAT translation entry is setup to the server's LAN address. Would anyone be able to provide me with some help to ensure that GRE packets are not blocked by the router's firewall, so that this can be ruled out as a possible issue please?

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• Unable to connect to mysql through JDBC connector through Tomcat or externally

  - by Stefan Kendall

  I've installed a stock mysql 5.5 installation, and while I can connect to the mysql service via the mysql command, and the service seems to be running, I cannot connect to it through spring+tomcat or from an external jdbc connector. I'm using the following URL: jdbc:mysql://myserver.com:myport/mydb with proper username/password, but I receive the following message: server.com: Communications link failure The last packet sent successfully to the server was 0 milliseconds ago. the driver has not received any packets from the server. and tomcat throws: com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.CommunicationsException: Communications link failure The last packet sent successfully to the server was 0 milliseconds ago. The driver has not received any packets from the server. sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:57) Which seems to be the same issue as if I try to connect externally.

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• How to forward UDP and TCP traffic from one IP to another

  - by Rishabh Agnihotri

  Well i have a server with two LAN Card Installed.I have a server in U.S and one in India.I have created a GRE tunnel to route all traffic from U.S Server to my Indian Server.My Traffic has UDP,TCP,HTTP,etc Traffic.Now i have two LAN Card on my Indian Server.Well i have configured two IPs on the system for some of my needs on the system.One is a /30 and another is a /24.Well now i want the /30 IP to talk to my /24 IP.Lets take a e.g the IPs are 180.151.130.34 - /30 and 103.243.19.254 -/24 I want to forward all the TCP,UDP,HTTP,etc like traffic coming to 180.151.130.34 to 103.243.19.254.In the sense i want to make them talk to each other in a way if a TCP/UDP Packet comes to 180.151.130.34 it should be forwarded to 103.243.19.254 and then that packet is sent back by 103.243.19.254 to 180.151.130.34.I am not able to configure this part.Can anyone tell me step by step how to do so? Well i forgot to specify i am using Windows Server 2008. Any help would be greatly appreciated.Thanks in advance.

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• Isn't NAT a MUST when a LAN uses rfc 1918 private IPs?

  - by aks

  Isn't NAT a MUST when a LAN uses rfc 1918 private IPs? Can an organization assign its hosts with private IPs and still communicate with the external world without NAT? how can an internal host with a private IP (say 10.1.1.1) communicate with external world without NAT? I mean, how can the reply/response packet from the external world reach the original source as the packet with Dest IP = 10.1.1.1 will get lost as it can not be routed as many organizations can use the same IP. Why doesn't rfc 1918 (Address Allocation for Private Internets) make any mention of NAT?

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• MySQL on Windows - how do I set the wait_timeout for connections using named pipes?

  - by gustafc

  I use a MySQL database running on a Windows box, and for performance reasons I'm connecting to it using named pipes. The (Java) application using the database (through Hibernate) can let the connection lie idle for quite a long time, which causes the connection to fail with the following message: com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.CommunicationsException: The last packet successfully received from the server was 33 558 297 milliseconds ago. The last packet sent successfully to the server was 33 558 297 milliseconds ago. is longer than the server configured value of 'wait_timeout'. You should consider either expiring and/or testing connection validity before use in your application, increasing the server configured values for client timeouts, or using the Connector/J connection property 'autoReconnect=true' to avoid this problem. autoReconnect unfortunately has no effect (and neither does autoReconnectForPools), but the wait_timeout docs state that wait_timeout only applies "to TCP/IP and Unix socket file connections, not to connections made via named pipes, or shared memory". How can I change the wait_timeout for named pipes?

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• Is an Ethernet point to point connection without a switch real time capable?

  - by funksoulbrother

  In automation and control, it is commonly stated that ethernet can't be used as a bus because it is not real time capable due to packet collisions. If important control packets collide, they often can't keep the hard real time conditions needed for control. But what if I have a single point to point connection with Ethernet, no switch in between? To be more precise, I have an FPGA board with a giga-Ethernet port that is connected directly to my control PC. I think the benefits of giga Ethernet over CAN or USB for a p2p connection are huge, especially for high sampling rates and lots of data generation on the FPGA board. Am I correct that with a point to point connection there can't be any packet collisions and therefore a real time environment is given even with ethernet? Thanks in advance! ~fsb

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• How do I troubleshoot an IPsec tunnel (from a cellular router to a public server)?

  - by Hanno Fietz

  I'm new to IPsec and struggling with a setup that might soon be widely used in our operations (provided I do understand it, eventually...). A cellular router (blackbox by netModule, from its log messages it seems to be running Linux and OpenSwan) connects a sensor network on customers' sites with our public server. We need to be able to connect into the local network, so I had the cell provider give me a public IP (a dynamic one). The way their setup works, the public IPs only allow IPsec traffic. I set up OpenSwan on our Ubuntu server (running Jaunty). This is my connection config from /etc/ipsec.conf: conn gprs-field-devices left=my.pub.lic.ip [email protected] #leftsubnet=192.168.1.129/25 right=%any [email protected] #rightsubnet=192.168.1.1/25 #rightnexthop=%defaultroute auto=add On the router, all I have is the Web UI, in which I made the following settings: "Remote endpoint": public IP of server, same as "left" above "Local Network Address": 192.168.1.1 "Local Network Mask": 255.255.255.128 "Remote Network Address": 192.168.1.129 "Remote Network Mask": 255.255.255.128 The pluto process on the server is listening for connections on port 500. It can't open a tunnel, obviously, because it doesn't know at which IP the client is. I set up a passphrase as PSK for @field.econemon.com in /etc/ipsec.secrets and also configured it in the router (which doesn't seem to support certificates). My problem is, nothing happens. The router just says, IPsec is "down". When I copy-paste the IP into ipsec.conf (for "right="), and ask the server to ipsec auto --up gprs-field-devices, it just hangs until I press Ctrl-C. Is there anything wrong with my setup? How can I debug this further? My router gives the following loglines that seem related, but don't tell me anything: Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: loading secrets from "/etc/ipsec.secrets" Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: loading secrets from "/etc/ipsec.d/hostkey.secrets" Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: loading secrets from "/etc/ipsec.d/netbox0.secrets" Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: "netbox00" #1: initiating Main Mode Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox daemon.err ipsec__plutorun: 104 "netbox00" #1: STATE_MAIN_I1: initiate Feb 21 23:08:20 Netbox daemon.err ipsec__plutorun: ...could not start conn "netbox00" Feb 21 23:08:22 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: packet from 188.40.57.4:500: ignoring informational payload, type NO_PROPOSAL_CHOSEN Feb 21 23:08:22 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: packet from 188.40.57.4:500: received and ignored informational message Feb 21 23:08:28 Netbox user.warn parrot.system_controller[762]: IPSECCTRLR: Tunnel 0 is down for 0 seconds Feb 21 23:08:40 Netbox user.warn parrot.system_controller[762]: IPSECCTRLR: Tunnel 0 is down for 10 seconds Feb 21 23:08:52 Netbox authpriv.warn pluto[2497]: packet from 188.40.57.4:500: ignoring informational payload, type NO_PROPOSAL_CHOSEN

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• Jumbo Frames on DIR-655

  - by Spookyone

  Hello, I am trying to set up jumbo frames on my gigabit home LAN but no luck so far. My setup is: D-Link DIR-655 router, HW Revision A3, Firmware 1.21 EU Synology DS107+, Firmware 3.0-1337 Laptop w/ Win7 x64, external PCIx NIC managed by "Generic Marvel Yukon 88E8053 based Ethernet Controller" The router is supposed to support jumbo frames but doesn't feature any relevant setting. I set the Jumbo Packet value to 9000 on both the NIC and the Synobox but it doesn't work, ping -f -l 8972 says "Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set". Is there any other setting I overlooked, the DIR-655 doesn't actually support jumbo frames, or what else could be the problem?

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• Connect macbook to my LAN through a VPN - best solution?

  - by LewisMc

  So I have a LAN connected via a ADSL/PPPoA, this is using a bog-standard DLink router supplied by my ISP (talktalk UK). I have a NAS within the LAN that is running FreeNAS and I want to be able to connect to it when I'm out and about. It's running an atom so it's quite low on juice consumption but I don't want to have it on all day and night so I've been waking it via a magic packet and booting it down from the web admin when I need it. So I want to connect to the LAN, I presume via a VPN, to be able to send a magic packet. But what is the best method to accomplish this, or is there an easier way? I've been looking at the cisco 857 integrated router and the Netgear prosafe 318(behind modem) but not sure If I'm on the right track with what I want to achieve as I've not much experience or knowledge with VPN's or networking (software engineering student). I have tried port forwarding but to no avail, either with magic packets or even connecting outside the LAN via DYNDNS. Thanks,

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• How to add a broadcast address to loopback with ifconfig on a OS/X?

  - by chrisapotek

  I am trying to use ifconfig to turn on broadcast on my loopback interface. It currently reads: lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 As you can see, no broadcast address! :( :( :( I tried this on OS/X but it did not work and it did not give any error or feedback: ifconfig lo0 broadcast 127.255.255.255 Any guru would know that? I have one server that sends one packet. I have two clients running on the same machine as the server. I need them to pick up the packet WITHOUT having to force the server to send it twice.

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